Deuteronômio 18
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Deuteronômio 18
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS — Deuteronomy 16:18 ‒ 18:22 deals with Israel's leadership Judges ‒ Deut. 16:18-20; 17:8-13 King ‒ Deut. 17:14-20 Levites/Priests ‒ Deut. 18:1-8 Prophets ‒ Deut. 18:9-22 false ‒ Deuteronomy 9-13 true ‒ Deut. 14-22 current (Moses) future (pre and post exilic) eschatological (Messiah)
Deuteronômio 18:1-2
18:1 "Levitical priests, the whole tribe of Levi" According to Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel, vol. 2, p. 358, the name Levi (BDB 532 II) can have three possible etymological sources: "to whirl around," assuming a ritual dance or procedure (similar to the dance of the prophets of Ba'al in 1 Kgs. 18:26) "to accompany someone" or "to be attached to someone, " possibly the popular etymology given in Gen. 29:34, also note Num. 18:2,4 "to lend," "to give as a pledge," possibly referring to and parallel to "given" referring to the firstborn to YHWH (Num. 3:12; 8:16) or to Samuel being given to YHWH in 1 Sam. 1:28 There are several developmental stages involved: at the Exodus it was the firstborn from every family that was given to YHWH, to serve Him (cf. Exodus 13) this was changed (Mosaic Covenant) to one particular tribe (i.e. Levi) who functioned as YHWH's special servants (cf. Num. 3:12; 8:16) in Numbers 18 only certain families of the tribes of Levi served as priests at the central shrine; the other families were Levites and they served as local teachers this was modified in Israel's history: some new Levitical families served at the central sanctuary as priests ("the whole tribe of Levi," v. 1) others ministered locally later rabbinical Judaism expanded the concept of local Levitical teachers into local rabbis or scribes, but not necessarily from the tribe of Levi for a good discussion of another theory see The Language and Imagery of the Bible, by G. B. Caird, p. 70-72 Ancient Israel by Roland de Vaux, vol. 2, pp. 360-371 Jewish Study Bible, p. 406, note on verse 1 ▣ "shall have no portion or inheritance" The inheritance of the Levites was God Himself (cf. Deut. 10:9; 12:12; 14:27, 29; Ps. 16:5; 73:23-26; Lam. 3:24; Ezekiel 28). In Joshua 20-21 the Levites are given portions of 48 cities and the surrounding land as a possession. Among these 48 cities there were also six Cities of Refuge, three on each side of the Jordan, where a person could flee if he accidentally killed a covenant partner in order to escape the "blood avenger" (cf. Deut. 19:1-13; Num. 35:9-15). SPECIAL TOPIC: CITIES OF REFUGE ▣ "they shall eat the Lord's offerings" Originally all Levites participated in a portion of the sacrifices of Israel (cf. Deut. 18:6-8). Later the priests were supported by food from the altar which was supplemented by gardening small pieces of private land surrounding the Levitical cities. Also Levites were supported by a third-year local tithe (cf. Deut. 14:27; Num. 18: 25-29; Neh. 10:37, 38). There are some variations in how the whole tribe of Levi was supported. These are not contradictions, but developments related to the central sanctuary.
Deuteronômio 18:3-5
18:3 Note Lev. 7:28-36; Num. 18:8-19 where different portions of the sacrifices are given to the priests. ▣ "cheeks" This (BDB 534 I) refers to the jowls (jawbones and meat hanging down, forming the cheeks). ▣ "the stomach" This term (BDB 867) basically means "hollow" or "cavity" and in this context, refers to one of the stomachs, probably the fourth of animals that chew the cud. Webster's Third International Dictionary, p. 1922, says that the lining of the fourth stomach of cattle was used for curdling milk. The mucous membrane was processed until it became a yellowish powder which was used for making cheese. 18:4 "the first fruits of. . . your oil" This first press of the first ripe olives was a gift of the people to YHWH and from Him to the Levites/priests (cf. Num. 18:12; Deut. 12:17; 14:23; 18:4). ▣ "the first shearing of your sheep" This requirement is mentioned only here. 18:3-5 Those who ministered at YHWH's altar received YHWH's share. Moderns need to be reminded that: the Sabbath the first fruits the firstborn the tithe are all Hebraic ways of asserting YHWH's ownership. It does not mean that humans get six days, all the remaining crops, or nine tenths of their income! Humans are owners of nothing and stewards of everything! The planet and the gift of life belong to its Creator and Sustainer. ▣ "God has chosen" In Deut. 10:8 this same act is called "set apart" (NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 604). These kinds of parallels help moderns define ancient verbal connotations and semantic overlap.
