Êxodo 5
Bob Utley · You Can Understand the Bible
Êxodo 5
Israel's Labor Increased First Encounter with Pharaoh The First Audience with Pharaoh Fails (5:1-6:1) Moses and Aaron Before the King of Egypt The First Audience with Pharaoh 5:1-9 5:1-9 5:1-9 5:1 5:1-5 5:2 5:3 5:4-5 Instructions to the Taskmasters 5:6-9 5:6-9 5:10-14 5:10-14 5:10-14 5:10-14 5:10-14 The Hebrew Scribes Complain 5:15-21 5:15-19 5:15-21 5:15-16 5:15-18 5:17-19 Recrimination of the People - Prayer of Moses 5:19-6:1 5:20-21 5:20-21 Israel's Deliverance Assured (5:22-6:13) Moses Complains to the Lord 5:22-23 5:22-23 5:22-6:1 5:22-6:1 CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS This is the account of Moses' and Aaron's first meeting with Pharaoh and its result. Notice the different NOUNS and PHRASES used of Israel's Deity. the Lord (YHWH), Exod. 5:1,2,3,17,21,22 the God (Elohim) of Israel, Exod. 5:1 the God (Elohim) of the Hebrews, Exod. 5:3 the Lord our God (YHWH, Elohim), Exod. 5:3 our God, Exod. 5:8 Your Name (BDB 1027), Exod. 5:23 Notice the number of different words used to describe the task of making sun dried bricks. work, Exod. 5:4,13 ‒ BDB 795 burdens, Exod. 5:4,5,13 ‒ BDB 688 make bricks, Exod. 5:7 ‒ BDB 527 CONSTRUCT BDB 527 (INFINITIVE and NOUN) work, Exod. 5:9,11 ‒ BDB 715 labor, Exod. 5:9,16 ‒ BDB 793 (VERB) daily task, Exod. 5:13,19 ‒ BDB 182 CONSTRUCT BDB 398 task, Exod. 5:14 ‒ BDB 349 (of making bricks, BDB 527, Exod. 5:7,14) work, Exod. 5:18 ‒ BDB 712 (VERB) quota of bricks, Exod. 5:18 ‒ BDB 527 and BDB 670 (VERB)
Êxodo 5:1-9
5:1 "Pharaoh" This title originally meant "great house" (BDB 829). This became the title for all Egyptian rulers, which relates to the Egyptian concept of the deity of the Pharaoh. He was believed to be the son of the sun god, Ra. Because Seti I is the first Pharaoh to move his capital close to the delta region, many believe (me included) that this Pharaoh, mentioned in Exodus 5, must have been his successor, Rameses II, who began reigning in 1290 B.C. SPECIAL TOPIC: DATE OF THE EXODUS ▣ "YHWH, the God of Israel" Here the two names for Israel's God are combined with the title of the nation. The term "YHWH" stands for the covenant name for God, and from Exod. 3:14, it relates to the Hebrew VERB "to be." The term "God" is Elohim, which is the PLURAL of the general name for God in the ANE, El. These two named first appear together in Gen. 2:4. SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, C. and D. ▣ "that they may celebrate a feast to Me in the wilderness" The following phrase, "Let My people go" (BDB 1018, KB 1511, Piel IMPERATIVE), shows the connection between YHWH and His covenant people. Egypt had many gods; Israel had but One (see SPECIAL TOPIC: MONOTHEISM). These were God's people, not Pharaoh's. The feast refers to a religious pilgrimage which included a sacrifice (cf. Exod. 5:3). It is quite possible that nomadic Semites had regular festivals. This may imply only a few days' celebration, but it really was meant to refer to a much longer period of time. It is obvious that God wanted to permanently deliver Israel from Egypt and not just for a short period. 5:2 "and Pharaoh said, 'Who is the Lord that I should obey His voice'" Pharaoh considered himself to be a god. Every major city in Egypt had its own patron god during this period of time. Pharaoh's question reflects his obvious abhorrence to being "bossed around" by a god of a slave people. If this god was so powerful, how did his people get to be in slavery in the first place? ▣ "I do not know the Lord" This VERB (BDB 393, KB 390, Qal PERFECT) implies a knowledge of a relationship with YHWH will reveal Himself to Pharaoh in the plagues which depreciate Egypt's deities and worldview. The theological purpose of the confrontation was to vividly demonstrate to the ANE the power, majesty, and glory of Israel's God. There was no more powerful nation at this time than Egypt! SPECIAL TOPIC: KNOW 5:3 "The God of the Hebrews has met with us" The original meaning of the term "Hebrews" is uncertain. Some say that it goes back to an ancient relative, Eber, Gen. 10:21. It may be related to the nomadic Semites of the period, Habiru, which seems to mean "beyond the river." We know that in the second millennium B.C. a large group of nomadic Semites crossed the Euphrates River and a large number of them, call the Hyksos (or shepherd kings), were believed to have controlled even the land of Egypt during the 1700-1500 B.C. period. SPECIAL TOPIC: HEBREW PEOPLE ▣ "Please, let us go a three days' journey" This is either literal, and if so, Mt. Sinai cannot be in its traditional location in the southern Sinai peninsula figurative, if so, it refers to a much longer period of time which Pharaoh would have understood (i.e., Oriental dialogue) a ruse Jewish commentators spend very little time at all on this subject but Christian commentators agonize over #3. ▣ "lest He fall upon them with pestilence or with the sword" This is the only place this VERB (BDB 803, KB 910) is used with God as the subject. The term denotes a violent attack (cf. Num. 35:19,21; Josh. 2:16; Jdgs. 8:21; 15:12; 18:25; 1 Sam. 22:17,18; 2 Sam. 1:15). This is a veiled threat to Pharaoh. If God's people would be punished for not obeying His voice, even when they were not responsible, how much more would God's anger fall on Pharaoh? 