Atos 11
William Barclay · Citado em PreceptAustin
Atos 11
Barclay - It has always been one of the tragedies of the Church that men have wished to be noticed and named when they did something worth while. What the Church has always needed, perhaps more than anything else, is people who never care who gains the credit for it so long as the work is done. These men may not have written their names in men's books of history; but they have written them forever in God's Book of Life. (Ibid) Men of Cyprus (map) and Cyrene - Cyrene was a city on the Mediterranean coast of modern Tunisia on the coast of North Africa almost 500 miles west of Alexandria. We need to understand the cultural context of the city of Antioch (described below) to be even more amazed that God choose this moral "cesspool" of a city as the major launching point of the Gospel to the Gentiles, to Europe and to the World, eventually reaching most of us who are reading these notes! In a word Antioch was the birthplace of foreign missions (cf Acts 13:2). Amazing grace to be sure! All we can do is read and agree with God's Own testimony in Isaiah 55:8-9 For My thoughts are not your thoughts, Nor are your ways My ways,” declares the LORD. “For as the heavens are higher than the earth, So are My ways higher than your ways And My thoughts than your thoughts. As is invariably the case when the night is darkest, even the smallest light will shine forth brightly, which is exactly what the Gospel did in Antioch, once again testifying to the truth that the Gospel "is the (SUPERNATURAL) power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek." (Ro 1:16+). No nation or city is too dark for the Gospel (LET US PRAY FOR REVIVAL IN AMERICA!) and no soul too depraved to be saved by His good news! How great is our God and His sovereign plan of redemption. Who came to Antioch (map of ancient Antioch, an engraving of the city) - Antioch, called “Antioch the Great, Queen of the East," "Antioch the Beautiful" or "Antioch on the Orontes" (so designated because there were 16 cities at this time all named Antioch!) was a strategic city, located about 300 miles north of Jerusalem, 15-20 miles from the Mediterranean, one of sixteen cities built by the Seleucid general Seleucus I Nicator and named for his father Antiochus (founded in 300 BC), capital of the Roman province of Syria, a planned city carefully laid out in a grid pattern to maximize exposure to the cool afternoon breezes, a population of over a half million (some say up to 800,000) (predominantly Gentiles but including a Jewish colony of 70,000), the third greatest Roman city (after Rome and Alexandria according to Josephus Jewish Wars 3.29), located in a large fertile plain near the mouth of the Orontes River which allowed navigation over the fifteen miles to the Mediterranean Sea ("Las Vegas on the Orontes" - Hughes) , a major hub for commerce (crossroads of trade routes south to Palestine and Egypt, east to Persia and west to the Asia Minor peninsula) which made it idea for the spread of Christianity throughout the Gentile world, the location of the famous (infamous) "suburban resort" of Daphne (a symbol and center of moral depravity) ("Near it was Apollo's licentious sanctuary, Daphne." Fausset Bible Dictionary) Steven Ger - Antioch was the New York City of its day, at the crossroads of the Roman Empire, a bustling melting pot where East met West. Like the "Big Apple," it attracted a steady flood of immigrants from all corners of the Empire, trusting that "if they could make it there, they could make it anywhere." The city also resembled New York by reputation, known as the "sin city" of its day, a major center of pagan worship, notably, the goddess Astarte....Antioch is often referred to as the "mother of Gentile Christianity." Antioch was to prove an important center of Christian faith and theological development for the following four centuries to come, serving as headquarters for the bishop Ignatius, the coiner of the term "catholic (universal) church," and later the renowned preacher, John Chrysostom. (Acts-21st Century Commentary) Hastings Bible Dictionary on Antioch - Antioch was called ‘the Beautiful’ (te kale [Athen. i. p. 20]), but its moral repute was never high. ‘In no city of antiquity was the enjoyment of life so much the main thing, and its duties so incidental, as in “Antioch upon Daphne,” as the city was significantly called’ (Mommsen, Prov. 2, 1909, ii. 128). The pleasure-garden of Daphne, 5 miles from the city, 10 miles in circumference, with its sanctuary of Apollo, its groves of laurel and cypress, its sparkling fountains, its colonnades and halls and baths, has come down through history with an evil name. Daphnici mores were proverbial, and Juvenal flung one of his wittiest jibes at his own decadent Imperial city when he said that the Orontes had flowed into the Tiber (Sat. iii. 62), flooding Rome with the superstition