Mateus 1
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Mateus 1
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS TO VERSES 1-25 The lists of ancestors found in Matt. 1:1-17 and Luke 3:23-38 do not agree. There are two major theories for the discrepancies: Matthew wrote primarily to a Jewish audience and recorded Joseph's lineage to satisfy Jewish legal practices, while Luke wrote to Gentiles and recorded Mary's lineage (Luther; see J. G. Machen, The Virgin Birth of Christ). Both trace Jesus back to David, but Luke goes further, all the way back to Adam (probably because he was writing to show the Gentiles inclusion). SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN Matthew recorded the lineage of the kings of Judah succeeding David (or after the Exile, those who would have succeeded), while Luke recorded the actual ancestors. This lineage would serve the purpose of proving Jesus' tribal identity and showing the fulfillment of prophecy Gen. 49:8-12, tribe of Judah 2 Samuel 7; 1 Chronicles 17, lineage of David Fulfilled prophecy (cf. Matt. 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 27:9,35) is strong evidence for a supernatural Bible and for God's control of history and time. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE BIBLE (its uniqueness and inspiration) Matthew 1:17 gives the key to understanding why some ancestors are not listed. The author was using a numerically structured, three-tiered "fourteen generation" approach to Jesus' lineage. In these opening birth narratives there are four OT quotes (cf. Matt. 1:23; 2:6,15,18) which involve different types of prophesy. Matt. 1:23 – Isa. 7:14 is a multiple fulfillment prophecy. A child was born in Isaiah's day, cf. Isa. 7:15-16; however the Hebrew word in Isa. 7:14 is not "virgin" (bethoolah, cf. BDB 143), but "young woman of marriageable age" (almah, cf. BDB 761 II). I believe in only one virgin birth-Jesus! See SPECIAL TOPIC: VIRGIN. Matt. 2:6 – Micah 5:2 is a marvelous, very specific prophecy written 750 years before the event it describes. The place of Jesus' birth was not something He could alter or effect. This kind of predictive prophecy confirms God's knowledge (and His control) of history the inspiration and uniqueness of the Bible. No other world religion's holy book has predictive prophecy! - 4. Matt. 2:15 – Hosea 11:1 and Matt. 2:18 – Jeremiah 31:15 are both typological prophecies. Something that happened in the life of Israel reoccurs in the life of Jesus and the NT author understands it as a prophetic sign. SPECIAL TOPIC: TYPOLOGY Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament (p. 175), makes a great comment about how Matthew's genealogy is structured. the Patriarchs – first fourteen names Israelite kings – second fourteen names unknown ancestors – third fourteen names This genealogy is highly structured and selective. It is uncertain why. literary technique (mnemonic) numerical symbolism 7 x 2 the letters of David's Hebrew name add up to 14 Luke lists 77 ancestors well known or godly ancestors only women/men; Gentiles/Jews (purposeful inclusion; see SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN)
Mateus 1:1
1:1 NASB, NET "The record of the genealogy of Jesus the Messiah" NKJV, Peshitta "The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ" "an account of the genealogy of Jesus the Messiah" "This is the family record of Jesus Christ" "roll of the genealogy of Jesus Christ" The genealogy (cf. Gen. 5:1 or "account," cf. Gen. 2:4) is illustrative of God's hand in history fulfilling His promises to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and David (see SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT PROMISES TO THE PATRIARCHS). The NT is the fulfillment of the OT (see full note at Matt. 5:17-19). In some cultures