Isaías 2
Thomas Constable · Citado em PreceptAustin
Isaías 2:1-4
Constable - They (Israel) would approach the Lord with a healthy sense of fear because of His rich blessings. This would happen “in the last days,” namely, the days of Israel’s national restoration (i.e., the Millennium; cf. Deut. 4:30; Isa. 2:2; Mic. 4:1). Micah 4:1 And it will come about in the last days (latter days = Micah 4:1ESV) That the mountain of the house of the LORD Will be established as the chief of the mountains. It will be raised above the hills, And the peoples will stream to it. Acts 2:17 'And it shall be in the last days,' God says, 'That I will pour forth of My Spirit upon all mankind; And your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, And your young men shall see visions, And your old men shall dream dreams; 2 Timothy 3:1 But realize this, that in the last days difficult times will come. Hebrews 1:2 in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world. James 5:3 Your gold and your silver have rusted; and their rust will be a witness against you and will consume your flesh like fire. It is in the last days that you have stored up your treasure! 2Peter 3:3 Know this first of all, that in the last days mockers will come with their mocking, following after their own lusts, THE LATTER DAYS Another Biblical phrase which has eschatological overtones and is virtually synonymous with the last days is the phrase the latter days (7 occurrences in the NAS)… Deuteronomy 4:30 (For the context read Dt 4:26-29, 31 below) "When you are in distress (ESV = "tribulation" Dt 4:30ESV, but Lxx does not use thlipsis) and all these things have come upon you, in the latter days, you will return to the LORD your God and listen to His voice. MacArthur on the latter days - Lit. “the end of days.” Moses saw in the distant future a time when repentant Israel would turn again to the Lord and obey Him. Throughout the Pentateuch, “the latter days” refers to the time when Messiah will establish His kingdom (see Ge 49:1, 8–12; Nu 24:14–24 [Ed: esp Nu 24:17]; Dt 32:39–43). Context (Keep Context King) is important for accurate interpretation of Dt 4:30 - Deut 4:26 I call heaven and earth to witness against you today, that you shall surely perish quickly from the land where you are going over the Jordan to possess it. You shall not live long on it, but shall be utterly destroyed. 27 “And the LORD will scatter you among the peoples (Gentiles), and you shall be left few in number among the nations, where the LORD shall drive you (Ed: Israel’s 10 northern tribes were deported in 722BC by the Assyrians, Judah and Benjamin were taken by the Babylonians in 605, 597, 586BC and finally Israel was dispersed by Rome in AD70). 28 “And there you will serve gods, the work of man’s hands, wood and stone, which neither see nor hear nor eat nor smell (Divine [righteous] sarcasm! Today the "idols" are even more subtle and seductive - money, power, prestige!). 29 “But from there you will seek the LORD your God, and you will find Him if you search for Him with all your heart and all your soul (Lxx adds “in your affliction” = thlipsis used in Da 12:1-note; See why they will seek Him in Zech 12:10) Deut 4:31 "FOR (term of explanation) the LORD your God is a compassionate God; He will not fail you nor destroy you nor forget the COVENANT with YOUR FATHERS (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob - see Ex 2:24) which He swore to them." (His covenant includes “THE LAND” - see Ex 33:1; Dt 6:10 - so much for so-called "replacement theology" - the church is never promised the actual land of Israel!) Deuteronomy 31:29 "For I know that after my death you will act corruptly and turn from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days, for you will do that which is evil in the sight of the LORD, provoking Him to anger with the work of your hands." Job 42:12 And the LORD blessed the latter days of Job more than his beginning, and he had 14,000 sheep, and 6,000 camels, and 1,000 yoke of oxen, and 1,000 female donkeys. (This is clearly not a prophetic allusion, but is included for completeness) Jeremiah 30:24 The fierce anger of the LORD will not turn back, Until He has performed, and until He has accomplished The intent of His heart; In the latter days you will understand this. Jeremiah 48:47 "Yet I will restore the fortunes of Moab In the latter days," declares the LORD. Thus far the judgment on Moab. Daniel 2:28-note "However, there is a God in heaven who reveals