Neemias 8
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Neemias 8:1-8
8:1 "all the people gathered as one man" This is a Hebrew idiom of unity (cf. Ezra 3:1). Both Ezra 2 and 3 parallel Nehemiah 7 and 8. This was purposeful to link these two leaders together. ▣ "at the square" It is highly unusual that this convocation should occur at the city square, and not at the temple. Possibly this meeting occurred at the city gate, which was the place of justice and social life in ancient Jewish communities. This was the place where justice and wisdom were to be regularly proclaimed (cf. Pro. 1:20, 21; 8:1ff). ▣ "the Water Gate" This seems to be on the east side of the new city wall, just south of Ophel (cf. Neh. 3:26), close to the major water source of the city of Jerusalem, the Gihon Spring (where Solomon was anointed, 1 Kgs. 1:33,38,45). ▣ "Ezra the scribe" At this point in the book of Nehemiah the priest/scribe Ezra appears. See Introduction to Ezra, Authorship, for more information. Special Topic: Scribes Special Topic: Sanhedrin ▣ "the book of the law of Moses" I reject modern JEDP source criticism. I hold to the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch (i.e., Genesis-Deuteronomy), even though it may have been edited by someone like Ezra or Jeremiah. How much of the book of the law (cf. 2 Chr. 34:15) was read on this occasion is uncertain. The word "book" (BDB 706) would refer to a scroll. Special Topic: Pentateuch Source Criticism (J.E.D.P.) ▣ "which the Lord had given to Israel" The basic meaning of this VERB (BDB 845, Piel PERFECT) is "charge," "command." The covenant people (i.e., Israel from Jacob) were required to keep the covenant. There were privileges and responsibilities (cf. Neh. 10:29; Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 28). 8:2 "the assembly of men, women, and all who could listen with understanding" It was unusual to include women and children in these convocations. This shows the seriousness of the occasion. The phrase "who could listen with understanding" reflects the Jewish concept of sin and responsibility. They do not focus on Genesis 3, as Paul does, to explain human rebellion and an evil world. Jews prefer to assert that spiritual responsibility is related to age and knowledge (at 13 years of age the boy's rite is called Bar Mitzvah and at 12 the girls is called Bath Mitzvah). Only after a period of study and personal commitment is a Jewish male of thirteen responsible to obey the Law. The VERB (BDB 1033) means "to hear so as to do" (e.g., Deut. 4:1,6,9,13,14; 5:1; 6:4; 9:1; 20:3; 27:9-10). Knowledge brings responsibility (cf. Luke 12:48). A person by this name appears in Neh. 8:4, "Shema." ▣ "on the first day of the seventh month" The seventh month was a very important month to the Hebrews (cf. Leviticus 23; Exodus 23). It was not only a time of new year, but a time of fasting and repentance (the 10th), as well as a time of feasting and thanking God for the harvest (the 15th). 8:3 "He read from it, before the square. . .from early morning until midday" Apparently Ezra read for something like 6 hours in Hebrew (cf. Neh. 8:7). ▣ "in the presence of men and women, those who could understand" If this meeting had occurred in the temple, only men could have attended. By it being at the square, the entire Jewish population could come. ▣ "all the people were attentive to the book of the law" There is no VERB, literally "the ears of all the people to the book of Law." This idiom shows the level of commitment and anticipation on the part of the people. 8:4 These people listed were apparently priests or Levites (Maaseiah in both Neh. 8:4 & 7). Many of the names appear only here, but others appear in other chapters of Ezra/Nehemiah. One is never certain if it is the same person or just the same name. An example is "Meshullam." There are over twenty-one people (Young's Analytical Concordance, p. 656) by this name; some appear in Ezra ‒ Nehemiah: Ezra 8:16 Ezra 10:15 Ezra 10:29 Neh. 3:4,30; 6:18 Neh. 3:6 Neh. 8:4 Neh. 10:7 Neh. 10:20 Neh. 11:7 Neh. 12:13,33 Neh. 12:16 Neh. 12:25 Uriah and Meshullam seem to be the ones who helped build two sections of the wall (cf. Neh. 3:4,30). Meshullam was later oath-bound to Tobiah (cf. Neh. 6:18). It is probable that Ezra could not read loudly for five or six hours, so these other men took turns reading with him. This would accentuate the Word of God and not just one leader. This format is followed in the synagogues where several read from the Scriptures. I wonder if the origin of a raised, wooden pulpit in church tradition came from this specially prepared, wooden platform (lit. "tower," BDB 153) for reading the word of God. 8:5 "Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people. . .and when he opened it, all the people stood up" This was a sign of respect at the reading of God's word. God's word is a recurrent theme in Ezra-Nehemiah. Did they stand for the entire six hours? This translation implies that the Law was written in codex form, but this was a later development. The word "book" (BDB 706) can mean scroll; if so "opened" (BDB 834 I) may imply scrolled to the beginning. The Jewish (and later Christian) tradition of standing when the word of God is read comes from this verse. 