Deuteronômio 18:6-8
18:6 The Levites were to replace the "firstborn" of Exodus 13. This was based on God's choice, not human merit, which is obvious from the sins of Levi, Moses, and Aaron. SPECIAL TOPIC: FIRSTBORN ▣ "Israel" See SPECIAL TOPIC: ISRAEL (THE NAME) 18:6-7 This allowed Levites/priests to live outside of Jerusalem and to be available to teach and judge in every town. But they had access and the right to function at the central sanctuary also. 18:8 "except what they receive from the sale of their father's estates" "besides what comes from the sale of his inheritance" "even though they have income from the sale of family possessions" "and he may keep whatever his family sends hm" "what he has from the sale of his patrimony notwithstanding" "without regard to personal gifts or patrimonies" "besides the sale of his hereditary property" "besides what he may inherit from his father's family" The different translations show the options. JPSOA footnote says, "Meaning of Hebrew uncertain." It refers to the sale of family possessions (but not land).
Deuteronômio 18:9-14
18:9 "detestable things" See SPECIAL TOPIC: ABOMINATIONS (OT) and SPECIAL TOPIC: DEATH PENALTY IN ISRAEL 18:10-11 There is a series of PARTICIPLES, which denote Canaanite idolatry (see SPECIAL TOPIC: MAGIC and SPECIAL TOPIC: IDOLATRY) NASB, "who makes his son or his daughter pass through the fire" ‒ BDB 716, KB 778, Hiphil PARTICIPLE; see SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH NASB, "one who uses divination" ‒ BDB 890, KB 1115, Qal PARTICIPLE (uses both VERB and NOUN; see SPECIAL TOPIC: DIVINATION) NKJV, NET, "one who practices witchcraft" NRSV, NJB, NIV, "who practices divination" JPSOA, "an augur" NASB, "one who practices witchcraft" ‒ BDB 778 II KB 857, Poel PARTICIPLE NKJV, NRSV, NJB, JPSOA, "a sooth sayer" NIV, "sorcery" NET, "an omen reader" NASB, NKJV, NIV, "one who interprets omens" ‒ BDB 638 II, KB 690, Piel PARTICIPLE NRSV, NJB, "an augur" JPSOA, "a diviner" NET, "a soothsayer" NASB, NKJV, NRSV, NJB, JPSOA, NET, "a sorcerer" ‒ BDB 506, KB 503, Piel PARTICIPLE NIV, "engages in witchcraft" NASB, "one who casts a spell" BDB 287, KB 287, Qal PARTICIPLE (uses VERB and NOUN) NKJV, "one who conjures spells" NRSV, JPSOA, NIV, NET, "one who casts spells" NJB, "weaver of spells" NASB, NKJV, "one who inquires" (i.e. a medium) BDB 981, KB 1371, Qal PARTICIPLE NRSV, JPSOA, "consults ghosts" NJB, "consulter of ghosts" NIV, " medium" NET, "one who conjures up spirits" NASB, NKJV, NIV, "one who inquires" [assumed] (i.e. a spiritist) BDB 981, KB 1371, Qal PARTICIPLE (assumed) NRSV, "consults spirits" NJB, "mediums" JPSOA, "familiar spirits" NET, "a practitioner of the occult" NASB, NKJV, "one who calls up the dead" BDB 205, KB 233, Qal PARTICIPLE BDB 559, KB 562, Qal PARTICIPLE As you can see from the different English translations these words have some overlap. These terms seem to refer to different types of pagan religious leaders and worship practices, but their exact definitions are uncertain to modern Bible students. See a brief discussion in (1) Dictionary of Biblical Imagery, pp. 524-528 and 608-610 and also Synonyms of the Old Testament by Robert B. Girdlestone, pp. 296-302. The general picture is an attempt to know and manipulate the future for personal benefit. YHWH's people are to trust Him and serve Him. The old original sin of "me first" is the root of all of mankind's problems! There are so many weird books on