Deuteronômio 21

Deuteronômio 21

Wiersbe - Shaving the head was part of the rituals for cleansed lepers (Lev. 14:8–9) and the dedication of Nazirites who had fulfilled their vows (Num. 6:18). While shaving the head would be a humbling experience for the woman (see Deut. 21:14), it could also be the sign of a new beginning, as it was for the leper and the Nazirite. She was renouncing her former religion, the worship of idols, and accepting Jehovah as her God. From a practical point of view, perhaps her appearance would encourage her to stay home and get better acquainted with her Jewish husband-to-be. During this waiting period, she was expected to express her sorrow over leaving her family and her native city. In short, the experiences of this month of waiting, painful as they might be, were designed to help the woman make the transition from the old life into the new. (Be Equipped) TSK This was in token of renouncing her religion, and becoming a proselyte to that of the Jews. This is still a custom in the East: when a Christian turns Mohammedan, his head is shaved, and he is carried through the city, crying, {la eelah eela allah wemochammed resoolu 'llahee,} "There is no God but the God, and Mohammed is the prophet of God." TSK - her nails: or, suffer to grow, Heb. make, or dress, {Weasethah eth tzipparneyha,} "and she shall make her nails;" i.e., probably neither paring nor letting them grow, but dressing or beautifying them as the Eastern women still do by tinging them with the leaves of an odoriferous plant called {alhenna,} which Hasselquist (p. 246) informs us, "grows in India and in upper and lower Egypt, flowering from May to August. The leaves are pulverized and made into a paste with water: they bind this paste on the nails of their hands and feet, and keep it on all night. This gives them a deep yellow, which is greatly admired by Eastern nations. The colour lasts for three or four weeks before there is occasion to renew it. The custom is so ancient in Egypt, that I have seen the nails of mummies dyed in this manner." Deuteronomy 21:13 "She shall also remove the clothes of her captivity and shall remain in your house, and mourn her father and mother a full month; and after that you may go in to her and be her husband and she shall be your wife. Ps 45:10,11 Lu 14:26,27 Deuteronomy 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries REMOVING PAGAN CLOTHES AND MOURNING She shall also remove the clothes of her captivity and shall remain (Heb - "sit") in your house, and mourn her father and mother a full month - NRSV “discard her captive’s garb.” So the marriage could not take place immediately, but there was time for both parties to adjust. Presumably her father and mother would be dead after the city was captured, so she would need time to grieve those losses. The fact that is not said to mourn over loss of husband or children suggests she was unmarried. Deere makes an excellent point that "The full month allowed the captive woman a proper amount of time for mourning, and it also gave the prospective husband opportunity to reflect on his initial decision to take her as his wife. For with a shaved head she would be less attractive." (Bible Knowledge Commentary) And after that you may go in to her and be her husband and she shall be your wife - Go in to her is a euphemism for sexual relations and in this context represents consummation of the marriage. Note the apparent absence of an actual marriage ceremony (cf. Gen. 24:67). Deuteronomy 21:14 "It shall be, if you are not pleased with her, then you shall let her go wherever she wishes; but you shall certainly not sell her for money, you shall not mistreat her, because you have humbled her. because: De 22:19,24,29 Ge 34:2 Jdg 19:24 Deuteronomy 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Deuteronomy 22:19; and they shall fine him a hundred shekels of silver and give it to the girl’s father, because he publicly defamed a virgin of Israel. And she shall remain his wife; he cannot divorce (let her go) her all his days. Deuteronomy 22:29 then the man who lay with her shall give to the girl’s father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall become his wife because he has violated her; he cannot divorce (let her go) her all his days. DIVORCE ALLOWED BUT SHE HAS RIGHTS It shall be, if you are not pleased with her, then you shall let her go (translated "divorce" in Dt 22:19, 29) wherever she wishes - NET = "If you are not pleased with her, then you must let her go where she pleases" Let her go means