the use of a detailed genealogy is evidence for a trustworthy history. ▣ "the son of David" This was a title for the promised Messiah that emphasized His Jewish royal line from the tribe of Judah (cf. Gen. 49:8-12). He was of the seed of woman, Gen. 3:15 the seed of Abraham, Gen. 22:18 the seed of Judah, Gen. 49:10 the seed of David, 2 Sam. 7:12-14, 16; 1 Chronicles This phrase was a common Messianic designation in Matthew (cf. Matt. 9:27; 12:33; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42). SPECIAL TOPIC: MESSIAH ▣ "the son of Abraham" Luke's genealogy takes the line back to Adam. Luke was written for Gentiles, so it emphasizes the common human ancestry (cf. Gen. 3:15; 12:3; 22:18). Matthew was written for Jews, so it focuses on the beginning of the Jewish family, Abram. In Matthew's genealogy "Abraham" and " David" are highlighted by its numerical design (i.e., three groups of 14). SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT PROMISES TO THE PATRIARCHS
Mateus 1:2-6
1:2 "Judah" Judah was one of Jacob's children (cf. Gen. 49:10; Deut. 33:7). Matthew 1:2-6 follows the genealogy of 1 Chronicles 1-3 in a limited sense. 1:3 "Perez and Zerah" Perez and Zerah were twins (cf. Gen. 38:27-30). The Messianic line came through Perez. This section of the genealogy (Matt. 1:3-5) follows Ruth 4:18-22. ▣ "Tamar" Tamar was Judah's daughter-in-law who became pregnant by him (cf. Gen. 38:12ff). It was very unusual to include women in Jewish genealogical lists. Several are included here in Matthew to emphasize that the lineage of the Messiah was not based on nationality or meritorious effort. Three of the women listed―Tamar, Rahab, and Ruth―were Gentiles and the fourth, Bathsheba, was married to a Hittite. The Gentiles, even women, are included for an inclusive theological impact! SPECIAL TOPIC: WOMEN IN THE BIBLE SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN 1:5 "Rahab" Rahab was the Canaanite prostitute who helped the spies (cf. Josh. 2:13; 6:17,23,25). In Jewish and Christian tradition Rahab was an example of the power of repentance (cf. Heb. 11:31; James 2:25). ▣ "Ruth" Ruth was a Moabitess (cf. Ruth 1). Moabites were forbidden from entering the congregation of Israel (cf. Deut. 23:3). She exemplified the faith of Gentiles, the faith of women, and God's inclusive love. She was the great grandmother of King David. 1:6 "who had been the wife of Uriah" This referred to Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon (cf. 2 Samuel 11 and 12). She, like Rahab and Ruth, may not have been from Israel. Her name reflects a Canaanite name in 1 Chr. 2:3.
Mateus 1:6-11
1:7-11 This section (with some differences) follows 1 Chr. 3:10-15. 1:7 NASB, NKJV, TEV, NJB, Peshitta, REB, NET "Asa" "Asaph" This Judean king is named Asa in 1 Kgs. 15:9 and 1 Chr. 3:10. "Asa" is found in uncial MSS L and W and fits the context. The early uncial Greek manuscripts א, B, and C surprisingly have "Asaph." This was the name of a choir director of David (cf. Psalm 50,73,83). Most textual critics assume that this is an ancient copyist error, or just a variant spelling of the name of the king. However, the UBS 4 gives it a "B" rating (some doubt). 1:8 Three Judean kings between Joram and Uzziah are omitted Ahaziah (cf. 2 Kings 8,9; 2 Chronicles 22) Joash (cf. 2 Kings 11:2; 12:19-21; 2 Chronicles 24) Amaziah (cf. 2 Kings 14; 2 Chronicles 25). The reason for their omission is uncertain. Two theories are: Joram was married to and influenced by his wife, Athaliah, the daughter of Jezebel and, therefore, his sin of idolatry was transmitted to the third generation (cf. Deut. 5:9) Matthew is structuring/limiting the genealogy into three sections of 14 ancestors each (Matt. 1:17). This would be the middle section. SPECIAL TOPIC: KINGS OF THE DIVIDED KINGDOM 1:9 "Uzziah was born to Jotham" In 2 Kgs. 15:1-7 and 1 Chr. 3:12 Uzziah (BDB 739) is called Azariah (BDB 741). He was a godly king who was struck with leprosy because he offered a sacrifice in a wrong manner (i.e., he was not a priest, same problem with Saul). 