Êxodo 21
Warren Wiersbe · Citado em PreceptAustin
Êxodo 21
Wiersbe - If after becoming the man’s concubine (THAT SHE IS A CONCUBINE IS NOT DEFINITELY STATED) she didn’t please him, somebody in her birth family could redeem her and she would be set free. (Be Delievered) Then he shall let her be redeemed - To redeem means to pay a price to set her free. The text does not say who would pay the price, but presumably her father. Redeemed (06299)(padah) means to ransom, buy and so to cause the freedom or release of a person from bondage or ownership, often implying a delivering or rescue of a person in distress. The basic meaning of the Hebrew root is to achieve the transfer of ownership from one to another through payment of a price or an equivalent substitute. He does not have authority to sell her to a foreign people - He was prohibited from selling her to another master, specifically a foreign one. Slaves of the pagans would not be treated like slaves of the Hebrews who were guided by these divine ordinances. Because of his unfairness to her - Unfairness speaks of acting or dealing treacherously with the girl. NET = "he has dealt deceitfully with her." NLT = "since he is the one who broke the contract with her." "The deceit is in not making her his wife or concubine as the arrangement had stipulated." (NET Note) Exodus 21:9 "If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her according to the custom of daughters. NET Exodus 21:9 If he designated her for his son, then he will deal with her according to the customary rights of daughters. NLT Exodus 21:9 But if the slave's owner arranges for her to marry his son, he may no longer treat her as a slave but as a daughter. ESV Exodus 21:9 If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her as with a daughter. LXE Exodus 21:9 And if he should have betrothed her to his son, he shall do to her according to the right of daughters. KJV Exodus 21:9 And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. NIV Exodus 21:9 If he selects her for his son, he must grant her the rights of a daughter. ASV Exodus 21:9 And if he espouse her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. CSB Exodus 21:9 Or if he chooses her for his son, he must deal with her according to the customary treatment of daughters. NKJ Exodus 21:9 "And if he has betrothed her to his son, he shall deal with her according to the custom of daughters. NRS Exodus 21:9 If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her as with a daughter. YLT Exodus 21:9 'And if to his son he betroth her, according to the right of daughters he doth to her. NAB Exodus 21:9 If he destines her for his son, he shall treat her like a daughter. NJB Exodus 21:9 If he intends her for his son, he must treat her as custom requires daughters to be treated. designates her for his son Ex 22:17 Ge 38:11 Lev 22:13 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries RIGHT OF A SLAVE GIRL GIVEN TO ONE'S SON If he designates her for his son - NIV = "If he selects her for his son." NLB = "If he intends her for his son." This ordinance addresses a master who decides to give his slave girl to his son, presumably in marriage. Once the master appoints the save gire for his son, she is thereafter considered to be part of the family household. He shall deal with her according to the custom of daughters - NLT = "he may no longer treat her as a slave but as a daughter." CSB = "he must deal with her according to the customary treatment of daughters." If the slave girl becomes the master's daughter-in-law, she is not to be treated as if she is still a slave. She is to be treated as if she were one of his own daughters.. Currid notes that "the expression ‘according to the custom of daughters’ means much more than that, because it is a technical, legal phrase meaning ‘to treat as a free-born woman’. That is to say, full citizenship rights are granted to her." Exodus 21:10 "If he takes to himself another woman, he may not reduce her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights. NET Exodus 21:10 If he takes another wife, he must not diminish the first one's food, her clothing, or her marital rights. NLT Exodus 21:10 "If a man who has married a slave wife takes another wife for himself, he must not neglect the rights of the first wife to food, clothing, and sexual intimacy. ESV Exodus 21:10 If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, or her marital rights. LXE Exodus 21:10 And if he take another to himself, he shall not deprive her of necessaries and her apparel, and her companionship with him. KJV Exodus 21:10 If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish. NIV Exodus 21:10 If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights. ASV Exodus 21:10 If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish. CSB Exodus 21:10 If he takes an additional wife, he must not reduce the food, clothing, or marital rights of the first wife. NKJ Exodus 21:10 "If he takes another wife, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, and her marriage rights. NRS Exodus 21:10 