mysteries, and He has made known to King Nebuchadnezzar what will take place in the latter days. (which is essentially God's Plan for the Ages!) This was your dream and the visions in your mind while on your bed. Daniel 10:14-note "Now I have come to give you an understanding of what will happen to your people in the latter days, for the vision pertains to the days yet future." THE DAYS TO COME A third related phrase is the days to come… Genesis 49:1 (see notes) Then Jacob summoned his sons and said, "Assemble yourselves that I may tell you what shall befall you in the days to come. (NET Bible has "in the future") NET Note - The expression “in the future” (אַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים, ’akharit hayyamim, “in the end of days”) is found most frequently in prophetic passages; it may refer to the end of the age, the eschaton, or to the distant future. The contents of some of the sayings in this chapter stretch from the immediate circumstances to the time of the settlement in the land to the coming of Messiah. Carl Armerding - Keil says that this “in prophetic language denotes not the future generally but the last future, the Messianic age of consummation.” According to Delitzsch the expression refers to “the future which forms the close of the course of history. The notion is eschatological, but limited by the horizon of the speaker.” Gesenius refers to it as a “prophetic formula” which means “in the future time, in the last days.”8 It occurs also in Numbers 24:14, Deuteronomy 4:30 and 31:29, and about a dozen times in the Prophets. In each case the definitions given above would suit the context well. If, as Leupold remarks, “Jacob can see in one picture the occupation of Canaan and the Messiah’s kingdom but hardly anything that lies between,” we need not be surprised to find in the passage an intermingling of the near future with that which is more remote." (Bib Sac 112:448 - Oct 55) Numbers 24:14 (to help interpret see context = Nu 24:17) "And now behold, I am going to my people; come, and I will advise you what this people will do to your people in the days to come ("the latter days" = Nu 24:14ESV)." Isaiah 27:6 In the days to come Jacob will take root, Israel will blossom and sprout; and they will fill the whole world with fruit. The ESV Study Bible comments that the phrase the last days "sometimes refers specifically to the time of the Messiah (Hosea 3:5). It is not immediately clear here whether Isaiah is so specific, but the way Isa 11:4 echoes Isa 2:4 shows that the oracle speaks of the Messianic era. NT authors use the various Greek translations of the expression (generally rendered “in the last days”) in the belief that, since Jesus inaugurated His Messianic kingship by His resurrection, the latter days have arrived in a decisive way, while at the same time the last days await their complete realization and final fulfillment at the end of the age (Ac 2:17; 2Ti 3:1; He 1:2; Jas 5:3; 2Pe 3:3; and probably 1Pe 1:20; 1Jn 2:18). (ESV Study Bible Crossway) House (01004 )(bayit) means house, dwelling, temple, household (family). In context this refers to the rebuilt Jewish Temple (see Ezekiel 40:5ff) The mountain of the house of the LORD will be established as the chief of the mountains, and will be raised above the hills; and all the nations will stream to it: Is 30:29; Ps 68:15,16; Da 2:35,45; Zec 8:3; Re 20:4; 21:10-27 The mountain of the house of the LORD will be established as the chief of the mountains- Isa 11:10; 27:13; 49:6; 60:11,12; Ps 2:8; 22:27; 72:8,17, 18, 19; 86:9; Je 3:17; Mal 3:12; Re 11:15 Used by permission Middletown Bible Church The sons of Korah write Beautiful in elevation, the joy of the whole earth, Is Mount Zion in the far north, the city of the (BROTHERS AND SISTERS, OUR!) great King. (Ps 48:2) (O Worship the KIng all glorious above) Zechariah has a parallel prophetic promise from Jehovah “Thus says the LORD, ‘I will return to Zion and will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem. Then Jerusalem will be called the City of Truth, and the mountain of the LORD of hosts will be called the Holy Mountain.’(Zec 8:3) Zechariah describes this city of the great King in more detail In that day (Day of the LORD, in context when He judges the Gentile armies - Zech 14:1-3-note) His (MESSIAH'S) feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which is in front of Jerusalem on the east; and the Mount of Olives will be split in its middle from east to west by a very large valley, so that half of the mountain will move toward the north and the other half toward the south....8 And in that day living waters will flow out of Jerusalem, half of them toward the eastern sea and the other half toward the western sea; it will be in summer as well as in winter. 