1:10 "Hezekiah" Hezekiah (BDB 306) was one of the five godly kings of Judah (Asa, Jehoshaphat, Uzziah, Hezekiah, and Josiah). His life is recorded in 2 Kings 18-20, 2 Chronicles 29-32, and Isaiah 36-39. ▣ "Manasseh" He was the son of Hezekiah. Manasseh (BDB 586) was reputed to be "the most" evil king in Judah's history (cf. 2 Kgs. 21:2-7). He also reigned the longest, fifty-five years (cf. 2 Chr. 33:1-9). Amazingly, toward the end of his life he repented and was forgiven by God (cf. 2 Chr. 33:10-25). ▣ "Amon" He was the son of Manasseh and father of Josiah (BDB 54 III, cf. 2 Kgs. 21:18-19,23-25; 1 Chr. 3:14; 2 Chr. 33:20-25). Some early uncial Greek manuscripts, א, B, and C, have the name, "Amōs." This manuscript problem is much like Matt. 1:7. ▣ "Josiah" Another godly king of Judah, Josiah (BDB 78), was eight years old when he became king (cf. 2 Kings 22-23; 2 Chronicles 34; 35). Many scholars believe that "the righteous father," "the wicked son of the righteous father," and "the righteous son of the wicked father" in Ezekiel (cf. Ezek. 18:5-9, 10-13, 14-18) were direct references to Hezekiah, Manasseh, and Josiah. 1:11 "Jeconiah" He was also called Coniah (BDB 220, cf. Jer. 22:24) and Jehoiachin (BDB 220, cf. 2 Kings 24-25). The next to last Davidic king before the Babylonian captivity, Jeconiah was either 8 years old when he ascended the throne (cf. 2 Chr. 36:9) or 18 years old (cf. 2 Kgs. 24:8) and reigned only three months (cf. 1 Chr. 3:16-17; Jer. 24:1; 29:2). Ezekiel dates his prophecies from the year of this king's exile by Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 B.C. (cf. Ezek. 1:1,2; 8:1; 20:1; 24:1; 26:1; 29:1; 30:20; 31:1; 32:1,17; 33:21; 40:1). ▣ "deportation to Babylon" This deportation occurred under Nebuchadnezzar II. Jerusalem was captured by the army of Neo-Babylon several times—in 605, 597, 586, and 582 B.C. Several different deportations occurred. deportation of Daniel and his three friends in 605 B.C. the deportation of Jehoiachin, Ezekiel, and ten thousand soldiers and craftsmen in 597 B.C. (cf. 1 Kgs. 24:10-17) the deportation of most of the remaining population (the city of Jerusalem was destroyed) in 587/586 B.C., 2 Kings 25 the final invasion and deportation of Judah in 582 B.C. in retaliation for the killing of Nebuchadnezzar's appointed governor, Gedeliah, and his Babylonian honor guard SPECIAL TOPIC: KINGS OF NEO-BABYLON
Mateus 1:12-16
1:12 "and Shealtiel the father of Zerubbabel" Zerubbabel (BDB 279) was the leader of the Jews in the second return from Babylonian exile, the first return being under Sheshbazzar (BDB 1058, cf. Ezra 1:8; 5:14). He was of the line of David (cf. Ezra 2-6). In 1 Chr. 3:16-19, his father is listed as Pedaiah and his grandfather as Shealtiel. Hebrew familial terms were fluid and could refer to several different categories of relatives. In this case, Shealtiel was an uncle. This confusion could be explained if Shealtiel adopted Zerubbabel after his father Pedaiah died (cf. Ezra 3:8; 5:2; Neh. 12:1; Hag. 1:1). These two names also appear in the Lucan genealogy, but in a much later period. SPECIAL TOPIC: POST EXILIC CHART 1:13-15 The names of Zerubbabel's son Abihud to Jacob are unknown from OT sources. 