Neemias 7
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Neemias 7
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS, NEHEMIAH 7:73b-10:39 This entire passage seems to form a literary unit, which deals with a recommitment to Yahweh as the faithful Covenant God (cf. Neh. 9:17), and a reaffirmation of the stipulations of the covenant (which Israel had broken repeatedly, cf. chapter 9), particularly dealing with the Feasts of the Seventh Month, and the continual maintenance of the temple (cf. Malachi). A. There is much discussion about the date and historical accuracy of the book of Ezra-Nehemiah. It is obvious that these are both post-exilic leaders; Ezra being a priest/scribe, and Nehemiah being an administrator and high Persian governmental official. They are named together in Neh. 8:9. B. There has been much debate over why the Day of Atonement, mentioned in Leviticus 16, that should have occurred on the 10th day of Tishri (seventh month, cf. Num. 28), is not mentioned in this section, when the Feast of Tabernacles (cf. Lev. 23) is so prominent. This occurred on the 15th of Tishri. Chapter 9 does describe a fast day that seems to have been a special occurrence not related to the annual Day of Atonement. C. Special Topic: Post Exilic Chart
Neemias 7
NJB (mT VERSING CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS A. This list is very similar to the list of Ezra 2 ("those who came up first," Neh. 7:5, also note I Esdras 5:8-42). B. The names were probably originally based on the same official list (Persian or Jewish), but they are not exactly the same. Names are spelled differently and some names are added and omitted. The stated numbers also do not always agree. C. The list is divided into categories of people: 1. men of Israel, Neh. 7:7b-38 2. priests, Neh. 7:39-42 3. Levites, Neh. 7:43-45 4. temple servants, Neh. 7:46-56 5. sons of Solomon's slaves, Neh. 7:57-60 6. those of undocumentable ancestry, Neh. 7:61-65 a. laymen, Neh. 7:61-62 b. priests, Neh. 7:63 D. Summaries 1. of those who returned, Neh. 7:66-67 2. of the offerings, Neh. 7:70-72 a. Persian b. Jewish E. See notes at Ezra 2 on specific names and categories of returnees F. I Esdras (also knows as Esdras A) is a Greek version of Josiah's Passover (2 Chr. 35,36) through Nehemiah 7 (which is paralleled in Ezra 2). It differs from the MT and the LXX. For a good brief discussion see R. K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, pp. 1194-1199.
Neemias 7:1-4
7:1 "the gatekeepers and the singers and the Levites" Some scholars see this as misplaced because it seems to refer to the temple and not the city. Yet, we learn later, that the Levitical gatekeepers were also appointed to the city gates because of the lack of people willing to live in Jerusalem (cf. Neh. 7:4). 7:2 "I put Hanani my brother, and Hananiah" These could be two forms of one name (cf. BDB 337); both mean "YHWH has been gracious." However, in Neh. 7:3 it says, "I said to them" which confirms that there were two men involved. Hanani is first mentioned in Neh. 1:2 as Nehemiah's brother and source of his information about the condition of Jerusalem. The name Hananiah also appears in the list of Neh. 10:23. ▣ "the commander of the fortress" Most walled cities had an inner fortress. "Fortress" is also used to describe Susa in Neh. 1:1 and Esth. 1:2,5, etc). Jerusalem's citadel was close to the temple (cf. Neh. 2:8), possibly incorporating the towers, the Hundred and Hananel (cf. Neh. 3:1). The same word "fortress" (BDB 108) was used of the temple itself in 1 Chr. 29:1,19. NASB, NRSV "he was a faithful man" "he