If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish the food, clothing, or marital rights of the first wife. YLT Exodus 21:10 'If another woman he take for him, her food, her covering, and her habitation, he doth not withdraw; NAB Exodus 21:10 If he takes another wife, he shall not withhold her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights. NJB Exodus 21:10 If he takes another wife, he must not reduce the food, clothing or conjugal rights of the first one. GWN Exodus 21:10 If that son marries another woman, he must not deprive the first wife of food, clothes, or sex. her food: 1Co 7:1-6 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries PROTECTION FOR THE FIRST WOMAN If he takes to himself another woman, he may not reduce her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights (cf 1 Cor. 7:1–6) - NLT has "If a man who has married a slave wife takes another wife for himself, he must not neglect the rights of the first wife to food, clothing, and sexual intimacy." NET Note - The translation of “food” does not quite do justice to the Hebrew word. It is “flesh.” The issue here is that the family she was to marry into is wealthy, they ate meat. She was not just to be given the basic food the ordinary people ate, but the fine foods that this family ate. Currid on conjugal rights - The sense of the latter term is uncertain. This is the only instance of its use. The Septuagint and other early versions understand it to refer to cohabitation, or conjugal rights. A few modern translations (such as the NASB) still hold to that idea. However, there is no linguistic basis for it. Food (07607)(sheer) is masculine noun meaning flesh, food, meat, body, self, blood relative, blood kindred. Gilbrant - "Sheer seems to mean "food" in Ex. 21:10 and "food" or "meat" in Ps. 78:20, where it is paralleled by lechem (bread) refers to tearing off of the flesh of God's people (Mic. 3:2), when the rich are oppressing the poor. It can stand for the frail physical aspects of being human as opposed to God's enduring support for us (Ps. 73:26; Pr 5:11). The noun refers to the actual mistreatment of the body or flesh of the Israelites by the Babylonians (Jer. 51:35)." It can mean "kinship, a relative, even close relations (Lev 18:6). Sexual relations were forbidden with a person's paternal aunt because she was literally considered a parent's "flesh" (Lev. 18:12f; 21:2)." (Complete Biblical Library Hebrew-English Dictionary) NIDOTTE - OT 1. Ps 78:20, 27 uses the word of the quail meat God provided for the Israelites as they wandered through the wilderness (cf. Ex 16:13; Nu 11:31). In a scathing denunciation of socioeconomic injustice, Micah (Mic 3:1–3) accused Israel’s rulers of tearing his oppressed people’s flesh from their bones and eating it. This imagery of cannibalism highlights in a vivid, albeit hyperbolic manner, the cruel unjust measures enacted by the rich against the poor. See J. Mays, Micah, 1976, 79. 2. Ps 73:26 and Prov 5:11 view human שְׁאֵר as the seat of physical strength and vitality. The psalmist of Ps 73 declares his confidence that even if his strength (flesh) grows weak, God is capable of sustaining him. Though some understand the statement, in conjunction with v. 24, as the psalmist’s hope for the afterlife (cf. M. Dahood, Psalms, 1968, 2:195–96), this seems unlikely in the context of the Psalter. Verse 24 probably anticipates the psalmist’s vindication in this life, and “fail” (v. 26) need not refer to death per se, but can describe the physical weakness characteristic of those approaching death (cf. Job 33:21; Ps 71:9; 143:7; Prov 5:11). Sheer - 17x - blood relative(4), blood relatives(2), body(1), flesh(4), food(1), himself(1), meat(2), relative(1), relatives(1). Exod. 21:10; Lev. 18:6; Lev. 18:12; Lev. 18:13; Lev. 18:17; Lev. 20:19; Lev. 21:2; Lev. 25:49; Num. 27:11; Ps. 73:26; Ps. 78:20; Ps. 78:27; Prov. 5:11; Prov. 11:17; Jer. 51:35; Mic. 3:2; Mic. 3:3 Exodus 21:11 "If he will not do these three things for her, then she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money. NET Exodus 21:11 If he does not provide her with these three things, then she will go out free, without paying money. NLT Exodus 21:11 If he fails in any of these three obligations, she may leave as a free woman without making any payment. ESV Exodus 21:11 And if he does not do these three things for her, she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money. LXE Exodus 21:11 And if he will not do these three things to her, she shall go out free without money. KJV Exodus 21:11 And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money. NIV Exodus 21:11 If he does not provide her with these three things, she is to go free, without any payment of money. ASV Exodus 21:11 And if he do not these three things unto her, then shall she go out for nothing, without money. CSB Exodus 21:11 And if he does not do these three things for her, she may leave free of charge, without any exchange of money. NKJ Exodus 21:11 "And if he does not do these three for her, then she shall go out free, without paying money. NRS Exodus 21:11 And if he does not do these three things for her, she shall go out without debt, without payment of money. YLT Exodus 21:11 and if these three he do not to her, then she hath gone out for nought, without money. NAB Exodus 21:11 If he does not grant her these three things, she shall be given her freedom absolutely, without cost to her. NJB Exodus 21:11 Should he deprive her of these three things she will leave a free woman, without paying compensation. GWN Exodus 21:11 If he doesn't give her these three things, she can go free, without paying any money for her freedom. Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries MASTERS WHO FAIL TO PROVIDE FORFEIT THEIR FEMALE SLAVE! If he will not do these three things for her - This is a conditional clause which serves to protect the female slaves. The three things refers to her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights. NLT = If he fails in any of these three obligations." In this section we see that God is clearly concerned for the rights of the women and does not want them abused or mistreated, and if they are there will be retribution. Then she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money - NLT = "she may leave as a free woman without making any payment." NET Note - Women, who were often at the mercy of their husbands or masters, must not be trapped in an unfortunate situation, but be treated well by their masters or husbands (vv. 7–11). God is preventing people who have power over others from abusing it. Exodus 21:12 "He who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death. NET Exodus 21:12 "Whoever strikes someone so that he dies must surely be put to death. NLT Exodus 21:12 "Anyone who assaults and kills another person must be put to death. ESV Exodus 21:12 "Whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death. LXE Exodus 21:12 And if any man smite another and he die, let him be certainly put to death. KJV Exodus 21:12 He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. NIV Exodus 21:12 "Anyone who strikes a man and kills him shall surely be put to death. ASV Exodus 21:12 He that smiteth a man, so that he dieth, shall surely be put to death. CSB Exodus 21:12 "Whoever strikes a person so that he dies must be put to death. NKJ Exodus 21:12 "He who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death. NRS Exodus 21:12 Whoever strikes a person mortally shall be put to death. YLT Exodus 21:12 'He who smiteth a man so that he hath died, is certainly put to death; Ex 20:13 Ge 9:6 Lev 24:17 Nu 35:16-24,30,31 De 19:11-13 2Sa 12:13 Mt 26:52 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries SANCTITY OF LIFE IS AFFIRMED The laws in Exodus 21:12-17 deal with homicide and are related to the Sixth Commandment in Ex 20:13. He who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death - “You shall not murder" (Ex 20:13, Lev 24:17) and here God gives the clear penalty for murder. Tragically in our modern justice system we have tended to "soften" God's instructions regarding the murder penalty. The same Hebrew word muth is used for "he dies" and "put to death." In Numbers we see an additional detail that must be met in order to put a man to death If anyone kills a person, the murderer shall be put to death at the evidence of witnesses, but no person shall be put to death on the testimony of one witness. 31‘Moreover, you shall not take ransom for the life of a murderer who is guilty of death, but he shall surely be put to death. (Nu 35:30-31) Even before the Law was written by Moses, God had given a clear command that murderers were to be punished. Genesis 9:6 “Whoever sheds man’s blood, By man his blood shall be shed, For in the image of God He made man. Comment - This passage is in essence the law of retribution (lex talionis). Since we are made in God's image, murder of one of His creations is an attack on the image of God. God is the Creator of life and He Alone has the right over life. Of course when He instructs putting a man to death for taking a life, that is completely within God's sovereign right and in keeping with His perfect justice. Even in this command, we see that God extended mercy to Cain who killed his brother, to Moses who killed an Egyptian and to David who conspired to have Bathsheba's husband murdered. But in each of those cases it was God Who extended the mercy. Currid asks "What does this mean for us today? Does capital punishment apply to today’s society, or has it been abrogated? It is frequently argued in popular culture that the Sixth Commandment, ‘You shall not kill,’ nullifies capital punishment. The idea of killing a killer would be as heinous as the murder itself. As we have seen, however, the prohibition of the Sixth Commandment clearly applies only to murder, and not to judicial executions. In fact, as we have just seen, the Mosaic law plainly teaches capital punishment for a variety of offences. In other words, it directly sanctions the death penalty." Related Resources: Why is "You shall not murder" in the Ten Commandments? | GotQuestions.org Why did God mandate capital punishment for murder (Genesis 