1:14 "Zadok" This was not the faithful priest of David's day (BDB 843, cf. 2 Sam. 20:25; 1 Chr. 16:39) because Matthew's Zadok is of the tribe of Judah, not Levi. 1:16 "Joseph the husband of Mary" The VERB "begot," which is so prominent in this listing of the other fathers, is left out! Joseph is named as the legal father and his lineage given because this was what the Jews of the first century legally required and recognized. But he was not the true biological father. Jesus was virgin born of the Spirit of God (cf. Matt. 1:23-25; Luke 1:34-35). SPECIAL TOPIC: VIRGIN ▣ "who is called the Messiah" "Christ" (NKJV) was the Greek translation of the Hebrew term Messiah (BDB 603, cf. 1 Sam. 2:10,35; 2 Sam. 22:51; Ps. 2:2 18:51; 89:38,51; 132:10,17; Dan. 9:24,25), meaning "an anointed one." Jesus was YHWH's special Servant (cf. Isa. 7:14; 9:1-7; 11:1-5; 52:13-53:12), the Coming One, who would establish the new age of righteousness (cf. Isaiah 61, 65-66). SPECIAL TOPIC: ANOINTING IN THE BIBLE SPECIAL TOPIC: OT TITLES FOR THE SPECIAL COMING ONE SPECIAL TOPIC: MESSIAH
Mateus 1:17
1:17 "generations" This was not a complete historical genealogy. The Hebrew term "generations" was ambiguous and could have meant grandfather or great-great-grandfather or ancestor. ▣ "from the deportation to Babylon to the Messiah, fourteen generations" There are three sections of fourteen ancestors listed Abraham to David David to the Exile the Exile to Jesus Only thirteen names are listed in the third section, so possibly Jehoiachin is counted in both the second and third sections. The number pattern implies that some names were left out (cf. 1 Chronicles 1-3). Some commentators believe that these structured lists of fourteen are based on the numerical value of the consonants of David's name in Hebrew (i.e., numerology, daleth, 4 + waw, 6 + daleth, 4 = 14).
Mateus 1:18-25
1:18 "the birth" There is a Greek manuscript variant between "beginning" [genesis] and "birth" [gennasis]. The term genesis was probably original (cf. MSS P 1 , א, B, C; UBS 4 rated it B). While both terms can mean "birth," the first had wider connotations (creation, generation, i.e., "the new Genesis in Jesus as the second Adam, cf. Rom. 5:12-21; 1 Cor. 15:21-22; Phil. 2:6) and could have meant "begotten." It has been supposed that later scribes changed the first term to "birth" deliberately to counteract later Christological (gnostic) heresies. ▣ "betrothed to Joseph" Betrothal (Peshitta, "was acquired for a price") was a legally binding Jewish custom, usually lasting about a year before marriage. The parties lived separately but were considered contractually married. Only death or divorce could break the betrothal arrangement. "she was found to be with child by the Holy Spirit" NKJV, Peshitta "she was found with child of the Holy Spirit" "she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit" "she was going to have a baby by the Holy Spirit" NJB, REB "she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit" This refers to the virgin birth, which was not a sexual experience for Mary or the Spirit. This was a prophetic fulfillment of Gen. 3:15 (" And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her seed; He shall bruise you on the head, and you shall bruise him on the heel"), and in a multiple fulfillment sense of Isa. 7:14 (" Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, a virgin will be with child and bear a son, and she will call His name Immanuel") Surprisingly, no apostolic sermons in Acts or the Epistles mention this, possibly because it could have been confused with Greco-Roman mythology (the Mount Olympus gods often took human women and bore children by them). For an extended treatment of the virgin birth, see Millard Erickson's Christian Theology, 2 nd ed., pp. 756-775. SPECIAL TOPIC: VIRGIN 1:19 "being a righteous man" A "righteous man" meant a lawful man by the standards of the Mosaic Law and the oral traditions of his day. It does not imply sinlessness; Noah and Job were righteous in the same sense (cf. Gen. 6:9 and Job 1:1). SPECIAL TOPIC: BLAMELESS, INNOCENT, GUIULTLESS, WITHOUT REPROACH ▣ "to send her away secretly" Joseph