the occult. I have found many to be personal experience, myth, folklore, and/or speculation. The ones that have helped me sort through this issue are Merrill Unger ‒ Demons In the World Today Merrill Unger ‒ Biblical Demonology Kurt Koch ‒ Christian Counseling and Occultism Kurt Koch ‒ Occult Practices and Beliefs: A Biblical Examination from A to Z Clinton Arnold ‒ Three Crucial Questions About Spiritual Warfare John Warwick Montgomery ‒ Principalities and Powers John Newport ‒ Demons, Demons, Demons 18:10 "who makes his son or his daughter pass through the fire" This is a reference to the worship of the fertility god, Molech. In Israel the firstborn (cf. Exodus 13) was to be given to YHWH to serve Him. In Canaan the firstborn was to be sacrifice by fire to Molech in order to insure fertility, (cf. Deut. 12:31; Lev. 18:21). There is even one account in 2 Kgs. 21:6 where YHWH's people worshiped this false god! It also possibly somehow relates to knowing the future (cf. 2 Kgs. 3:26-27). SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH ▣ "divination" This is from the Hebrew root for "divine" (BDB 890, cf. Num. 22:7; 23:23; Ezek. 21:21; 2 Kgs. 17:17). It is the general term describing several different methods, but all intent on determining the will of a deity by mechanical or natural means, such as examining the livers of sheep or casting arrows. It is based on the pagan worldview that there is information about the future hidden in natural events and that gifted humans (i.e. false prophets, e.g. Jer. 27:9; 29:8; Ezek. 13:9; 22:28) know it and influence this future. See John H. Walton, ANE Thought and the OT, "Why Was Deductive Divination Forbidden to Israel," pp.270-271. SPECIAL TOPIC: DIVINATION ▣ "one who practices witchcraft" This term (BDB 778 II, KB 857) is related to the term "cloud" (BDB 777). Linguists think the term is related to sound: the hum of insects sound of wind in the trees unknown etymology (if cloud, then related to sight) The parallel passage in Moses' writings which prohibits these same pagan practices is in Lev. 19:26-20:8 (see esp. 19:26). This same term is also found in Jdg. 9:37; 2 Kgs. 21:6; 2 Chr. 33:6; Isa. 2:6; 57:3; Jer. 27:9; Micah 5:12. ▣ "one who interprets omens" The meaning of this term (BDB 638 II, KB 690) is uncertain. In Syrian it means "to murmur an obscure incantation" (KB 690). The root has several usages: serpent ‒ BDB 638 I VERB in Piel only, (BDB 638 II) meaning: practice divination observe signs/omens copper, bronze ‒ BDB 638 III unknown ‒ BDB 638 IV ▣ "a sorcerer" This term (BDB 506, KB 503) basically means "to cut up" (1) as in the shredding of ingredients for a magical potion or (2) cutting oneself as a way of getting the deity's attention (i.e. Syrian usage, cf. 1 Kgs. 18:28). This term was used to describe Pharaoh's wise men in Exod. 7:11 and Nebuchadnezzar's wise men in Dan. 2:2. 18:11 "one who casts a spell" This literally is "to tie knots," "to be allied with," or "join together" (BDB 287, KB 287). In Psalm 58:5 and Eccl. 10:11 it refers to snake charming. A slightly different vocalization describes a Babylonian false wise man in Isa. 47:8-11. ▣ "medium" The PARTICIPLE's (BDB 981, KB 1371) basic meaning is to "ask" or "inquire." Here to inquire of the spirit realm (e.g. YHWH, Josh. 9:14 or idols, Hosea 4:12). The first NOUN, "medium" (BDB 15) is a difficult term to define. Some see the term as it is used in Lev. 19:31; 20:6,27 as (1) a pit, grave, or