was a faithful man" "Hananiah was a reliable" NJB, JPSOA "he was a more trustworthy" "he was an upright man" The term (BDB 54) for "faith" in the OT has the connotation of reliability, sureness (e.g., "the right way," Gen. 24:48) stability, continuance, faithfulness (e.g., Neh. 7:2; Isa. 38:3) truth (e.g., Esth. 9:30; Jer. 33:6) This same term is often used of God (e.g., Neh. 9:33; Exod. 34:6; Isa. 38:18,19; Zech. 8:8). Special Topic: Believe, Trust, Faith, and Faithfulness in the OT ▣ "feared God more than many" This term (BDB 431, KB 432, Qal PERFECT [OT Parsing Guide, p. 380], but Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE [Analytical Key to OT, p. 69]) is used several times in Nehemiah and in several senses. Qal form fear God, Neh. 1:11; 7:2 fear men, Neh. 2:2; 4:14; 6:13 Niphal form ‒ God as awesome/fearful, Neh. 1:5; 4:14; 9:32 the NOUN, fear of God, Neh. 5:9,15 Effective leaders are those who are trustworthy and revere YHWH! Special Topic: Fear (OT) 7:3 This verse has two IMPERFECTS used in a JUSSIVE sense ("be opened," "shut") and one IMPERATIVE ("bolt"). The New English Bible and REV think it refers to closing the gates during the noon time rest the RSV, TEV, and NJB imply that the gates were to be opened late (well after sunrise) and closed early (well before sundown) the UBS Text Project, p. 533, suggests "as long as (the people) are (still) up (i.e., have not yet gone to bed)" Whatever the specifics of this verse mean, it is obvious that special care was given to the opening, closing, and guarding of Jerusalem's gates during this period. Notice how the residents and businesses were to guard the entrances closest to their homes and shops. This is the same personal interest used to construct the walls. The NIV and the NET Bibles understand this aspect to relate to the separate guard stations, one at the gates and one by their homes. 7:4 "the city was large and spacious" This is exactly opposite of the new size of the reduced city. What can this mean? it must relate to the number of people living there, not a comparison of the previous size of the city there was plenty of room for new houses and shops (an invitation for people to move into the city) Remember context, not lexicons, determine word meaning!
Neemias 7:5
7:5 Nehemiah felt he was led by YHWH.
Neemias 7:6-7
7:6 "each to his city" This links up with Neh. 7:73a ("all Israel lived in their cities"). This was important because Nehemiah divided the responsibilities for building and wall construction (and guarding and protecting) by original city of the returnees' parents residence in Jerusalem guild/trade tribe (Levites, priests) 7:7a These are the main leaders and families. ▣ "Azariah" In Ezra 2:2 this is replaced by "Seraiah," in I Esdras 5:8, "Zaraias." ▣ "Raamiah" In Ezra 2:2 this is spelled Reelaiah; in I Esdras 5:9, Resaias. ▣ "Mispereth" In Ezra 2:2 this is spelled Mispar; it is not in I Esdras. ▣ "Nehum" In Ezra 2:2 this is replaced by Rehum; it is not in I Esdras.
Neemias 7:7-38
7:8ff Except for numbers and spelling errors this is an exact parallel to Ezra 2. 7:8 "Parosh, 2,172" In I Esdras 5:9 it is "Phoros 2,172." 7:9 "Shephatiah, 372" In I Esdras 5:10 it is "Saphat, 472." 7:10 "Arah, 652" In I Esdras 5:10 it is "Ares, 756." ▣ "652" In Ezra 2:5 the number is 775. 7:13 "Zattu, 845" In Ezra 2:8 the number is 945; I Esdras 5:12 has "Zathui, 975." 7:14 "Zaccia, 760" I Esdras 5:13 has "Chorbe, 705." 7:15 "Bennui" In Ezra 2:10 this is spelled Bani (as it is in I Esdras 5:13). The number of returnees is also different. Ezra has 642, but Nehemiah has 648 (as it is in I Esdras 5:13). 