and immorality of the East. The brilliant civilization and perfect art of the Greek failed to redeem the turbulent, fickle, and dissolute character of the Syrian. Instead of either race being improved by the contact, each rather infected the other with its characteristic vices. Cicero flattered Antioch as a city of ‘most learned men and most liberal studies’ (pro Arch. iii.), but the sober verdict of history is different. (A DEROGATORY DESCRIPTION BY MOMMSEN) ‘Amidst all this luxury the Muses (GREEK MYTHOLOGICAL TERM) did not find themselves at home; science in earnest and not less earnest art were never truly cultivated in Syria and more especially in Antioch....This people valued only the day. (THEY REMIND ME OF THE MINDLESS SONG BY THE GRASSROOTS - LET'S LIVE FOR TODAY! WOE!) No Greek region has so few memorial-stones to show as Syria. The great Antioch, the third city of the empire, has to say nothing (in comparison to) the land of hieroglyphics and obelisks (Egypt) and left behind fewer inscriptions than many a small African or Arabian village’ (Mommsen, op. cit. 130, 131f.)(See Hastings lengthy article on Antioch) Wycliffe Historical Geography of Bible Lands on Antioch - The ancient critics emphasized the Oriental sensuality of Antioch' s citizens wholly devoted to luxury, ease, and licentious pleasure. The pleasure garden of Daphne became the hotbed of every kind of vice and depravity. Juvenal, a Roman satirical poet writing in the second century A.D., scored his society for its decadent morals and complained: Obscene Orontes, diving underground, Conveys his wealth to Tiber's hungry shores And fattens Italy with foreign whores. But Muller makes something of an apology for the Antiochenes: In fairness to Antioch, it was born too late. It never knew independence, never was a genuine Greek polls . It was just Greek enough to be spohisticated, satirical in its wit, notoriously critical in spirit, often hostile to its rulers, always turbulent. Having been denied real freedom, its citizens took to license. They exercised their lively wit in ridiculing the traditional virtues of manliness and womanliness, honoring the arts and the vices of luxury. They expressed their civic pride in the magnificence of their games, festivals, and spectacles Herod the Great paved the main street in Antioch with polished marble because of the mud in the street, and, as a protection from the rain, he adorned it with a colonnade. New American Commentary – Five miles from the city was a major cult center for the Greek goddess Daphne and her consort Apollo. The Antioch version of the cult seems to have been but a weak Hellenization of the worship of the ancient Assyrian goddess Astarte, in which sacred prostitution played a major role. This practice evidently continued because Antioch was notorious throughout the Roman Empire for its immorality.
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Barclay on Antioch - She was lovely and cosmopolitan; but she was a byword for luxurious immorality. She was famous for her chariot-racing and for a kind of deliberate pursuit of pleasure which went on literally night and day; but most of all she was famous for the worship of Daphne whose temple stood five miles out of the town amidst its laurel groves. The legend was that Daphne was a mortal maid with whom Apollo fell in love. He pursued her and for her safety Daphne was changed into a laurel bush. The "priestesses" of the Temple of Daphne were "sacred" prostitutes and nightly in the laurel groves the pursuit was re-enacted by the worshippers and the priestesses. "The morals of Daphne" was a phrase that all the world knew for loose living. It seems incredible but nonetheless it is true that it was in a city like this that Christianity took the great stride forward to becoming the religion of the world. We need only think of that to be reminded that no situation is hopeless. And began speaking - This is apparently a number of years after the initial persecution and scattering in Acts 8. The word for speaking is laleo (imperfect tense = began speaking and continued), suggesting that they not always speaking in formal gatherings in coliseums but were speaking to the Gentiles they encountered in everyday life. Jack Arnold writes that "The word “speaking” represents a simple, common, natural speech such as is used in everyday conversation. This does not represent preaching from behind a pulpit or lectern but gossiping the gospel in the street language of the people. The pulpit of these anonymous Christian saints was the market place, back yards, and porches, as they shared the simple gospel in simple terms so the average man could understand." Related Resources: What is personal evangelism? What is lifestyle evangelism? What is friendship evangelism?) To the Greeks also - In context, these are not Greek speaking Jews, but "pure" Gentiles to whom the Spirit filled Jews were