place of sacrifice where spirits are lured or (2) form of "father" which refers to ancestor worship. It is translated in the LXX in Isa. 8:19 as "ventriloquist." Because of this and Isa. 29:4 some think it means "to chirp" or "to mutter." This would imply to "talk with a different voice." However, from 1 Sam. 28:7-9, it is related to the ability to call or talk to someone in the ground or to communicate with the dead or spirits of the underworld, i.e. necromancy. The second NOUN, "spiritists" (BDB 396) was a form of the Hebrew word "to know" (BDB 395). It refers to one who has knowledge of the spiritual realm or has contact with those in the spiritual realm who have knowledge (cf. Isa. 8:19; 19:3). ▣ "one who calls up the dead" This phrase is a combination of two Qal PARTICIPLES (BDB 205, KB 233, "to ask" and BDB 559, KB 562, "the dead ones"). In context it refers to mediums and "spiritists." These elite, supposedly gifted, people contact the dead for information about the future and the power to affect it. All ancient cultures believed in an afterlife. For many in the ancient Near East this had two possibilities: ancestor worship where the spirits of family members could affect the present and future the power of physical (stars, forces of nature) or spiritual (demons, demi-gods) could be utilized to know and affect personal destinies (see SPECIAL TOPIC: THE DEMONIC IN THE OT) 18:12 "detestable" The term (BDB 1072) is used most often in Deuteronomy, Proverbs, and Ezekiel. SPECIAL TOPIC: ABOMINATION (OT) ▣ "the Lord your God will drive them out before you" This is an aspect of "holy war." This was revealed to Abraham as a promise in Gen. 15:16 and their sins are described in Lev. 18:24-28. 18:13 "blameless" This is a sacrificial term (BDB 1071, #4) for a clean animal which is "perfect," without blemish, and therefore, acceptable for sacrifice (cf. Exod. 12:5; 29:1; Lev. 1:3,10; 3:1,6,9; 4:3,23,28,32; 5:15,18; 6:6; etc.). It becomes imagery for those who are acceptable by YHWH based on conformity to the covenant stipulations (i.e. "sound," "wholseome," "innocent," "have integrity," cf. Gen. 6:9; 17:1; 2 Sam. 22:24,26; Job 1:1,8; 2:3; 12:4; Ps. 15:2; 18:23,25; Ezek. 28:15). Rotherham's translation footnote, p. 217, has "single hearted." SPECIAL TOPIC: BLAMELESS, INNOCENT, GUILTLESS, WITHOUT REPROACH 8:14 "diviners" See SPECIAL TOPIC: DIVINER
Deuteronômio 18:15-22
18:15-22 Deuteronomy 18:9-14 shows the improper way to seek YHWH's will for one's life. Verses 15-22 describe the proper way to ascertain knowledge about God and His purposes. Notice YHWH gives Israel all her leaders (i.e. king, judges, priests, and prophets). He reveals Himself through them. They are the appropriate way and means to know YHWH's will, not vv. 9-14! 18:15 "a prophet like me" This became a title for the Messiah (cf. John 1:21, 25, 45; 5:46; 6:14; 7:40; Acts 3:22; 7:37). Jesus acted like the "new" Moses: gave the law of the new covenant (cf. Matthew 5-7) fed the people as they expected (cf. John 6) met God on a mountain (cf. Matthew 17) interceded for the covenant people (cf. John 17) For an excellent discussion of the function of prophecy in Israel see How To Read the Bible For All Its Worth by Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart, pp. 184-189. This helpful discussion continues dealing with the interpretation of prophetic passages and books, pp. 189-204. SPECIAL TOPIC: PROPHECY (OT) 18:16 This reflects