could have accomplished this through two legal procedures: open renunciation in court the presentation of a written bill of divorce in front of two witnesses (cf. Deuteronomy 24) Mary had not shared the vision concerning her pregnancy with Joseph. OT Law demanded the death penalty for sexual unfaithfulness (cf. Deut. 22:20-21,23-24). SPECIAL TOPIC: CERTIFICATE OF DIVORCE 1:20 Joseph was informed about the pregnancy of his betrothed wife by an angelic messenger. In Luke 1:26 the angel is identified as Gabriel (cf. Matt. 1:19; Dan. 8:16; 9:21). The word "dream" (onar) occurs five times in the first two chapters of Matthew (cf. Matt. 1:20; 2:12,13,19,22), but not again until Matt. 27:19 and no where else in the NT. SPECIAL TOPIC: WAYS OF REVELATION ▣ "an angel of the Lord" This phrase is used two ways in the OT. an angel (cf. Gen. 24:7,40; Exod. 23:20-23; 32:34; Num. 22:22; Jdgs. 5:23; 1 Sam. 24:16; 1 Chr. 21:15ff; Zech. 1:28) as a way of referring to YHWH (cf. Gen. 16:7-13; 22:11-15; 31:11,13; 48:15-16; Exod. 3:2,4; 13:21; 14:19; Jdgs. 2:1; 6:22-24; 13:3-23; Zech. 3:1-2 Matthew uses the phrase often (cf. Matt. 1:20,24; 2:13,19; 28:2), but always in the sense of #1 above. The NT does not use sense #2 except Acts 8:26 and 29, where, "an angel of the Lord" is paralleled to the Holy Spirit. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE ANGEL OF THE LORD 1:21 "you shall call His name Jesus" This Aramaic name (Hebrew, Joshua, BDB 221) meant "YHWH saves," "YHWH brings salvation," or "YHWH is Savior" (some VERB must be supplied, cf. Luke 1:31). The name YHWH means This is the name which reflects deity as the covenant making God; God as savior, redeemer! Humans break covenants, but God is loyal to His word, promise, covenant (cf. Ps. 103). This name is first mentioned in combination with Elohim in Gen. 2:4. There are not two creation accounts in Genesis 1-2, but two emphases: (1) God as the creator of the universe (the physical) and (2) God as the special creator of humanity. Genesis 2:4 begins the special revelation about the privileged position and purpose of mankind, as well as the problem of sin and rebellion associated with the unique position. In Gen. 4:26 it is said "men began to call upon the name of the Lord" (YHWH). However, Exod. 6:3 implies that early covenant people (the Patriarchs and their families) knew God only as El-Shaddai. The name YHWH is explained only one time in Exod. 3:13-16 (esp. Exod 3:14). However, the writings of Moses often interpret words by popular word plays, not etymologies (cf. Gen. 17:5; 27:36; 29:13-35). There have been several theories as to the meaning of this name (taken from IDB, vol. 2, pp. 409-11). from an Arabic root, "to show fervent love" from an Arabic root "to blow" (YHWH as storm God) from a Ugaritic (Canaanite) root "to speak" following a Phoenician inscription, a CAUSATIVE PARTICIPLE meaning "the One who sustains," or "the One who establishes" from the Hebrew Qal form "the One who is," or "the One who is present" (in future sense, "the One who will be") from the Hebrew Hiphil form "the One who causes to be" from the Hebrew root "to live" (e.g., Gen. 3:20), meaning "the ever-living, only-living One" from the context of Exod. 3:13-16 a play on the IMPERFECT form used in a PERFECT sense, "I shall continue to be what I used to be" or "I shall continue to be what I have always been" (cf. J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in the Old Testament, p. 67. The full name YHWH is often expressed in abbreviation or possibly an original form (1) Yah (e.g., Hallelu - yah) (2) Yahu (names, e.g., Isaiah) (3) Yo (names, e.g., Joel) In later Judaism this covenant name became so holy (the tetragrammaton) that Jews were afraid to say it lest they break the command of Exod. 20:7; Deut. 5:11; 6:13. So they