9 And the LORD (MESSIAH) will be king over all the earth (KING OF KINGS - Rev 19:16); in that day the LORD will be the only one (LORD OF LORDS), and His Name the only one. 10 All the land will be changed into a plain from Geba to Rimmon south of Jerusalem; but Jerusalem will rise and remain on its site from Benjamin’s Gate as far as the place of the First Gate to the Corner Gate, and from the Tower of Hananel to the king’s wine presses. 11 People will live in it, and there will no longer be a curse, for Jerusalem will dwell in security. (Zechariah 14:4, 8-11-note) Isaiah writes Then in that day The nations will resort to the root of Jesse, Who will stand as a signal for the peoples; And His resting place will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10-note) The mountain of the house of the LORD- The house of the LORD refers to the rebuilt Temple which will be situated on the mount, specifically on Temple Mount (another pix) the site in Jerusalem which is currently under Muslim control. In other words, the mountain of the house of the LORD (cp Ezek 40:2 - Ezekiel receives a vision and describes the Millennial Temple in Ezek 40-48) is a reference to the site of Messiah's Millennial Temple, from which He shall rule and reign for 1000 years (Rev 20:4-note). Isaiah frequently calls Mt. Zion the “holy mountain” (Is 11:9; 27:13; 56:7; 57:13; 65:11,25; 66:20). At present, Jerusalem is not "established in the chief of the mountains" but is the world's chief city of strife as two major world religions (Jews, Muslims) contend over this city as their city. In fact, the city is God's and it will once again become a city of peace in the Millennium. There is a similar description of the mountain in Chronicles where we read that… He (Manasseh after coming to know Jehovah Elohim - 2Chr 33:13) also removed the foreign gods and the idol from the house of the Lord, as well as all the altars which he had built on the mountain of the house of the Lord (i.e., he removed the pagan altars on the Temple Mount area) and in Jerusalem, and he threw them outside the city. (2Ch 33:15) There is another aspect to keep in mind when interpreting mountain… mountains, for elsewhere in Scripture mountain is used figuratively as a symbol of a kingdom… Then the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver and the gold were crushed all at the same time and became like chaff from the summer threshing floors; and the wind carried them away so that not a trace of them was found. But the stone (Christ) that struck the statue (representative of all the kingdoms of the ages) became a great mountain (The Millennial Kingdom) and filled the whole earth (cp Isaiah's phrase "the chief of the mountains"). (Da 2:35-note, Da 2:44-45-note) Hear this word, you cows of Bashan who are on the mountain of Samaria, who oppress the poor, who crush the needy, who say to your husbands, “Bring now, that we may drink!” (Am 4:1). Constable alludes to the two meanings of mountain writing that "If Isaiah was using “mountain” as a figure of speech, he meant that Israel and her God would be the most highly exalted in the earth eventually. This will be the case during Messiah’s earthly reign. The reference to “the mountain of the house of Yahweh” (Is 2:2), however, may indicate that the prophet had a more literal meaning in mind. He may have meant that the actual mountain on which the temple stood would be thrust higher in elevation. This may happen (cf. Ezek 40:2; Zec 14:4, 10), but the primary implication seems to be that Israel and Yahweh will be exalted in the world. (Isaiah - Expository Notes) The ESV Study Bible comments that mountain of the house of the LORD refers to "The Temple Mount in Jerusalem, though unimpressive from the lofty gaze of human religion, was God's choice (Ps 68:15, 16) and the true hope of the world (Ps 48:1, 2). (ESV Study Bible Crossway) Criswell - The mountain of the Lord's house is a reference to Mount Zion not as a geographical location, but as the very center of God's government over the world. Zion at the end of days will be not merely the center of Israel's national worship, but the very fountain of the spiritual life of the nations. (Criswell, W A. Believer's Study Bible: New King James Version. 1991. Thomas Nelson)