7:16 "628" In Ezra 2:11 the number is 623. 7:17 "Azgad, 2,322" In Ezra 2:12 the number is 1,222. In I Esdras 5:13 it is "Astad, 1,322." 7:18 "667" In Ezra 2:13 the number is 666. 7:19 "Bigvai, 2,067" In Ezra 2:14 the number is 2,056; in I Esdras 5:14 it is "Bagoi, 2,066." 7:20 "Adin, 655" In Ezra 2:15 the number is 454; in I Esdras 5:14 it is "Adinu, 454." 7:22 "Hashum 328" In Ezra this name appears in Neh. 2:19 and the number is 223. 7:23 "Bezai, 324" In Ezra 2:17 the number is 323; in I Esdras 5:16 it is "Bassia, 323." 7:24 "Hariph, 112" In Ezra 2:18 this is replaced by "Jorah, 112; in I Esdras 5:17 it is "Arsiphorith, 102." 7:25 Gibeon" In Ezra 2:20 this is spelled Gibbar. 7:26 Nehemiah's list combines the two cities with one number, 188, while Ezra 2:21-22 has 123 plus 56 which equals 179; I Esdras 5:17-18 has 123 plus 55 equaling 178. 7:28 "Beth-azmaveth" In Ezra 2:24 this is replaced simply by Azmaveth. Beth was a common addition to city names ("house of," cf. Neh. 7:26). The NET Bible (p. 732) has "the family of Azmaveth," which is probably the sense intended. 7:29 "Kiriath-jearim" In Ezra 2:25 this is spelled Kiriath-arim"; in I Esdras 5:19 it is "Kariathiarius." 7:32 "Ai" This is the city mentioned in Jos. 7-8. ▣ "123" In Ezra 2:28 the number is 223. 7:33 "the men of the other Nebo 52" "The other" is left out in Ezra 2:29. In Ezra 2:30 "sons of Magbish" appears, but is left out in Nehemiah. 7:37 "721" Ezra 2:33 has the number 725. Also "the men of Jericho" in Ezra 2:34 is left out of Nehemiah. 7:38 "3,930" In Ezra 2:35 the number is 3,630.
Neemias 7:39-42
7:39 "Jedaiah of the house of Jeshua, 973" Ezra 2 has the same, but I Esdras 5:24 has "Jeddu, the son of Jesus, among the sons of Sanasib, 972." 7:40 "the sons of Immer, 1,052" Ezra 2 has the same, but I Esdras 5:24 has "the sons of Emmeruth, 1,052." 7:41 "the sons of Pashhus, 1,247" Ezra 2 has the same, but I Esdras 5:25 has "the sons of Phassurus, 1,246." 7:42 "the sons of Harin, 1,017" Ezra 2 has the same, but I Esdras 5:25 has "the sons of Charme, 1,017."
Neemias 7:43-45
7:43 "Hodevah" In Ezra 2:40 this is spelled "Hodariah." This name is not found in I Esdras 5:26; it has "Bannas and Sudias." 7:44 "Asaph" He was appointed by David as Levitical musician (cf. 1 Chr. 25; 2 Chr. 25:12). He became the head of a family of musicians (cf. Ezra 2:41; 3:10; Neh. 11:17,22; 12:35). ▣ "148" In Ezra 2:41 the number is 128 (as it is in I Esdras 5:27). 7:45 "138" In Ezra 2:45 the number is 139 (as it is in I Esdras 5:28).
Neemias 7:46-56
7:47 "Sia" In Ezra 2:44 this is spelled Siaha; in I Esdras 5:29, "Sua." 7:48 "the sons of Lebana, ths sons of Hagaba, the sons of Shalmai" In Ezra 2:45 the first two names have a concluding "h" and the last name is replaced by "Akkub." Nehemiah's list seems to omit Hagab. These two names, "Hagabah" and "Hagab," found in Ezra 2:45-46, are easily confused. The list is quite different and abbreviated in I Esdras. 7:52 Nehemiah's list leaves out "Asnah" of Ezra 2:50; "Asana" of I Esdras 5:31. ▣ "Nephushesim" In Ezra 2:50 this is spelled Nephisim. 7:54 "Bazleth" In Ezra 2:52 this is spelled Bazluth; Basaloth in I Esdras.
Neemias 7:57-60
7:57 "Sophereth" In Ezra 2:55 it is spelled Hassophereth; I Esdras 5:33 has "Assaphioth." This word (BDB 709) may be related to the root "to write" (BDB 706), which would mean it refers to a family of scribes as in 1 Chr. 2:54. ▣ "Perida" In Ezra 2:55 this is spelled Peruda; in I Esdras 5:33 it is "Pharida." 7:59 "Amon" In Ezra 2:57 this is replaced by Ami; I Esdras 5:34 has several short names beginning with "a"—Agia, Addui, Allon.
