Êxodo 21
Thomas Constable · Citado em PreceptAustin
Êxodo 21
Constable points out that "We should read verse 4 with the following condition added at the end of the verse: unless he pays a ransom for them. This was possible as is clear from the instructions regarding the redemption of people that follow." Go out alone can also be translated "by himself" which Alan
Êxodo 21
Constable notes that "Verses 7–11 describe a girl whom her father sells as a servant (Heb. ‘amah, v. 7) for marriage, not for slavery." If a man sells his daughter as a female slave, she is not to go free as the male slaves do - This is a difficult passage, suggesting the daughter has no rights. These female slaves had rights and were protected by God's ordinances. And so in Ex 21:20 striking and killing a slave would be punished. In Ex 21:26 harm to a slave (specifically the eye) would result in the release of that slave from the master. NET Note - This paragraph is troubling to modern readers, but given the way that marriages were contracted and the way people lived in the ancient world, it was a good provision for people who might want to find a better life for their daughter. John Currid - The practice of selling minors is well attested in the ancient Near East. Parents who were in debt, or unable to support their families, sold children in the markets. This was a custom throughout the long history of Assyria and Babylonia. Letters from Amarna tell us that some people were forced to sell their children in order to get food to eat. In this section of Exodus we learn that Hebrew parents could sell their daughters into conditional slavery. This method of slavery is known from the Nuzi tablets. In the Old Testament, this girl is not a slave-girl in the usual sense that we understand the term. She is better protected, and is not to be treated as other slaves. As we shall see in the following verses, the law presupposes that she will marry either her master or his son. Therefore, she has the status of a married woman and she is to be treated kindly and with the utmost respect. Warren Wiersbe on female slaves who were concubines - Well-to-do men sometimes had concubines who were looked upon as legal but “secondary” wives. The law protected them from being classified as ordinary slaves and saw to it they were given their rights (Deut. 21:10–14). Female slave (maidservant)(01323)(amah) means a female servant, a maidservant (of Pharaoh's daughter - Ex 2:5), a slave girl. It can refer to a literal slave (Ex 21:10, 17; 20; Lev. 25:6; Job 31:13) and figuratively to those who call themselves by this term as an expression of humility (Ruth 3:9; Hannah in 1 Sa 1:16; Abigail in 1 Sa 25:24; 2 Sa 20:17) or as a token of the highest sense of submission when speaking to God (1 Sa 1:11; Ps. 86:16; Ps 116:16). In some contexts it can refer to a concubine (Ge 20:17; Ge 21:10, 12, Ge 30:3). Returning Israelites after the Exile counted these female servants among their possessions (Ezra 2:65). While the female slaves were to worship with their master's family in spiritual fellowship (Dt. 12:12, 18) they were still considered as possessions. TWOT adds that "A distinction was made between foreign slaves and Hebrew servants. The latter had more rights and freedoms (cf. Leviticus 25:44 and Deut. 15:12-18). But clearly, God expected his children to show kindness and consideration for the needs of these female slaves (Job 19:15; Job 31:13)." Amah - 71x in 49v - female(15), female servant(4), female slave(2), handmaid(2), handmaids(1), maid(8), maids(5), maidservant(19), servant*(1), servants*(6), slave*(4), slaves*(4). Ge 20:17; Ge 21:10; Ge 21:12; Ge 21:13; Ge 30:3; Ge 31:33; Ex 2:5; Ex 20:10; Ex. 20:17; Ex 21:7; Ex 21:20; Ex. 21:26; Ex 21:27; Ex 21:32; Ex 23:12; Lev. 25:6; Lev. 25:44; Dt. 5:14; Dt. 5:21; Dt. 12:12; Dt. 12:18; Dt. 15:17; Dt. 16:11; Dt. 16:14; Jdg. 9:18; Jdg. 19:19; Ru 3:9; 1 Sa 1:11; 1 Sa 1:16; 1 Sa 25:24; 1 Sa 25:25; 1 Sa 25:28; 1 Sa 25:31; 1 Sa 25:41; 2 Sa 6:20; 2 Sa 6:22; 2 Sa 14:15; 2 Sa 14:16; 2 Sa 20:17; 1 Ki. 1:13; 1 Ki. 1:17; 1 Ki. 3:20; Ezra 2:65; Neh. 7:67; Job 19:15; Job 31:13; Ps. 86:16; Ps. 116:16; Nah. 2:7 Related Resources: What does the Bible teach about human trafficking? | GotQuestions.org Exodus 21:8 "If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master who designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He does not have authority to sell her to a foreign people because of his unfairness to her. NET Exodus 21:8 If she does not please her master, who has designated her for himself, then he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to a foreign nation, because he has dealt deceitfully with her. NLT Exodus 21:8 If she does not satisfy her owner, he must allow her to be bought back again. But he is not allowed to sell her to foreigners, since he is the one who broke the contract with her. ESV Exodus 21:8 If she does not please her master, who has designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has broken faith with her. LXE Exodus 21:8 If she be not pleasing to her master, after she has betrothed herself to him, he shall let her go free; but he is not at liberty to sell her to a foreign nation, because he has trifled with her. KJV Exodus 21:8 If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. NIV Exodus 21:8 If she does not please the master who has selected her for himself, he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, because he has broken faith with her. ASV Exodus 21:8 If she please not her master, who hath espoused her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a foreign people he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. CSB Exodus 21:8 If she is displeasing to her master, who chose her for himself, then he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners because he has acted treacherously toward her. NKJ Exodus 21:8 "If she does not please her master, who has betrothed her to himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has dealt deceitfully with her. NRS Exodus 21:8 If she does not please her master, who designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed; he shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has dealt unfairly