8:6 "the Lord the great God" As there was a transition from the centrality of the priesthood to the leadership of the prophet in early Israeli life, now another transition as the influence of the word of God (scroll of Moses) transcends the temple ritual as the focus of worship. Yes, they still performed the temple rituals, but the study of the Word, as seen in the further development of the synagogue, becomes the focus of daily life. The Word of God is a recurrent emphasis in Nehemiah. YHWH does not manifest Himself in the awesome physical ways that He did during the Exodus or dedication of Solomon's temple, but His power, promises, and presence are fully revealed in His word (by faith). ▣ "Amen, amen." This Hebrew word comes from the root "to be firm." It is related etymologically to the Hebrew word emunah, which is found in Habakkuk 2:4 and is translated in English "faith." Here the crowd affirms the truth that the Lord is a great God (cf. Neh. 1:5; 4:14; 9:32). Special Topic: Amen ▣ "while lifting up their hands; then they bowed low and worshiped the Lord with their faces to the ground" The normal posture for Jewish prayer was the hands and the open eyes uplifted to heaven (as if in conversation with God). At certain times of intensity, there are Old Testament examples of Jewish people kneeling in prayer (cf. 1 Kgs. 8:54; Ps. 95:6; Isa. 45:23; Dan. 6:10). Here they bowed to the ground (cf. Exod. 34:8; Jos. 5:14; 2 Chr. 20:18; Job 1:20). This prostration before the Lord shows an intense degree of emotion and worship (cf. Exod. 4:31; 12:27). It is very similar to the posture and form of modern Muslim prayers. Special Topic: Characteristics of Israel's God 8:7 This list of names seems to include priests and Levites; both functioned as teachers (cf. Lev. 10:11; Deut. 17:10-11; 33:10). However, because of Neh. 8:9 some see this as referring to Levites only (cf. NRSV, TEV, NJB, NET Bible). The Septuagint, I Esdras 9:48, and Vulgate do not have "and" before "the Levites." C. D. Ginsburg also thinks the "and" should be dropped (notes in his Hebrew Bible). Levites were also teachers of the Law (esp. in later Judaism, cf. 2 Chr. 35:3). Here as Ezra (and the others of Neh. 8:4) read the Hebrew text they moved among the crowd and translated it (cf. Neh. 8:7) into Aramaic, which was the language used in the Persian Empire and understood by the common person of that day. ▣ "explained the law to the people" The VERB (BDB 106, KB 122, Hiphil PARTICIPLE PLURAL) means "to discern." The Hiphil was often used of teaching the Law (cf. 2 Chr. 25:8; 2 Chr. 35:3; Neh. 8:7,9,12). It is often used of the wise in Proverbs (cf. Pro. 8:9; 17:10,24; 28:2,7,11). The implication is that they understood and then obeyed (cf. Neh. 8:12; 2 Chr. 26:5), which is parallel to shema (cf. Neh. 8:2). ▣ "to the people while the people remained in their place" This may relate either to the people grouping themselves, and each group having an assigned teacher that they remained standing in family groups throughout the reading of the Law 8:8 NASB, NJB, JPSOA "translating" NKJV, Peshitta, Vulgate "distinctly" "with interpretation" TEV, Talmud "oral translation" "clearly" "epanding" "explaining" The Hebrew VERB "translating" (BDB 831 I, KB 976, Pual PARTICIPLE) is uncertain. The Aramaic counterpart (Pael PASSIVE PARTICIPLE) is found in Ezra 4:18, where the NASB marginal note has "plainly read." In this passage it could mean: The Levites translate from Hebrew to Aramaic (Talmud sees this as this beginning of the Targums, (cf. Megillah 3a; TEV). This is the only place which implies that the returning Jews could not speak Hebrew and it is based on a disputed VERB. If they could not read Hebrew why are all the Scriptural books of the period written in Hebrew (cf. Hard Sayings of the Bible, pp. 251-252). The Levites explained the Scripture to the hearers (also a function of the Targums). The Levites spoke very distinctly (Rotherham's Emphasized Bible, p. 486). The Levites divided the reading into its literary units and then explained the meaning of that unit. The hearers listened very carefully (cf. Neh. 8:3). There seem to be two groups of people mentioned in this early part of chapter 8. A group that stood with Ezra, and possibly helped him read the Law, and another group that went among the crowd translating into Aramaic and explaining the reading's meaning.