substituted the Hebrew term for "owner," "master," " husband," "lord"–adon or adonai (my lord). When they came to YHWH in their reading of OT texts they pronounced "lord." This is why YHWH is written Lord in English translations. As with El, often YHWH is combined with other terms to emphasize certain characteristics of the Covenant God of Israel. While there are many possible combinations of terms, here are some. YHWH – Yireh (YHWH will provide), Gen. 22:14 YHWH – Rophekha (YHWH is your healer), Exod. 15:26 YHWH – Nissi (YHWH is my banner), Exod. 17:15 YHWH – Meqaddishkem (YHWH the One who sanctifies you), Exod. 31:13 YHWH – Shalom (YHWH is Peace), Jdgs. 6:24 YHWH – Sabbaoth (YHWH of hosts), 1 Sam. 1:3,11; 4:4; 15:2; often in the Prophets) YHWH – Ro'I (YHWH is my shepherd), Ps. 23:1 YHWH – Sidqenu (YHWH is our righteousness), Jer. 23:6 YHWH – Shammah (YHWH is there), Ezek. 48:35 ▣ "for He will save His people from their sin" Jesus came for three distinct purposes. to fully reveal the Father to give humans an example to follow to redeem mankind from sin Genesis 3 affected all life on this planet (cf. Rom. 3:9-18; 5:12-21; 8:20-23; see SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FALL). Jesus came to die in our place (i.e., vicarious, substitutionary atonement, cf. Mark 10:45; John 1:29; 2 Cor. 5:21; Phil. 2:6-11; Isaiah 53). The promise to all the children of Adam and Eve recorded in Gen. 3:15 is fulfilled in Him! SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN 1:23 Matthew uses the fulfillment of OT prophecy as a major evidence for Jewish people to believe in Jesus as the promised Messiah. Matt. 1:22 – Isa. 7:14 Matt. 2:15 – Hosea 11:1 and Exod. 4:22-23 Matt. 2:23 – possibly Isa. 11:1 Matt. 3:15 – "fulfill all righteousness" Matt. 4:14 – Isa. 9:1,2 Matt. 5:17 – ". . .but to fulfill" Matt. 8:17 – Isa. 53:4 Matt. 12:17 – Isa. 42:1,2,3,4 Matt. 13:14 – Isa. 6:9,10 Matt. 13:35 – Ps. 78:2 Matt. 21:4 – Isa. 62:11 or Zech. 9:9 Matt. 27:9 – Zech. 11:12,13 SPECIAL TOPIC: PROPHECY (OT) ▣ "virgin" This is a quotation of Isa. 7:14 from the Septuagint. In Isaiah the Hebrew word used was almah (BDB 761 II), meaning a "chaste young woman of marriageable age." There was a special birth in Ahaz's day (cf. Isa. 7:15-16). Only one virgin birth has ever occurred, not two; therefore, the historical fulfillment in Isaiah's day was a sign to Ahaz, but not an impregnation by the Holy Spirit. This is an example of a multiple fulfillment of prophecy. The sign to Ahaz was the child's name. See my commentary of Isaiah 7:14 online at www.freebiblecommentary.org. SPECIAL TOPIC: SEPTUAGINT NASB, NKJV, NJB, Peshitta "Immanuel" NRSV, TEV, REB, NET "Emmanuel" "God-is-with-us" The Hebrew term "Immanuel" meant "God with us" (BDB 769). This shows that the OT passage pointed beyond its own day. Isaiah 7-12 (the Syro-Ephramitic War) ultimately referred to incarnate Deity, Jesus of Nazareth (cf. John 1:1; 5:18; 10:33; 14:9-10; Phil. 2:6). However, it must be remembered that the Jews did not expect the Messiah to be divine. They would have seen the powerful names from Isa. 9:6 as imagery. It is not until the NT that the Messiah as God Incarnate was clearly revealed. There is a very interesting comment in G. B. Caird, The Language and Imagery of the Bible, pp. 45-46, which connects the name YHWH in Exod. 3:14, possibly with a future sense, with the title "Immanuel" ("God with us") and the close of Matt. 28:20 ("I will be with you always"). 1:24-25 These verses reaffirm a truly supernatural virgin birth (cf. Luke 1:26-38). They also imply that the couple had a normal married life after the birth of Jesus. The Textus Receptus, following the Greek uncial manuscripts C and D*, K, W, adds "her firstborn son," taken from Luke 2:7 by early Christian scribes, implying other children.