speaking the good news and proclaiming the Lord Jesus. The cultural corner had been "turned" so to speak, and the effects are still rippling 2000 years later as we seek to reach every hidden people group with the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Preaching (the gospel, good news)(present tense - continually)(2097)(euaggelizo/euangelizo from eu = good, well + aggéllo = proclaim, tell; English = evangelize) means to announce good news concerning something. This Greek word gives us our English evangel and evangelize. Euaggelizo/euangelizo in its original sense could be used to refer to a declaration of any kind of good news, but in the NT it (with 2 exceptions discussed below) refers especially to the glad tidings of the coming kingdom of God and of salvation obtained through Jesus Christ's death, burial and resurrection. Most of NT uses of euaggelizo are translated "preach" or "preach the gospel," whichever fits more smoothly into the context. There are two passages that illustrate the original meaning of simply to "bring glad tidings" or "bring good news" of any nature. The first is in Luke… The Lord Jesus - The good news is not a 4 step plan, but a Person. Without Christ you have no creed, no saving message, no hope for sinners! Although they are Jews proclaiming the good news, they do not appear to emphasize His Old Testament Messiahship for this is truth that would be foreign to most of the Gentiles. They preaches Jesus as Lord. Lord (master, owner)(2962)(kurios) indicates the Jewish evangelists preached Jesus as the Possessor, Owner, Master, the Supreme One, Who is sovereign . They preached Jesus as Lord and as the One Who possesses absolute authority, absolute ownership and uncontested power. See Ligonier devotional "Jesus is Lord." The Gentiles would have been familiar with kurios for it was used of the Roman emperors (cf Acts 25:26). In addition in classical Greek, kurios was used of the false gods, such as Hermes, Zeus, etc.
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Barclay wrote that "One of the highest of human duties is the duty of encouragement…. It is easy to laugh at men’s ideals; it is easy to pour cold water on their enthusiasm; it is easy to discourage others. The world is full of discouragers. We have a Christian duty to encourage one another. Many a time a word of praise or thanks or appreciation or cheer has kept a man on his feet. Blessed is the man who speaks such a word." Acts 11:23 Then when he arrived and witnessed the grace of God, he rejoiced and began to encourage them all with resolute heart to remain true to the Lord; KJV Acts 11:23 Who, when he came, and had seen the grace of God, was glad, and exhorted them all, that with purpose of heart they would cleave unto the Lord. NET Acts 11:23 When he came and saw the grace of God, he rejoiced and encouraged them all to remain true to the Lord with devoted hearts, witnessed the grace of God Mark 2:5; Colossians 1:6; 1 Thessalonians 1:3,4; 2 Timothy 1:4,5; 2 Peter 1:4-9; 3 John 1:4 began to encourage them Acts 13:43; 14:22; John 8:31,32; 15:4; 1 Thessalonians 3:2-5; Hebrews 10:19-26,32-39; 2 Peter 3:17,18; 1 John 2:28 with resolute heart Ps 17:3; Proverbs 23:15,28; Daniel 1:8; 2 Corinthians 1:17; 2 Timothy 3:10 to remain true to the Lord Deuteronomy 10:20; 30:20; Joshua 22:5; 23:8; Matthew 16:24; 1 Corinthians 15:58 THE GRACE OF GOD MADE VISIBLE Then when he arrived and witnessed the grace of God - The Greek sentence literally reads "he arrived and he observed." Barnabas was intentional the moment he arrived at Antioch he began by observing for signs of God at work, always a good place to begin! The verb witnessed is not martureo but horao, in this context describing Barnabas' mentally and spiritually seeing or perceiving, and what did his spiritual eyes see but the grace of God on full display! THOUGHT - When you visit a church, a Sunday School class (if you can still find one!), a missional community, etc, do you enter expectantly, desiring to see evidence of God's grace on display? Or do you come in with a critical spirit, looking for flaws, imperfections, things with which you might be able to take issue? God by Your Spirit (and it was by His Spirit in Barnabas - cf Acts 11:24), please give all who are reading this note a Barnabas-like spirit! R Kent
