Gênesis 39
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Gênesis 39:1-6
39:1 "Potiphar" This name, in Egyptian, seems to mean "he who the sun god gives" (BDB 806). He is mentioned in Gen. 37:36. A similar feminine name (i.e., Potiphera, BDB 806) is seen later in Gen. 41:45,50; 46:20. ▣ "an Egyptian officer" Many commentators have assumed that the Pharaoh who put Joseph in charge of Egypt was of the Hyksos or shepherd kings rulers (1720-1550 B.C., see History Channel Video: The Exodus Decoded). These Semitic invaders controlled Egypt for several hundred years. The commentators assert that the reason this officer is identified as an Egyptian (cf. Gen. 39:2) was in contradistinction to a Semitic Hyksos ruler. ▣ "officer" Literally this means a "eunuch" (see note at Gen. 37:36). However, because of Gen. 40:2 we understand that Potiphar was married. It is true that some physically castrated men were married, but it is not the norm. This term came to be used as simply the title for a court official and that seems to be the way it is used in this passage. ▣ "Pharaoh" This is the title for all the Egyptian kings (BDB 829, lit. "great house"). The Egyptian kings were believed to be the sons of the sun god, Re. The "great house" is a reference to the royal palace or temple complex which represented the earthly abode of the Egyptian gods. ▣ "the bodyguard" Literally this means "slaughterer" or "butcher" (see note at Gen. 37:36). Some have asserted that it is very similar to the term executioner. However, its usage, in both the Bible and in extra-Biblical material, seems to involve a military position connected to the royal guard. This would have meant that Potiphar was a very important, influential, and wealthy man. ▣ "Ishmaelites" There has been much question about the identification of these nomadic traders. In Gen. 37:36 they are either called Midianites or Medanites (see note at Gen. 37:35). These groups both are identified in Gen. 37:28 and Jdg. 8:22,24. They have some connection with Ishmael and his descendants. 39:2 "the Lord was with Joseph" It is theologically significant that this is one of the rare occurrences of the term YHWH in this section of Genesis. As a matter of fact it is the only occurrence in the account concerning Joseph. Also note it is speaking of events outside of Canaan. YHWH is not limited to the Promised Land (cf. Stephen's sermon in Acts 7). The phrase "the Lord was with Joseph" occurs repeatedly (cf. Gen. 39:3,21,23) in this chapter and the blessings which accrue to him because of this become the main plot of the story. God, not Joseph, is the central character! ▣ "he became a successful man" Joseph was a "successful" (BDB 852 II, KB 1026, Hiphil PARTICIPLE) man and those around him also were successful and prosperous. This was exactly what Jacob's presence did for Laban. Potiphar took note of the special blessing of Joseph's presence (cf. Gen. 39:3). The VERB in the Hiphil and Qal stems denotes a successful accomplishment of a task (not physical blessings exclusively). Gen. 24:21,40 (Hiphil) Jdgs. 18:5 (Qal) 2 Chr. 26:5 (Hiphil) Neh. 1:11; 2:20 (Hiphil) Isa. 53:10; 55:11 (Qal) Dan. 8:12,24; 11:36 (Qal) Be careful of English definitions and connotations guiding biblical word studies! ▣ "he was in the house of his master the Egyptian" This is in contradistinction to the fact that he was not a field hand or that he lived in the master's house instead of the servant's quarters. Joseph became a trusted member of Potiphar's home. 39:3 "his master saw that the Lord was with him" Potiphar did not put him in charge simply because of his administrative abilities, but because of his unique connection with the blessings of God. Potiphar did this strictly for personal gain and not in any religious sense. 39:4 Joseph's service is described in two ways. "personal servant," BDB 1058, KB 1661, Piel IMPERFECT with waw, used of higher ranking minister, cf. 2 Sam. 13:17,18; 1 Kgs. 10:5; 2 Kgs. 4:43; 6:17 "overseer," BDB 823, KB 955, Hiphil IMPERFECT with waw, cf. 2 Kgs. 25:23 Today we might call him "an administrative assistant" or "executive secretary." In Egyptian literature of this period "a household steward." 39:5 "the Lord blessed the Egyptian's house on account of Joseph" This seems to be a truth throughout the OT period. There is a connection between physical blessing and one's relationship to the covenant people (cf. Gen. 12:3; 30:27). 39:6 "So he left everything he owned in Joseph's charge. . .he did not concern himself with anything except the food which he ate" Some historians have mentioned that there was a strict dietary separation between the Egyptians and all other foreigners based on religious guidelines, as there is today between the Jews and all other foreigners. Whether this was the basis of this exception is uncertain, but this cultural distinction is apparent in Egyptian society (cf. Gen. 43:32).