Israel's encounter with YHWH at Mt. Sinai (cf. Exodus 19- 20). Direct revelation from God is an awesome thing (cf. Exod. 20:18-21)! The people wanted an intermediary! This context is, in a sense, a multiple fulfillment prophecy. It obviously refers to the recurrent ministry of the prophet in Israel's national life (cf. TEV). The king and priest were from one family, but the prophets were individually called by God to mediate His covenant to each new generation. However, it also points toward the special spokesman of YHWH (Hebrew SINGULAR, Deut. 18:15,18 and the comment in Deut. 34:10, i.e. the Suffering Servant, the Messiah). This is the one spoken of in Gen. 3:15; 49:10; 2 Sam. 7:12-13,16; Isa. 7:14; 9:1-7; 11:1-5; Dan. 7:13; 9:25; Micah 5:2-5a; Zech. 9:9. Also notice John 1:45 and 5:46. SPECIAL TOPIC: LOCATION OF MT. SINAI SPECIAL TOPIC: MESSIAH SPECIAL TOPIC: A SUFFERING MESSIAH SPECIAL TOPIC: OT TITLES FOR THE SPECIAL COMING ONE 18:17 This same idiom, "they have spoken well," is also found in Deut. 5:28, but not in Exodus 19-20. So this is unrecorded revelation. We must remember that the Bible is only part of the word of God. By faith, believers assert that all that is necessary for life and doctrine has been included, but it is not exhaustive. In this sense, it is analogous to Jesus' words (cf. John 20:30; 21:25). 18:18 "I will raise up a prophet" The VERB (BDB 877, KB 1080, Hiphil IMPERFECT) is used often of YHWH's purposeful, covenantal actions in history (e.g. Gen. 6:18; 9:9,11,17; 17:7,19,21; Exod. 6:4; Deut. 18:15,18; 28:9; Jdg. 2:16,18; 3:9,15; 1 Sam. 2:35; 1 Kgs. 9:5; 11:14,23; 14:14; 2 Chr. 7:18, etc.). YHWH is in control of history, as predictive prophecies like this one referring to Jesus (also notice Micah 5:2) clearly shows. The Bible is the only "holy book" that contains predictive prophecy! SPECIAL TOPIC: THE BIBLE (its uniqueness and inspiration) ▣ "I will put My words in His mouth" This refers to him speaking the message of YHWH! He will speak only what YHWH tells him (just what Jesus affirmed, cf. John 3:34; 12:49; 14:10; 17:8). 18:19 We are responsible to act on YHWH's will once we know it. The real question is how do we know who truly speaks for God (cf. Deut. 18:21)? Verses 20-22 are a partial answer. There are other criteria (cf. Deut. 13:1-2; 18:20-22; Matt. 7; 1 John 4:1-6). This verse is quoted in Acts 3:22-23! 18:20-22 God's speaker will be known by speaking in YHWH's name, not the names of other gods (cf. Deut. 18:20) the accuracy of his statements (cf. Deut. 18:22; 1 Kgs. 22; Jer. 28:15) Deuteronomy 13:1-2 must also be taken into account because YHWH's dealing with Israel was based on their spiritual response. One wonders how contemporary hearers are to judge a prophet if their prediction is beyond their lifetime. Also, what about conditional prophecy that depends on the repentant faith response of the people of that day to which it is addressed (i.e. Jonah)? The evaluation of those who claim to speak for God is not easy. Here are some criteria: content of message lifestyle of the messenger correlation of the message with other Bible passages False prophets, false teachers, are often very dynamic, educated, logical, and winsome people. In our day the marks of a false speaker might be: an emphasis on money a sexual license a claim to exclusive access to God (see A General Introduction to the Bible by Norman Geisler and William Nix, pp. 241-242) SPECIAL TOPIC: FALSE TEACHERS