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Barclay on Christians - It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called Christians. The title began as a nickname. The people of Antioch were famous for their facility in finding nicknames. Later the bearded Emperor Julian came to visit them and they christened him "The Goat." The termination -iani means belonging to the party of; for instance Caesariani means belonging to Caesar's party. Christian means: "These Christ-folk". It was a contemptuous nickname; but the Christians took it and made it known to all the world. By their lives they made it a name not of contempt but of respect and admiration and even wonder. Hughes reasons that "the Jews would never have named them "Christians" because Christ is the Greek word for Messiah; to call them Christians, followers of the Messiah, would have been unthinkable....We live in a time when the term Christian has become one of the vaguest epithets in the English language. During the British colonial era it became synonymous with "Englishmen" in India—it did not make any difference how godly or perverted the man was. In our own century "Christian" nations have engaged in two world wars. Some people think that everyone who is not a Jew or a Muslim is a Christian. Dr. Harry Ironside once handed a gospel booklet to a man on a train, and the man turned to him and asked, "What did you give me that book for?" Dr. Ironside replied, "I thought you might be interested; and, may I ask, are you a Christian?" "Well," he replied indignantly, "take a good look at me—do I look like a Jew or a Chinaman?" "You look like an American." "Then," he responded, "that is your answer."[72] Even today many people are willing to say, "I am a Christian" but would balk at saying they are "believers" or "disciples." They are cultural Christians who have not experienced saving commitment to Jesus Christ. (see Mt 7:21-23+)(Preaching the Word – Acts: The Church Afire) Kistemaker (Baker NTC - Acts) - Why are you called a Christian? The name Christian means that you identify completely with Christ because you are his disciple. But for many Christians this identification seems to apply only in a Sunday worship service. During the week, many Christians appear to have put aside the Christian nametag that they display on Sundays when they sing praises to God, read Scripture, pray, and listen to a sermon. How do some Christians live? Some live for the sake of money; others are in the process of destroying their bodies through chemical dependence; and still others use vile and profane language as part of their daily speech. The question, “Why are you called a Christian?” is personal and to the point. It makes many Christians blush. In the sixteenth century, German theologian Zacharius Ursinus asked this same question and formulated the following answer: Because by faith I am a member of Christ and so I share in his anointing. I am anointed to confess his name, to present myself to him as a living sacrifice of thanks, to strive with a good conscience against sin and the devil in this life, and afterward to reign with Christ over all creation for all eternity. (Heidelberg Catechism, question and answer 32.) Bruce Barton - SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF A USABLE CHRISTIAN 1. Unstained by our Culture. (Acts 11:19–20, 22, 26) At Antioch the believers were first called Christians, the Christ-ones. There are some distinctions of a church that must be kept intact. We bear the name of our Savior. 2. Stretched to our Limits. (Acts 11:19; 12:1–3) From a close look at the early church, we see clearly that struggle, rejection, criticism, and even death for believers was the norm. 3. Adhering to the Savior. (Acts 11:21, 23, 26) Barnabas encouraged the believers to make a serious, solid attachment to Christ and Christ alone. 4. Bold in our Witness. (Acts 11:19–21, 24) This church spoke, told, and preached the Good News. People believed and turned to the Lord. 5. Liberal in our Giving. (Acts 11:22, 24, 27–30) The Antioch church gave. They were unselfish, other-centered, and giving-oriented, even to a culturally and racially different congregation. 6. Equipped in the Scriptures. (Acts 11:23, 26) This church was taught. The picture here is of classrooms, courses, study, memorization … work. Before Antioch became a sending place it was a studying place. We have the picture of an equipping church and an equipped people. No wonder they changed the world. Marked By His Name Read: Acts 11:19-26 The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch. —Acts 11:26 In July 1860, the world’s first nursing school opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London. Today that school is part of the King’s College, where nursing students are called Nightingales. The school—like modern nursing itself—was established by Florence Nightingale, who revolutionized nursing during the Crimean War. When prospective nurses complete their training, they take the “Nightingale Pledge,” a reflection of her ongoing impact on nursing. Many people, like Florence Nightingale, have had a significant impact on our world. But no one has had a greater effect than Jesus, whose birth, death, and resurrection have been transforming lives for 2,000 years. Around the world, Christ’s name marks those who are His followers, going back to the earliest days of the church. “When [Barnabas] had found [Saul], he brought him to Antioch. So it was that for a whole year they assembled with the