5:4 "draw the people away" NKJV, NRSV "take the people from" "making the people neglect" NJB, JPSOA, REB "distracting the people" "diverting my people" "to stop from their work" The VERB (BDB 828 III, KB 970, Hiphil IMPERFECT) means "let go," or "let alone." Only here in the Hiphil stem does it mean "cause people to refrain." I wonder if there is a play on words here. This VERB is from the root פרע . The title "Pharaoh" is סרעה. Pharaoh's will for the Hebrew slaves is "the" only will! ▣ "Get back to your labors" Pharaoh sees the Hebrews as slave laborers for his bidding (BDB 229, KB 246, Qal IMPERATIVE). 5:5 "the people of the land" This phrase has a wide range of meaning in the OT (see Roland deVaux, Ancient Israel, vol. 1, p. 70). It can be used of non-Israelites. in Gen. 23:12-13 it is used of the Hittites in Gen. 42:6 it is used of Egyptians in Num. 14:9 it is used of Canaanites It was also used of the children of Israel but in various ways during particular stages of their national development. it was used of the citizenry vs. the ruling aristocracy (monarchy) it was used of non-kosher common folk vs. kosher religious groups (NT) In this context the JPSOA (Jewish Study Bible, p. 114) suggests an emendation from the Samaritan Pentateuch, which reads, "Even now they are more numerous than the people of the land" (i.e., Egyptians). This fits the context better (cf. TEV, NRSV, REB). ▣ "are many, and you would have them cease from their labor" This same fear of the number of the Hebrews is referred to in Exod. 1:10. Not only was there fear of their number in size (and possibly their ethnic origin) but also fear of the loss of their economic value. The VERB (BDB 991, KB 1407, Hiphil PERFECT) is the same root as "Sabbath." Both mean "rest" or "cessation of labor." 5:6 "their foremen" The term "taskmasters" (BDB 620) refers to Egyptian supervisors, while the term "foremen" (BDB 1009) refers to Hebrew supervisors (cf. Exod. 5:14). It seems that this is an attempt to drive a wedge between Moses and the Hebrew leadership by demanding extra hard labor. Pharaoh is not going to discredit Moses directly, but indirectly, by his treatment of the Hebrews (cf. Exod. 5:15-21). 5:7 The lack of good straw would make Pharaoh's building projects weaker! He is afraid of the Hebrews' numbers and he will soon be afraid of their God! Josephus (Antiq. 2.13.4) says they had to make bricks by day and gather straw by night. 5:8 Pharaoh accused the Hebrews of being lazy when it seems that the real problem was his fear of their numbers possibly of their aligning themselves with another Semite power (i.e., Hittites) their ethnic relationship to the Hyksos rulers of Egypt (see note at Exod. 5:3) ▣ NASB, NRSV, NJB, REB "lazy" NKJV, Peshitta "idle" "shirkers" "For they have spare time!" This same term (BDB 951, KB 1276, Niphal PARTICIPLE) is doubled in Exod. 5:17. Its basic meaning is "to sink," "to drop," or "to relax." The Niphal stem is found only in this context. This is a false charge to cause division between Moses/Aaron and the Hebrew workers. 5:9 "false words" This is Pharaoh's characterization of the request of Moses and Aaron.
Êxodo 5:10-14
5:12 This is a hyperbolic statement. The Hebrews lived only in the delta region. The store cities were built here. See G. B. Caird, The Language and Imagery of the Bible, pp. 109-121. Western readers do not understand biblical imagery or genres. ▣ "gather stubble for straw" This term "stubble" (BDB 905, NIDOTTE, vol. 3, p. 996) means "small pieces," which implies a poor grade of straw. 5:14 The persons beaten (BDB 645, KB 697, Hophal IMPERFECT with waw) were the Hebrew foremen.
Êxodo 5:15-21
5:16 Pharaoh blames the extra work and beatings on Moses (cf. Exod. 5:8,17). The MT has a VERB (BDB 306, KB 305, Qal PERFECT) for "sin," but this meaning does not fit this context. The NASB's "fault" changes the meaning (cf. Gen. 41:9). The LXX and Syriac have, "you sin against your own people," putting the blame on Moses, which seems to fit this context best. Remember, words have meaning only in context. Here "sin" implies "fault." 5:21 The foremen express a desire (JUSSIVES) that God take notice of judge the actions/message of Moses/Aaron. They even fear for their lives (Exod. 5:21).
Êxodo 5:22-23
5:22 "O Lord, why have You brought harm to this people?" It is theologically significant that in parts of the OT, God is attributed with not only the good and blessings, but also with evil. One needs to compare 2 Sam. 24:1 and 1 Chr. 21:1 to see the relationship of this understanding. Also, 1 Sam. 16:14 is helpful at this point. The Hebrews believed that God was the only God, and therefore, He was the only causality (cf. Isa. 45:7; Jer. 20:7; Ezek. 14:9; Amos 3:6). God's plans are above our understanding. He has long term good plans for His people, but this world of sin and rebellion confuses the issue (cf. Isa. 55:6-13). SPECIAL TOPIC: ONE CAUSALITY SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FALL 5:23 "You have not delivered Your people at all" The statement is grammatically reinforced by the use of the Hiphil INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE and the Hiphil PERFECT VERB of the same root (BDB 664, KB 717). Moses cannot understand how the powerful God of Exodus 3-4 has now seemingly failed to deliver Israel. He has even made things worse (Exod. 5:22). It is good advice for all believers to take the long look! God is sovereign and there is a plan! This will not be the last time the people of Israel grumble and complain to Moses!