Gênesis 39:6-18
▣ "Now Joseph was handsome in form and appearance" This very same phrase ("handsome," BDB 421, "form," BDB 1061, "appearance," BDB 909) is used to describe his mother Rachel (cf. Gen. 29:17). There are several handsome men mentioned in the OT connected with the line of the Messiah. This phrase is also used in connection with David and his son Absalom. Even Saul is described as a tall, handsome man. Remember beauty/handsomeness is variable from culture to culture and age to age. Joseph's physical appearance will be the source of his problem with Potiphar's wife. 39:7 "It came about after these events that his master's wife looked with desire at Joseph" We know from the social interaction that was possible for Egyptian women in their society that there came to be a cultural proverb connected with the licentiousness of Egyptian females. Potiphar's wife was very clever in her approach to Joseph. Her plan seems to have developed over time and she seems to make a multi-staged advance (cf. Gen. 39:10). This must have been a tremendous pressure on this young Hebrew lad as this manipulative lady approached him day after day with her sexual offers. There is an obvious contrast between the actions of Judah in chapter 38 and Joseph in this chapter! ▣ "Lie with me" There are several VERBS which denote sexual activity. lie with, BDB 1011, KB 1486, cf. Gen. 19:32, 26:10; 30:15, 39:7; Lev. 18:22 approach, BDB 897, KB 1132, cf. Gen. 20:4; Lev. 18:6,14,19; 20:16 go in to, BDB 97, KB 112, cf. Gen. 19:31; 29:21,23,30; 30:3,4,16; 38:8,9,16; 39:14 know, BDB 393, KB 390, cf. Gen. 4:1,17,25; 19:5,8; 24:16; 38:26; Num. 31:17,18,35; Jdgs. 19:22,25; 21:12 39:8-9 Joseph seems to make a very logical and appropriate answer to her advances in this verse. The first is connected to the kindness of Potiphar toward him and, in an implied way, that her unique position should not be violated. Also, Joseph sees God in connection with his sexual life as he sees Him in connection with all areas of his life. It is significant that sexual promiscuity, in his opinion, is not only a sin against Potiphar and also against Potiphar's wife, but certainly against Elohim. Notice that he uses the general name for God (i.e., Elohim) because this lady was obviously not a religiously informed person and she would not have recognized the covenant name for God, YHWH. 39:10 "she spoke to Joseph day after day" This is the repeated burden of continual sexual pressure or possibly a sexual command from his owner's wife. Joseph was a slave! He did not have the right to control his own actions! 39:11 From the connotation of the text, she planned for the other servants to be absent when Joseph came in for his regular household duties. The Rabbinical Midrash says that this was on an Egyptian feast day and she claimed to be sick in order to stay home and seduce Joseph. 39:12 "And he left his garment and fled and went outside" Some accuse Joseph of being dumb because he left his garment (BDB 93, exactly what kind is uncertain, UBS A Handbook on Genesis, p. 895, asserts that servants in Egypt in this day wore no top, only a small shirt), but what was he supposed to do?! This was an appropriate, spiritual answer to lustful temptation (cf. 2 Tim. 2:22; 2 Pet. 1:4). 9:13-18 These verses contain Potiphar's wife's accusations to her other Egyptian servants and then her husband. 39:14 "she called to the men of her household and said to them" They must have been close by, but not in the house. There are several elements in her statement which are interesting. she blamed her husband for bringing this Hebrew slave into the house (cf. Gen. 39:19) she made a racial slur because he was a Hebrew It is obvious from Egyptian records that they felt themselves to be superior to other foreign peoples. ▣ "Hebrew"The term for "Hebrew" (BDB 720) has one of two possible origins: it comes from Eber, the ancestor from which Abraham's family developed (cf. Gen. 11:16, used of Abraham in Gen. 14:13 and his descendants (cf. Gen. 39:14,17; 40:15; 41:12; 43:32) it comes from the general name for the nomadic people who came from beyond the river called the Habiri (immigrant) in the Tel El Armarna letters. ▣ "to make sport of us" The Hebrew term "make sport of us" (BDB 850, KB 1019, Piel INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT) in this verse seems to be a cultural idiom for "try to sexually harass us" (cf. Gen. 26:8). The implication is that Joseph had done this repeatedly to her and to other members of Potiphar's house.
Gênesis 39:19-23
39:20 "So Joseph's master took him and put him in jail" The normal punishment for this kind of crime was death (The IVP Bible Background Commentary, p. 71). It seems that Potiphar might have had some doubts concerning the veracity of his wife's statement. I am sure that at this point in Joseph's life, even with great faith in God, he must have wondered what was happening (cf. Gen. 40:15)! ▣ "the place where the king's prisoners were confined; and he was placed there in the jail" This is a very unusual term for jail. It seems to be from the root "to be circular" (from Song of Songs 7:2) or "enclosed" (BDB 690, found only in Gen. 39:20-23 and 40:3,5) and some commentators assert that it was a round-shaped prison, while others believe it was a special building on the grounds of the captain of the guard (i.e., Potiphar). If this is true we can see how Joseph was apparently transferred from the master's house to the master's prison which was not too far distant. God's "unseen hand" is at work to start the next step of His plan. Joseph has been radically changed by his faith in YHWH since chapter 37. Knowing God should affect our character and actions! 39:21-23 The presence of God was still with Joseph in a very unique and, apparently, visible way. This does not mean that there were not some very difficult experiences of body and mind which he went through, but God's care was obviously with him. 39:21 "kindness" See SPECIAL TOPIC: LOVINGKINDNESS 39:23 This phrasing is similar to Gen. 39:6. Joseph took care of everything. He was a divinely gifted administrator and later we will learn, dream interpreter.