church and taught a great many people. And the disciples were first called Christians in Antioch” (Acts 11:26). Those who bear Christ’s name identify with Him because we have been changed by His love and grace. We declare to the world that He has made an eternal difference in our lives and we long for that in the hearts of others too. Father, give me the grace and wisdom to honor You. May my life be so marked by the person of Christ that His great name—and salvation—will be embraced by others as well. Followers of Christ—Christians—are marked by His name. INSIGHT: Antioch was a significant city for the early church. An assembly of believers was birthed there, and Barnabas (“the son of encouragement”) was sent from Jerusalem to help them (Acts 11:22). Paul, who wrote much of the New Testament, stayed with this growing church for a year, which helped prepare him for his role as an apostle. Living Up To The Name Read: Ephesians 2:1-10 [God] made us alive together with Christ. —Ephesians 2:5 A new Christian was reading through the Gospels. After she finished, she told a friend she wanted to read a book on church history. When her friend asked why, the woman replied, “I’m curious. I’ve been wondering when Christians started to become so unlike Christ.” We can understand why this new convert was perplexed. There is a great disparity between the life of Christ and the lives of many who bear His name. In fact, some believers are even imitating the world instead of trying to live like Jesus. Almost 2,000 years have passed since followers of Jesus were first called Christians (Acts 11:26). Today, we who have placed our trust in the Savior still bear that name and march under the same banner as those early believers. The Bible says that we are God’s “workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them” (Eph. 2:10). When we call ourselves Christians, we are saying to the world that Christ is our Savior and that we are following Him. Christians have a glorious name. It is a great privilege to be identified with Christ—and a great obligation to live up to His name! More like the Master I would live and grow, More of His love to others I would show; More self-denial, like His in Galilee, More like the Master I long to ever be. —Gabriel When you walk with Christ, you'll be out of step with the world. What’s In A Name? Read: John 1:35-42 You are Peter, and on this rock I will build My church. —Matthew 16:18 My friend wrote a letter to his newborn child that he wanted him to read when he was older: “My dear boy, Daddy and Mummy wish that you will find and stay focused on the Light. Your Chinese name is xin xuan. Xin means faithfulness, contentment, and integrity; xuan stands for warmth and light.” He and his wife carefully chose a name based on their hopes for their baby boy. When Jesus renamed Simon as Peter/Cephas (John 1:42), it wasn’t a random choice. Peter means “the rock.” But it took a while for him to live up to his new name. The account of his life reveals him as a fisherman known for his rash ways—a shifting-sand kind of guy. Peter disagreed with Jesus (Matt. 16:22-23), struck a man with a sword (John 18:10-11), and even denied knowing Jesus (John 18:15-27). But in Acts, we read that God worked in and through him to establish His church. Peter truly became a rock. If you, like Peter, are a follower of Jesus, you have a new identity. In Acts 11:26, we read, “The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch.” The name “Christians” means “Christ-ones.” You now are one of the Christ-ones. This title lifts up who you are and calls you to become what you are not yet. God is faithful, and He will complete His good work in you (Phil. 1:6). Dear Father, thank You for the incredible privilege of being called Your child. May we understand more fully what it means to be identified with Your Son, Jesus Christ. Work in us and through us. We honor God’s name when we call Him our Father and live like His children. INSIGHT: Today’s reading records a call to discipleship. After John the Baptist identified Jesus as the “Lamb of God,” two of his disciples followed Jesus. Andrew is named, but the second spiritual seeker is not. Many commentators believe that the apostle John is the second disciple. Notice the easy conversation which takes place between the two disciples and Christ. He asks what they seek. They inquire about where He is staying, and He invites them to come and see. The tenth hour by Jewish reckoning was 4:00 p.m. Obviously, the day was coming to an end. Andrew became so excited about Jesus’ invitation that he went to find his brother Simon and brought him to meet the Master. What’s In A Name? By C. P. Hia Read: Acts 11:19-26 Walk worthy of the calling with which you were called. —Ephesians 4:1 My Chinese family name sets me apart from others with different family names. It also confers on me a family responsibility. I am a member of the