Gênesis 48
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Gênesis 48:1-7
48:1 "Joseph was told" The Rabbinical Midrash says that Ephraim studied regularly with his grandfather Jacob and he is the one who told Joseph, but this is typical of rabbinical comments that are based on a supposition, not contextual or textual information. It is always fair to ask those who claim to speak for God, "Show me where you got this from Scripture." ▣ "So he took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him" These boys were half-Egyptian, but apparently this is setting the stage for the patriarchal blessing (i.e., adoption) which would include them as full heirs (i.e., Gen. 48:8-22). 48:3 "Jacob said to Joseph, 'God Almighty'" This is the traditional patriarchal name for God (cf. Exod. 6:3). It is El Shaddai; El from the general name for God from the root "to be strong" and Shaddai, which seems to mean "the all-sufficient One." See full note at Gen. 12:1. SPECIAL TOPIC: SHADDAI ▣ "appeared to me at Luz in the land of Canaan and blessed me" Luz is the Canaanite name for Bethel (cf. Gen. 28:17, 19; 35:9-15). Apparently, as YHWH had blessed Jacob, Jacob was now going to bless Joseph's sons. It is interesting to note that, as godly a man as Joseph was, YHWH never appeared to him as He did to the Patriarchs (see note at Gen. 46:2), which shows that even this literary unit concerning Joseph is really in the larger section on the life of Jacob. 48:4 "I will make you fruitful and numerous" There are three specific blessings here which are related to the Abrahamic blessing of Genesis: I will make you fruitful and numerous I will make you a company of peoples I will give the land to your descendants It is interesting that Jacob leaves out the clause from Gen. 35:11 (line 5), "and kings shall come forth from you," because apparently that aspect was for Judah (cf. Gen. 49:10). Prosperity and abundance would characterize the family, but kings would come from Judah (i.e., Messiah, Isa. 9:6-7; Micah 5:2). 48:4 NASB, NRSV "company of peoples" "multitude of people" "many nations" "an assembly of peoples" "a host of nations" "a company of peoples" "gathering of nations" "a multitude of peoples" This refers to YHWH's promises of many descendants in Gen. 28:3; 35:11. This large multitude is ofter referred to by "dust," "stars," and "sand." See full note at Gen. 15:5. ▣ "for an everlasting possession" This is the Hebrew term 'olam. It must be interpreted in light of the context. When one remembers the exilic period it is obvious that this term does not mean to perpetuity. SPECIAL TOPIC: FOREVER ('OLAM) 48:5 "are mine; Ephraim and Manasseh shall be mine, as Reuben and Simeon are" It is interesting that in Gen. 48:1 Manasseh is mentioned before Ephraim, but from Gen. 48:5 and Gen. 48:14 Ephraim will appear before Manasseh. This seems to be planned by Jacob (cf. Gen. 48:13-14). Ephraim and Manasseh are going to replace Simeon and Reuben as the firstborn, pre-imminent heirs of Jacob (cf. 1 Chr. 5:1). The younger Ephraim will be the stronger of the two. This does not affect Judah's leadership of the family (cf. 1 Chr. 5:2)! This is as much a discipline of Reuben (cf. Gen. 35:22; 49:4; 1 Chr. 5:1) and Simeon (cf. Gen. 34:25; 49:5-7) as it was an inclusion for Joseph's sons. Not only is there reversal in expectation between Manasseh and Ephraim (as there was with Esau and Jacob), but this same reversal of expectation will occur between Joseph and Judah (cf. Gen. 49:8-12). Joseph was the obvious choice for family leadership, but the choice was YHWH's, not the culture (i.e., remember David and his brothers). 48:6 "But your offspring that have been born after them" This implies that Joseph may have more children, but if he did we have no record of them in the Bible. 48:7 This is a historical summary about Joseph's mother. Rachel's death was painful and shocking to Jacob. He saw these two grandsons of Rachel's first son, Joseph, as somehow coming from Rachel herself. They would be considered full "sons" (in an inheritance sense) of Rachel. She would be happy for this even in the afterlife! 48:7 NASB, NRSV, NJB, JPSOA "Paddan" "Padan" REB, Peshitta "Paddan-aram" "Mesopotamia of Syria" The UBS Text Project, p. 75, gives the MT option (NASB) an "A" rating. However, there is some doubt about the meaning of the word (BDB 804). Many assert it is a general name for the area around Haran, but this depends on an Arabic root and an assumed Aramaic root. The root normally denotes "a yoke," and not "a field" or "plain." a "road" or "highway" from an Akkadian root which closely resembles "Haran" Both options point toward a northern Mesopotamian locale (cf. Gen. 25:20; 28:2; 23:18).