9:6)? | GotQuestions.org Does God killing people make Him a murderer? | GotQuestions.org What does the Bible say about killing in war? Is killing in war a sin? | GotQuestions.org Are all sins equal to God? Is all sin the same? Exodus 21:13 "But if he did not lie in wait for him, but God let him fall into his hand, then I will appoint you a place to which he may flee. NET Exodus 21:13 But if he does not do it with premeditation, but it happens by accident, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee. NLT Exodus 21:13 But if it was simply an accident permitted by God, I will appoint a place of refuge where the slayer can run for safety. ESV Exodus 21:13 But if he did not lie in wait for him, but God let him fall into his hand, then I will appoint for you a place to which he may flee. LXE Exodus 21:13 But as for him that did it not willingly, but God delivered him into his hands, I will give thee a place whither the slayer may flee. KJV Exodus 21:13 And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. NIV Exodus 21:13 However, if he does not do it intentionally, but God lets it happen, he is to flee to a place I will designate. ASV Exodus 21:13 And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. CSB Exodus 21:13 But if he didn't intend any harm, and yet God caused it to happen by his hand, I will appoint a place for you where he may flee. NKJ Exodus 21:13 "However, if he did not lie in wait, but God delivered him into his hand, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee. NRS Exodus 21:13 If it was not premeditated, but came about by an act of God, then I will appoint for you a place to which the killer may flee. YLT Exodus 21:13 as to him who hath not laid wait, and God hath brought to his hand, I have even set for thee a place whither he doth flee. NAB Exodus 21:13 He, however, who did not hunt a man down, but caused his death by an act of God, may flee to a place which I will set apart for this purpose. NJB Exodus 21:13 If, however, he has not planned to do it but it comes from God by his hand, he can take refuge in a place which I shall appoint for you. he did not lie Nu 35:11,22 De 19:4-6,11 Mic 7:2 God let him fall into his hand: 1Sa 24:4,10,18 2Sa 16:10 Isa 10:7 I will appoint: Nu 35:11 De 4:41-43 19:1-3,9 Jos 20:2-9 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries PENALTY FOR A KILLING WHICH IS "ACCIDENTAL" The law clearly differentiated between premeditated murder and manslaughter. This was distinct from the Code of Hammurabi which allowed capital punishment for manslaughter. But if he did not lie in wait for him - That is this was not "premeditated murder." but God let him fall into his hand - NLT = " an accident permitted by God" The point is that the man did not intend to kill the other man, but this tragic event was the result of circumstances outside his control (but clearly under the power of the sovereign God). Currid points out that "The purpose of this law is to stop the ancient custom of blood vengeance (cf. Deut. 4:41–43; 19:11–13). How the act of blood vengeance works in a tribal society is starkly illustrated in the killing of Joab in 1 Kings 2:28–34." (Ibid) then I will appoint you a place to which he may flee - NLT = " I will appoint a place of refuge where the slayer can run for safety." In Nu 35:11–15 there were six cities of refuge throughout the land of Palestine in convenient locations so that one charged with manslaughter could avail himself of the shelter they afforded until the matter in which he was involved could be settled. Adam
Êxodo 21
Wiersbe points out that "Israel didn’t have a police force; the family of the victim was expected to see that justice was done. But in the heat of anger, they might be more interested in revenge than in justice, so the law stepped in to protect the accused until he was proved guilty." (Be Delivered) Related Resources: Application of truth of Blood Avenger in the New Testament - Jesus Our Kinsman Redeemer and Blood Avenger What were the cities of refuge in the Old Testament? | GotQuestions.org What does the Bible say about seeking/granting asylum? Exodus 21:14 "If, however, a man acts presumptuously toward his neighbor, so as to kill him craftily, you are to take him even from My altar, that he may die. NET Exodus 21:14 But if a man willfully attacks his neighbor to kill him cunningly, you will take him even from my altar that he may die. NLT Exodus 21:14 However, if someone deliberately kills another person, then the slayer must be dragged even from my altar and be put to death. ESV Exodus 21:14 But if a man willfully attacks another to kill him by cunning, you shall take him from my altar, that he may die. LXE Exodus 21:14 And if any one lie in wait for his neighbour to slay him by craft, and he go for refuge, thou shalt take him from my altar to put him to death. KJV Exodus 21:14 But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die. NIV Exodus 21:14 But if a man schemes and kills another man deliberately, take him away from my altar and put him to death. ASV Exodus 21:14 And