Hia family. As a member of the family, I am expected to carry on the Hia line and uphold the honor of my ancestors. Believers who have been saved by the atoning blood of Jesus Christ have a spiritual family name. We are called “Christians.” In the New Testament, the name Christian was first given to the disciples in Antioch by those who noted their behavior (Acts 11:26). Two things defined these early believers. They talked about the good news of the Lord Jesus everywhere they went (v.20). And they eagerly learned the Scriptures as Barnabas and Saul taught them for a whole year (v.26). The name Christian means an “adherent to Christ”—literally, one who “sticks” to Christ. Today many people call themselves Christians. But should they? If you call yourself a Christian, does your life tell others who Jesus is? Are you hungry for God’s Word? Do your actions bring honor or shame to Christ’s name? What’s in a name? When the name is Christian, there is much indeed! Teach us that name to own, While waiting, Lord, for Thee, Unholiness and sin to shun, From all untruth to flee. —Cecil What Else Can We Be? Read: Acts 11:19-26 The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch. —Acts 11:26 During an interview, the great Polish pianist Ignace Paderewski said, “It is not from choice that my life is music and nothing more, but when one is an artist what else can he be? When a whole lifetime is too short to attain the heights he wants to reach, how then can he devote any of the little time he has to things outside of his art?” The interviewer then inquired, “And you have not yet attained the heights you seek?” “I am nothing!” replied the artist shaking his head. “If you could know the dream of what I would like to be, you would realize how little I have accomplished.” Paderewski’s words spoke to me of the goal and attitude that every Christian should have. He had declared, “When one is an artist, what else can he be?” I would ask, “When one is a Christian, what else can he be?” In the early church, the disciples were called Christians, which means “those belonging to Christ.” Their love and service for the Lord was obvious. If a great pianist can recognize who and what he is, and give his entire life to the development of his art, how much more should we strive to be like our Lord and Savior! With the noted pianist we should be able to say, “What else can we be?” O to be like Thee! blessed Redeemer, This is my constant longing and prayer; Gladly I'll forfeit all of earth's treasures, Jesus, Thy perfect likeness to wear. —Chisholm Every child of God should grow in likeness to the Son of God. Acts 11:27 Now at this time some prophets came down from Jerusalem to Antioch. KJV Acts 11:27 And in these days came prophets from Jerusalem unto Antioch. prophets Acts 2:17; 13:1; 15:32; 21:4,9; Matthew 23:34; 1 Corinthians 12:28; 14:32; Ephesians 4:11 PROPHETS FROM JERUSALEM Now at this time - Literally "in these days." What time or what days? From the context it would be during the year that Barnabas and Saul were discipling the church at Antioch. What is the year? These prophets came down in (approximately) in the year of A D 44 (the famine Agabus prophesied occurred about AD 45-46). Some prophets came down from Jerusalem to Antioch - Came down reflects the fact that Jerusalem is elevated and thus is frequently described as either going up to Jerusalem or coming down from Jerusalem. Clearly these were prophets who had the gift to foretell the future and this was a gift that existed in the early days of the formation of the Church. Messianic author Stephen Ger points out that "The Jewish rabbis taught that the last prophet was Malachi, and with his death in the fifth century B.C., prophecy formally ceased. As on so many spiritual issues, the "teachers of Israel" were again mistaken. Indeed, several prophets are mentioned within the Acts narrative, including Agabus (Acts 11:27; 21:10), the entirety of the Antioch church's leadership (Acts 13:1), Judas and Silas (Acts 15:32) and Philip's four daughters (Acts 21:9)." (Ibid) Prophets (4396)(prophetes from próphemi = literally to tell beforehand in turn from pró = before, in front of, forth, on behalf of + phemí = speak, tell) is primarily a forth-teller or one who speaks out God’s message, primarily to their own generation, usually always calling the people to God's truth for them at that moment, often using the phrase "Thus saith the Lord." The prophet is one who speaks before in the sense of proclaim, or the one who speaks for, i.e., in the Name of (God). A prophet is someone who is specially endowed or enabled to receive and deliver direct revelation of God's will. "As distinct from the sacral figures of pagan antiquity the biblical prophet is not a magician. He does not force God. On the contrary, he is under divine constraint. It is God Who invites, summons, and impels him--e.g., Jer 20:7" (Lamorte and Hawthorne)