Isaías 2:1-4
Constable - Isaiah Expository Notes David Cooper - The Message of Isaiah F C Jennings - Studies in Isaiah (Plymouth Brethren) Henry
Isaías 2:13-17
Constable - Everyone, not just the Israelites, who exalts himself against the Lord will suffer humiliation. The Lord’s day of reckoning (Is 1:12) is any day in which He humbles the haughty, but it is particularly the Tribulation (Ed: Daniel's Seventieth Week) in which He will humble haughty unbelievers. Isaiah used nature and the works of man to symbolize people (cf. Is 1:30; 6:13; 9:10; 10:33-11:1; 44:14; 60:16). Here several of these symbols represent the spiritual pride of Israel (cf. Ro 12:3; Ep 4:2). (Isaiah 2 Expository Notes) THE MIDDLE LETTER OF PRIDE IS "I"! Pride (01365) (gabhut) speaks of that which is lofty and thus describes men as arrogant, haughty, conceited. This particular Hebrew word is used only in Isaiah 2:11 and Isaiah 2:17. In Is 2:11, it describes that "look" of arrogance (we've all seen that look on someone's face - it needs no description). Pride - Bridgeway Bible Dictionary Pride - Torrey's Topical Textbook Pride - Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology Pride - Holman Bible Dictionary Pride - Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament Pride (2) - Hastings' Dictionary of the New Testament Pride - Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature Humbled (07817) (shachach/sahah) (Isa 2:9-note, Is 2:11-note, Isa 2:17-note) means to be bowed down, prostrated, humbled which is the sense in this passage. It can also mean to bow in homage (Pr 14:19), to bow (as a mourner Ps 35:14, 38:7), to crouch (as a wild beast, Job 38:40). Later in Isaiah shachach is used of laying low a city or city walls (Is 25:12, 26:5). The Septuagint (Lxx) translates shachach in Isa 2:13 with tapeinoo which is derived from tapeinos which means low, not high and figuratively refers to one's attitude or social position. And so the verb tapeinoo literally means to level, to cause something to be lower or to make low (eg, to level off a mountain in Lk 3:5 quoting the Lxx of Isaiah 40:4). Most NT uses of tapeinoo are figurative and include the following meanings: To cause someone to lose prestige, to reduce to a meaner condition or lower rank, to abase. To be ranked below others. Sachach/sahah - 21v in the OT - Job 9:13; 38:40; Ps 10:10; 35:14; 38:6; 42:5, 6, 11; 43:5; 107:39; Pr 14:19; Eccl 12:4; Isa. 2:9, 11, 17; 5:15; 25:12; 26:5; 29:4; 60:14; Hab 3:6 and is rendered in the NAS as been humbled(1), bow down(1), bowed down(3), bowing(1), bows down(1), bring down(1), brought low(1), collapsed(1), crouch(2), despair(4), humbled(3), prostrate(1), sing softly(1). Abased (08213) (shaphel/sapal) (Frequent in Isaiah - Is 2:9, 11, 12, 17; 5:15; 10:33; 13:11; 25:11, 12; 26:5; 29:4; 32:19; 40:4; 57:9) conveys the basic sense of to be low physically, which leads to the more important figurative meanings of abasement, humbling, humility. The Lxx translates "loftiness of men will be abased" as "the height (hupsos) of men will fall (pipto)!"
Isaías 2:18-22
Constable - Human beings have no real value as objects of trust. Idolatry is but a result of man’s self-glorification, not its cause. Human beings will never bring about Israel’s glorious destiny. Only God can and will do that. This verse, like Is 2:5 (note), is transitional and bridges the preceding proclamation of universal judgment and the following more specific judgment. (Isaiah - Expository Notes) Ed Young - What an accurate description of the condition of mankind apart from God! Fallen mankind places all its confidence and hope in man. In its crudest form this confidence may appear as idolatry, such as existed when Isaiah wrote. The greatest need of man is to reject man, and, as children, to seek the heavenly Father. The verse thus forms a fitting conclusion to the chapter, and at the same time it also serves as a bridge between the proclamation of universal judgment made in Isaiah 2 and the more specific judgment to be introduced in Isaiah 3:1ff. (Young, Ed: The Book of Isaiah - Volume 1, Chapters 1-18. Eerdmans Pub. 1992) Gingrich - Since the great and the powerful men of this earth are temporary and are to be humbled and destroyed, we should not place our confidence in them but in Christ, “a quickening (life-giving) Spirit,” 1 Corinthians 15:45. (Gingrich, R. E. The Book of Isaiah. Memphis, TN.: Riverside Printing)