if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbor, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die. CSB Exodus 21:14 If a person schemes and willfully acts against his neighbor to murder him, you must take him from My altar to be put to death. NKJ Exodus 21:14 "But if a man acts with premeditation against his neighbor, to kill him by treachery, you shall take him from My altar, that he may die. NRS Exodus 21:14 But if someone willfully attacks and kills another by treachery, you shall take the killer from my altar for execution. YLT Exodus 21:14 'And when a man doth presume against his neighbour to slay him with subtilty, from Mine altar thou dost take him to die presumptuously: Nu 15:30,31 De 1:43 17:12,13 18:22 19:11-13 1Ki 2:29-34 Ps 19:13 Heb 10:26 2Pe 2:10 to kill him craftily: Nu 35:20,21 De 27:24 2Sa 3:27 20:9,10 take him: 1Ki 1:50,51 1 Ki 2:28-34 2Ki 11:15 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries NO REFUGE FOR WILLFUL MURDER If, however, a man acts presumptuously toward his neighbor - CSB = "If a person schemes and willfully acts against his neighbor." Presumptuously (02102)(zud) means to boil up, seethe, act proudly or presumptuously or rebelliously. Figuratively be insolent. Egyptians's arrogant, proud treatment of the Israelites (Ex. 18:11; Neh 9:10) Israel's disrespect and presumptuous actions toward God's commands are described using the word (Deut. 1:43; 17:13; Neh. 9:16). TWOT - zîd is frequently used to refer to three specific aspects of pride. One is presumption. Because a person is proud he presumes too much in his favor, especially in the sense of authority. For instance, the false prophet was one who presumed to speak in the name of God, assuming authority to do so, without having been called (Deut. 18:20; cf. Deut. 18:22 for use of the noun derivative). False gods, too, are spoken of as presuming authority for themselves (Exodus 18:11); and Babylon is said to have claimed too much for herself as against the Holy One of Israel (Jeremiah 50:29). Egyptians assumed the same in subjecting the Israelites to bondage (Neh. 9:10). The second aspect is rebellion or disobedience. Because the person is proud he asserts his own will to the point of rebelling against one in authority over him. The Israelites so asserted themselves against God when they chose to fight the Canaanites, even though God told them not to do so (Deut. 1:43). The same thought is contained in Neh. 9:16, 29. Eliab, David's older brother, accused him of having pride in coming to the Philistine battle scene (1 Samuel 17:28, where zādôn is used with the sense of hybris). The third, closely related to the second, carries the additional element of willful decision. If a person so asserted himself and killed his neighbor, his own life was required as punishment. If the slaying was unintentional, however, a place of refuge was available for him (Exodus 21:14). Indeed, if a person willfully disobeyed the priest, whether murder was involved or not, he had to die (Deut. 17:12-13, where both zid and zādôn appear). This seems to explain David's distinction between "hidden" (KJV "secret") and "presumptuous" sins (Psalm 19:12-13 [H 13-14]). He prays that he may be cleansed from the "hidden," thus admitting his guilt in that respect; but asks that he may be kept from the "presumptuous. Zud - 10v - act presumptuously(1), acted arrogantly(3), acted presumptuously(1), acts presumptuously(1), become arrogant(1), cooked(1), dealt proudly(1), presumptuously(1). Gen. 25:29; Exod. 18:11; Exod. 21:14; Deut. 1:43; Deut. 17:13; Deut. 18:20; Neh. 9:10; Neh. 9:16; Neh. 9:29; Jer. 50:29 So as to kill him craftily - In other words he uses cunning or treachery to kill his neighbor. There is no provision of a place of refuge for one who is guilty of premeditated murder, in this case killing as result of a plan of guile and deceit. NET Note on craftily - The use here seems parallel to the one in Josh 9:4, an instance involving intentionality and clever deception. Craftily (06195)(ormah - see another study on ormah) has positive (prudence) and negative (shrewdness) connotations. The negative sense means to be cunning, crafty or or deceptive and one who intentionally, craftily, schemed to murder his neighbor was to be put to death (Ex. 21:14). The Gibeonites resorted to deceptive shrewdness against Joshua by sending a delegation who pretended to be from a distant country in order to make a treaty so that the Israelites would not destroy them (Josh. 9:4). "Proverbs gives a more positive meaning to ʿāremāh by stating that a primary purpose for the wise proverbs of Solomon was for "giving prudence to the simple" (Prov. 1:4, NIV). Later, Wisdom instructed readers that ʿāremāh was a trait to be sought and kept, by calling out, "You who are simple, gain prudence" (Prov. 8:5, NIV), and "I, wisdom, dwell together with prudence" (Prov. 8:12, NIV)." (Gilbrant) Ormah - craftily(2), prudence(3). Exod. 21:14; Jos. 9:4; Prov. 1:4; Prov. 8:5; Prov. 8:12 You are to take him even from My altar, that he may die - There was no "place of safety" for a presumptuous murderer. Alan