Gênesis 48:8-16
48:8 "When Israel saw Joseph's sons" We learn from Gen. 48:10 that his eyesight was very bad, but not completely gone. Jacob (remembering his trickery of his father) wants to be sure who he is blessing! 48:9 "Joseph said to his father, 'They are my sons, whom God has given me here'" The rabbis say that Joseph had to show his marriage license to Jacob to convince his father that his wife had become a convert. However, to me it seems that this verse is emphasizing the fact that in all areas, Joseph saw the hand of God in his life. ▣ "Bring them to me, please, that I may bless them" The two VERBS are bring/take, BDB 542, KB 534, Qal IMPERATIVE bless, BDB 138, KB 159, Piel IMPERFECT used in a COHORTATIVE sense The term "bless" has a fuller and more theological sense here. It involves the metaphorical adoption of these two grandsons into full inheritance rights as Jacob's own sons. There are now thirteen tribes. SPECIAL TOPIC: BLESSING (OT) 48:10 "he kissed them and embraced them" This was a special bonding as well as a legal (cf. Gen. 48:12) experience. 48:12 NASB, NRSV "took them from his knees" "brought them from beside his knees" TEV, REB "took them from Jacob's lap" "brought them out from between his knees" "removed them from before his knees" "them removed them from his knees" This was an adoption rite, which is alluded to in Gen. 48:5. Passing the children under the loins seems to have been the manner for this ancient adoption process (i.e., as women gave birth through their knees, Gen. 30:3; Job 3:17, JB footnote, p. 73). See IVP Bible Background Commentary, p. 76, for examples from the Code of Hammurabi and Ugaritic literature. 48:14 "But Israel stretched out his right hand and laid it on the head of Ephraim" This is the aspect of crossing his hands so that his right hand-the hand of pre-imminence-would bless the younger son who would have the pre-imminence over his brother (as Jacob and Esau). The reversal of the culturally expected option (cf. Gen. 48:18) shows God's control and sovereignty (cf. Gen. 48:19). This is the first biblical account of blessing in association with the laying on of hands. From this point forward it will become a regular practice. SPECIAL TOPIC: LAYING ON OF HANDS IN THE BIBLE SPECIAL TOPIC: FIRSTBORN 48:15-16 Verses 15-16 are a supplement to the family blessing recorded in Genesis 49. In Jacob's final blessing to the whole family he does not mention Joseph's two sons by name (cf. Gen. 49:22-26). This blessing is in poetic form (as is Gen. 48:20). Notice the threefold designation of God. God is seen as the patriarchal God the Shepherd the Angel It is obvious that the angel of Gen. 48:16 must be the Angel of the Lord who is a physical manifestation (cf. Gen. 16:7-13; 18:2,16,17-21,22-23; 22:11-15; 31:11,13; 48:15-16. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE ANGEL OF THE LORD 48:15 "He blessed Joseph" Obviously these two boys (Gen. 48:16) were receiving the patriarchal blessing of Joseph (Gen. 48:15). From Genesis 49 it seems that Joseph was receiving the double inheritance rights (cf. Gen. 49:22-26) of the firstborn, while Judah was to receive the Messianic line (cf. Gen. 49:8-12). ▣ "walked" This VERB (BDB 229, KB 246, Hithpael PERFECT) is often a metaphor for lifestyle faith (cf. Gen. 5:22,24; 6:9; 24:40; Eph. 4:1,17; 5:2,15). God demands it (cf. Gen. 17:1). God wants a people who reflect His character to a lost and needy world (i.e., the nations). The Patriarchs, with all their imperfections, lived before YHWH in an obedient, repentant, faithful way! To put it another way, eternal life has observable characteristics. We are saved, not just to be with God when we die, but to be with God now! The goal of biblical faith is Christlikeness now (i.e., Rom. 8:28-29; Eph. 1:4; 2:10; 4:13)! The Bible's covenants have requirements. faith (initial and daily) repentance (initial and daily) obedience (lifestyle) perseverance through life These are summarized in Deut. 8:6; 19:9; 26:17; 28:9; 30:16! 