with her. YLT Exodus 21:8 if evil in the eyes of her lord, so that he hath not betrothed her, then he hath let her be ransomed; to a strange people he hath not power to sell her, in his dealing treacherously with her. NAB Exodus 21:8 But if her master, who had destined her for himself, dislikes her, he shall let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to a foreigner, since he has broken faith with her. NJB Exodus 21:8 If she does not please her master who intended her for himself, he must let her be bought back: he has not the right to sell her to foreigners, for this would be a breach of faith with her. If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master: Heb. be evil in the eyes of, etc. Ge 28:8 Jud 14:3 1Sa 8:6 18:8 *marg: who designated her for himself: De 20:7 21:11-14 seeing: Ex 8:29 Jud 9:19 Job 6:15 Mal 2:11-15 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE FATE OF A DISPLEASING FEMALE SLAVE If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master - NLT = "If she does not satisfy her owner." The Hebrew more literally reads "be evil in the eyes of" or "unpleasant in the eyes of her master." This law was designed to protect the Hebrew girl who had been sold in Ex 21:7. John Currid - The Hebrew term for ‘displeasing’ is quite general and relative. It does not necessarily mean that the woman has broken the law, nor does it indicate moral turpitude. It may simply indicate that in the master’s view the woman is not what he wants. If he no longer desires her, then he must make certain she goes free Who designated her for himself - NIV = "the master who has selected her for himself." CSB = "who chose her for himself." The KJV has "who hath betrothed her to himself" but the Hebrew verb ya'ad has the basic meaning of to appoint and so can mean to designate. As the NET Note says "When he bought the girl, he designated her for himself, giving her and her family certain expectations." It should be noted that the Septuagint uses a verb kathomologeo meaning to confess, allow, to promise and in some cases to betroth.
Êxodo 21
Constable notes that "The Code of Hammurabi specified that the person who struck his father should have his hands cut off. The Torah took a stronger position requiring the death of the person who struck either parent. The reason seems to be that by doing so the striker did not honor his parents but revolted against God’s ordained authority over him or her (v. 15; cf. 20:12)." Currid adds that "Parental authority carries divine protection and sanction. The Bible sets great store by the precept of honouring parents—this is a case law reflecting the Fifth Commandment." (Ibid) T. Scott - To smite either father or mother, in a manner which indicated either contempt or malice, or left marks of violence, was deemed a proof of so ungrateful and unnatural a disposition, that no provocation was admitted as an excuse, but the offence was made capital: nay, he who cursed his father or mother, who uttered imprecations, ill wishes, or revilings, against a parent, was included in the same sense; though few crimes were made capital by the law of Moses. The law of God, as delegated to parents is honoured when they are honoured, and despised when they are despised: and to rebel against the lawful exercise of this authority is rebellion against God. Exodus 21:16 "He who kidnaps a man, whether he sells him or he is found in his possession, shall surely be put to death. NET Exodus 21:16 "Whoever kidnaps someone and sells him, or is caught still holding him, must surely be put to death. NLT Exodus 21:16 "Kidnappers must be put to death, whether they are caught in possession of their victims or have already sold them as slaves. ESV Exodus 21:16 "Whoever steals a man and sells him, and anyone found in possession of him, shall be put to death. LXE Exodus 21:16 Whosoever shall steal one of the children of Israel, and prevail over him and sell him, and he be found with him, let him certainly die. KJV Exodus 21:16 And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death. NIV Exodus 21:16 "Anyone who kidnaps another and either sells him or still has him when he is caught must be put to death. ASV Exodus 21:16 And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death. CSB Exodus 21:16 "Whoever kidnaps a person must be put to death, whether he sells him or the person is found in his possession. NKJ Exodus 21:16 "He who kidnaps a man and sells him, or if he is found in his hand, shall surely be put to death. NRS Exodus 21:16 Whoever kidnaps a person, whether that person has been sold or is still held in possession, shall be put to death. YLT Exodus 21:16 'And he who stealeth a man, and hath sold him, and he hath been found in his hand, is certainly put to death. He who kidnaps a man: Ge 40:15 De 24:7 1Ti 1:10 Rev 18:12 whether he sells him: Ge 37:28 found in his possession: Ex 22:4 Exodus 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries PENALTY FOR KIDNAPPING IS DEATH! He who kidnaps a man - Literally "a stealer of a man" which breaks the commandment in Ex 20:15 "You shall not steal." In context this refers to an Israelite man who has been kidnapped. "If it’s wrong to steal property (Ex. 20:15), then it’s an even greater crime to steal people made in God’s image and to sell them as slaves." (Wiersbe) Deuteronomy 24:7 “If a man is caught kidnapping any of his countrymen of the sons of Israel, and he deals with him violently or sells him, then that thief shall die; so you shall purge the evil from among you. Walter Kaiser - Kidnapping is not a property offense since no property offense draws a capital punishment, and this law is not listed under property laws. Instead, it is the theft of a human being. (EBC-Ex) Currid - The death penalty for kidnapping reflects the biblical teaching of the value, worth and dignity of man in God’s image. It is appropriate punishment because kidnapping is an assault on the concept of the person created in the image of God. Kidnapping displays deep-rooted contempt for God and his image-bearers. One of the main purposes for kidnapping is stated—that is, for the slave trade. Whether he sells him - This very scenario was played out in the life of Joseph! David