Neemias 7:61-65
7:62 "642" In Ezra 2:60 the number is 652. 7:63 "Hobaiaha" Ezra 2:61 spells the name "Habaiah." 7:64 "they were considered unclean" The VERB (BDB 146 II, KB 169, Pual IMPERFECT) means "defiled," here in the same sense that their Levitical ancestry could not be confirmed. The special food for the priests could not be eaten by them (cf. Lev. 2:3; 7:21-36) because they were undocumented. 7:65 "The governor" refers to Nehemiah (Ezra 2:63, "Tirshatha"; I Esdras 5:40 has "Nehemias" and "Attharias"). He demanded that their confirmation be a heavenly affirmation. The Urim and Thummim were a set of objects (cf. Exod. 28:30; Lev. 8:8) kept by the High Priest (cf. Deut. 33:8) used to determine the will of God (cf. Num. 27:21). Nehemiah seems to be using these objects and a future priest as a way of referring to God's Promised One (much like Zechariah used Joshua) Special Topic: Urim and Thummim
Neemias 7:66-69
7:66 "42,360" This same number is also in Ezra 2:64. When you add up both Ezra's (29,818) and Nehemiah's (31,089) lists by names, cities and groups neither equal this number. This shows that both lists are incomplete. Milton Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics, p. 525, has an interesting numerical comment. "The probability is that neither list is intended as a perfect enumeration of all the families that returned from exile, but only of such families of Judah and Benjamin as could show an authentic genealogy of their father's house, while the 42,360 includes many persons and families belonging to other tribes who in their exile had lost all certain record of their genealogy, but were nevertheless true descendants of some of the ancient tribes. It is also noticeable that Ezra's list mentions 494 persons not recognized in Nehemiah's list, and Nehemiah's list mentions 1,765 not recognised in Ezra's list; but if we add the surplus of Ezra to the sum of Nehemiah (494 + 31,089 = 31,583) we have the same result as by adding Nehemiah's surplus to the sums of Ezra's numbers (1,765 + 29,818 = 31,583). Hence it may be reasonably believed that 31,583 was the sum of all that could show their father's house, that the two lists were drawn up independently of each other; and that both are defective, though one supplies the defects of the other." 7:67 "245" In Ezra 2:65 the number of singers is 200; I Esdras 5:42 also has "245." The UBS Text Project. p. 534, has the following comment: Although the MT of Nehemiah is not original here, it cannot be replaced by another more original text form. For there is no ancient textual witness which attests to such a more original text than the MT. The parallel passage in Ezra 2.65-66 shows that the original Nehemiah text has been lost through homoeoteleuton, and it is from here that certain Hebrew manuscripts and old and modern translations complete the Nehemiah text." 7:68 Many Hebrew manuscripts omit this verse, as does the Septuagint. However, it is present in Ezra 2:66. 7:69 The numbers between Ezra and Nehemiah are very different. See John H. Walton and D. Brent Sandy, The Lost World of Scripture, which discusses how oral cultures pass on their traditions.
Neemias 7:70-72
7:70-71 "gold drachmas. . .silver minas" See Special Topic: ANE Weights and Volumes (metrology). 7:70 The MT has "five humdred" but no mention of what. The English translations are split bewteen 530 priestly robes ‒ NASB, NRSV, TEV 30 priestly robes and no mention of the "500" something ‒ NKJV, NJB, JPSOA, LXX The REB and Peshitta put the "500" in their translations but do not link it to anything. The UBS Text Project, p. 535, suggests that by comparing Ezra 2:69 one could assume that the "500" refer to "silver minas offered by Nehemiah."
Neemias 7:73
7:73 This concludes chapter 7.
Neemias 7:73
7:73b "And when the seventh month came" This was the beginning of the civil calendar. On the first day (cf. Neh. 8:2; Deut. 31:9-11) was the New Year festival called Feast of Trumpets and today called Rosh Ha-Shanah (cf. Lev. 23:23-25; Num. 29:16). The Feast of Booths/Tabernacles starts on the 15 th day. The Day of Atonement was to occur on the 10 th . Special Topic: Feasts of Israel ▣ "the sons of Israel were in their cities" This phrase is also found in Ezra 3:1, which shows the close connection between the book of Ezra and Nehemiah 8.