48:16 "who has redeemed me from all evil" This is the term Go'el (BDB 145 I, KB 169, Qal PARTICIPLE, cf. Exod. 6:6; 15:13), which is used for the kinsmen redeemer (Ruth 4:6) or blood avenger (cf. Deut. 19:6; Jos. 20:3). It refers to that near kin who avenged or bought one back either from slavery, financial ruin, or as a prisoner of war. This term also occurs in Ruth 4:6; Num. 5:8; 1 Kgs. 16:11; Job 19:25. SPECIAL TOPIC: RANSOM/REDEEM ▣ "And may my name live on in them" This may refer to the ancient view that a man lived on in his children (i.e., 2 Sam. 18:18; NIDOTTE, vol. 3, p. 677), or more likely, that the covenant faith of Jacob (cf. Gen. 48:16, line 3) would be passed on to these two boys. The last three verbs of Gen. 48:16 are IMPERFECTS used in a JUSSIVE sense (i.e., "let. . .") bless, BDB 138, KB 159, Piel IMPERFECT be called, BDB 894, KB 1128, Niphal IMPERFECT grow, BDB 185, KB 213, Qal IMPERFECT
Gênesis 48:17-22
48:17 "it displeased him" This VERB in the Qal stem (BDB 949, KB 1269, Qal IMPERFECT with waw) is a strong VERB denoting Joseph's feeling about this reversal. The VERB can describe distress, Gen. 21:11,12 displeasure, Num. 11:10; Jos. 24:15; 1 Sam. 8:6; 18:8; 2 Sam. 11:25; Neh. 2:10 grief, Deut. 15:10; 1 Sam. 1:8; Neh. 2:3 hostility, Deut. 15:9; 28:54,56 evil, Gen. 38:10; 2 Sam. 11:27 went ill with, Ps. 106:32; 2 Sam. 20:6 Obviously #2 fits this context best, but it is a strong word. Joseph's feelings about what Jacob did were not a minor issue! He interrupted the blessing in an attempt to move Jacob's hand. Even Joseph did not always know the Lord's will. Jacob, not Joseph, is the Patriarch of the covenant family. 48:19 The VERB "I know" (BDB 393, KB 390, two Qal PERFECTS) is repeated twice for emphasis. Jacob knew what he was doing (apparently by divine leadership). The reversal of expectations would continue. 48:20 "Israel" The "he" of line 1 refers to Jacob/Israel (i.e., SINGULAR, but Israel in the second line could refer to the nation (a collective, cf. TEV). ▣ "May God make you like Ephraim and Manasseh" This is going to be a blessing proverb which was used by the people of God. 48:21 "Behold I am about to die, but God will be with you, and bring you back to the land of your fathers" The "I" is emphatic. Jacob is the Patriarch. This is another allusion to the fact that the whole family will be delivered from Egypt and that they will return to the Promised Land (cf. Gen. 15:12-16). 48:22 "I give you one portion more than your brothers" This term "portion" (BDB 1014 I) is literally "shoulder" in Hebrew. It is the name of the city of Shechem. Some think it refers to this geographical location because of the remainder of Gen. 48:22, which refers to the slaughter of the Shechemites, but this seems unusual because in the book of Genesis this is such a negative act. Others say that the word "shoulder" means that they were a stature higher, i.e. inherited more-the double inheritance of the firstborn. Some say that it refers to Shechem being the territory which Ephraim will inherit and others say it refers to Shechem being the site where Joseph will be buried (cf. Jos. 24:32). Manasseh will inherit on both sides of the Jordan (the only tribe to do so). Ephraim will be the largest of the tribes in number and land allocation (Judah second). Ephraim will dominate the northern part of Canaan, as Judah does the south. The leader, Joshua, is from Ephraim, as is Samuel! ▣ "which I took from the hand of the Amorite with my sword and my bow" This seems to be a historical event, but we do not have a record of it. The Rabbinical Midrash speculates that after the slaughter of the Shechemites that the other Canaanite kings came against Jacob and that he defeated them in battle. There is no record of this. The term Amorite is a collective term to describe all of the Canaanite tribes (cf. Gen. 15:16; Josh. 7:7; Jdgs. 6:10). SPECIAL TOPIC: PRE-ISRAELITE INHABITANTS OF PALESTINE