Neemias 8:9-12
8:9 "the governor" This is a Persian loan word (BDB 1077, cf. Ezra 2:63; Neh. 7:65,70; 8:9; 10:1). The Hebrew equivalent is Pechah (BDB 808, cf. Ezra 5:3,6,14; 6:6,7,13; 8:36; Neh. 2:7,9; 3:7; 5:14,15,18; 12:26). All of Israel's leaders (the last VERB of Neh. 8:12 is PLURAL "their") participated in these events (Nehemiah the governor, Ezra the official in charge of proper worship, and the Levite instructors). ▣ "For all the people were weeping when they heard the words of the Law" This implies godly sorrow over their apathy and non-performance concerning the word of God (cf. v. 10). This is the same attitude required for the Day of Atonement in Leviticus 16. A similar time of fasting and repentance is found in chapter 9. It is surprising that the Day of Atonement is not mentioned as these people tried to reinstate and be obedient to the writings of Moses. 8:10 "eat of the fat" This term (BDB 1032) is used only here in the OT, according to BDB. It means the best pieces of meat. This is not the term for "fat" (BDB 804) which was offered only to God on the altar of sacrifice (cf. Lev. 1:8,12; 3:3-4; 4:8-10). ▣ "Go, eat. . .drink. . .send" These are all Qal PLURAL IMPERATIVES. It was a special festival day. ▣ "drink of the sweet" The term "sweet" (BDB 609), used of wine, is found only here in the OT. Special Topic: Biblical Attitudes Toward Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse ▣ "send portions to him who has nothing prepared" The term "portion" (BDB 584) refers to the part of a sacrifice given back to an offerer (and his family, cf. 1 Sam. 1:4-5; Esth. 9:19,22). This was a common act in times of rejoicing (cf. Esth. 9:22). God cares for the poor, the widow, the orphan, and the alien, so too, must His people, who are to reflect His character (e.g., Exod. 23:11; Deut. 15:4,7,11; 26:11-13; Pro. 14:31; 19:17; 22:9). ▣ "this day is holy to our Lord" In context this means given to or dedicated to God (adon). It was a covenant renewal ceremony, something like Jos. 8:30-35. Special Topic: Holy ▣ "Do not be grieved" The VERB (BDB 780 I, KB 864, Niphal IMPERFECT used in a JUSSIVE sense) means "grieved" or "pained." The people were stunned at their disobedience and the disobedience of their ancestors (cf. Nehemiah 9). However, the occasion was one of renewal and new beginnings; they must rejoice with the God of the Covenant. Deity is denoted by Adon in the phrase "holy to the Lord," but later in the verse, He is called YHWH, the covenant, the redeemer title for God. Special Topic: Names for Deity, D. ▣ "the joy of the Lord is your strength" Both "joy" (BDB 292) and "strength" (BDB 738, as a stronghold, cf. 2 Sam. 22:2,3; Prov. 10:29) describe God Himself in 1 Chr. 16:27. The believers' joy and strength are in YHWH, not in themselves. Understanding of God's word unlocks the confusion of sin. 8:11-12 This shows the festival nature of Israel's religious feasts. Knowing God issues in joy, not sadness! All days with Him are festivals of joy! Only the Day of Atonement was a fasting occasion. The Levites communicated to the people the wishes of the leadership (cf. Neh. 8:11). 8:12 "the words which had been made known to them" The NIDOTTE, vol. 2, p. 414, makes the interesting comment that this VERB (BDB 393, KB 390, Hiphil PERFECT) is used for those who pass on God's word: Moses, Exod. 18:20 Samuel, 1 Sam. 10:8 Priests, Ezek. 44:23 Levites, Neh. 8:12 It also notes the missionary aspect of this VERB. God's people are to live and speak God's word so that "the nations" may also know YHWH (e.g., 1 Kgs. 8:43,60; 2 Kgs. 19:19; Isa. 12:4-5; 19:21; Ezek. 38:16). Special Topic: YHWH's Eternal Redemptive Plan
Neemias 8:13-18
8:13 "on the second day, the heads of the fathers' households of all the people" The first day of Tishri was a general assembly, but the second day was a special day of training for the elders and leaders of the people that they might instruct their own tribal groups and clans in the Law of Moses. 8:14 "They found written in the law how the Lord. . .the feast of the seventh month" The Feast of Tabernacles or Booths is discussed in Exod. 23:16; 34:22; Lev. 23:39-44; Num. 29:12-40; Deut. 16:13-15. Special Topic: Feasts of Israel 8:15 A helpful book on identifying flowers, crops, and trees in Palestine is Fauna and Flora of the Bible in the "Help for Translators" series from the United Bible Societies (ISBN 0-8267-0021-7). ▣ "Go" This VERB (BDB 422, KB 425) is a Qal IMPERATIVE. ▣ "bring" This VERB (BDB 97, KB 112) is a Hiphil IMPERATIVE. 8:17 The Feast of Booths had been celebrated (cf. 2 Chr. 7:8; 8:13; Ezra 3:4; Hosea 12:9), but possibly the booths had not been a regular or required aspect of the feast. 8:18 "He read from the book of the law of God daily. . .on the eighth day there was a solemn assembly according to the ordinance" This shows that the Feast of the Tabernacle was an eight day feast, with the eighth day having special significance (cf. Num. 29:35). This seems to relate to Jesus' words in John 7:37. The Discussion Questions for this chapter are included with those in Nehemiah 9.