divorce her (see more on divorce in Dt 24:1-4+ where same verb is used three more times - Dt 24:1, 3, 4). What might not please her? For one thing the Israelite serves Yahweh and she may not find that acceptable. She is given full freedom in Israel. Even though she was a foreigner, she had certain rights. NET NOTE - let her go - Heb “send her off.” The Hebrew term שִׁלַּחְתָּה (shillakhtah) is a somewhat euphemistic way of referring to divorce, the matter clearly in view here (cf. Deut 22:19, 29; 24:1, 3; Jer 3:1; Mal 2:16). This passage does not have the matter of divorce as its principal objective, so it should not be understood as endorsing divorce generally. It merely makes the point that if grounds for divorce exist (see Deut 24:1–4), and then divorce ensues, the husband could in no way gain profit from it. but you shall certainly not sell her for money - NET = "You cannot in any case sell her." She is not like an ox or sheep to be bought or sold. She is a creature in God's image, and God protects her from this humiliation. you shall not mistreat her, because you have humbled her - NET = "you must not take advantage of her, since you have already humiliated her" Note how God protects her dignity and honor. Mistreat means to treat as a slave. The man had humbled her by bringing her into his house, removing her clothes, and then letting her go, that is divorcing her! Coakley points out that "While some of these regulations may affront modern sensibilities, these regulations were a far cry from the common way war captives were treated throughout other ancient Near Eastern nations of the time." (Moody Bible Commentary) NET NOTE - You have humiliated her. Since divorce was considered rejection, the wife subjected to it would “lose face” in addition to the already humiliating event of having become a wife by force (Dt 21:11–13). Furthermore, the Hebrew verb translated “humiliated” here (עָנָה, ’anah), commonly used to speak of rape (cf. Gen 34:2; 2 Sam 13:12, 14, 22, 32; Jdg 19:24), likely has sexual overtones as well. The woman may not be enslaved or abused after the divorce because it would be double humiliation (see also E. H. Merrill, Deuteronomy [NAC], 291). Mistreat - 06014. עָמַר ʿāmar: A verb meaning to treat as a slave, to bind. It means to treat a person harshly, without humane consideration, without compassion (Deut. 21:14); or to be brutal physically to a person (Deut. 24:7). It refers to a person who binds and ties up sheaves of grain (Ps. 129:7). Some translators find a different word, therefore, in Ps 129:7. In Dt 21:14 the thought may be “must not enslave her” (cf. ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) for the Hebrew says “[must not] be tyrannical over.” Humbled (06031) 'anah means to be afflicted, be bowed down, be humbled, be meek. 'Anah frequently expresses the idea God sends affliction to discipline (Dt 8:2-3, see context Dt 8:5, 1Ki 11:39; Ps 90:15 Luke 3:5). It often speaks of harsh and painful treatment (Isa 53:4, Ge16:6). 'Anah is most frequently translated in LXX by tapeinoo (as it is here in Dt 21:15). God commanded them to “afflict themselves” (“deny yourselves” Lev 16:31NIV), which is the same word used to describe the pain that the Egyptians inflicted on the Hebrews (Ex 1:11,12) and the suffering Joseph felt in prison (Ps 105:18)! Deuteronomy 21:15 "If a man has two wives, the one loved and the other unloved, and both the loved and the unloved have borne him sons, if the firstborn son belongs to the unloved, Ge 29:18,20,30,31,33 1Sa 1:4,5 Deuteronomy 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Outline Firstborn Inheritance Rights Dt 21:15-17 Miscellaneous Dt 21:22-22:12 DIVIDED AFFECTION RIGHT OF THE FIRSTBORN If a man has two wives, the one loved and the other unloved, and both the loved and the unloved have borne him sons, if the firstborn son belongs to the unloved - The firstborn son's rights were independent of whether this son's mother was now unloved. Deere - Monogamy was always the divine ideal for marriage in the Old Testament (Ge 2:20–24). Polygamy, though practiced by some, never appears in a positive light in the Old Testament; the Bible never describes a truly happy polygamous marriage. One reason was that one of the wives would always be loved more than the other (s). The husband was forbidden in this case to follow his feelings and disregard the Law. His firstborn son must be given the double share of the father’s inheritance even though he was the son of his father’s unloved wife (Bible Knowledge Commentary)