Êxodo 28
Steven Cole · Citado em PreceptAustin
Êxodo 28
Cole - The Hebrew slaves must have learned man Egyptian arts and crafts, such as metalwork, spinning, weaving and embroidery during their stay in Egypt.” (TOTC-Ex) NET Note on spirit of wisdom - There is no necessity to take this as a reference to the Holy Spirit who produces wisdom in these people, although that is not totally impossible. A number of English versions (e.g., NAB, NIV, NCV, NRSV, TEV, CEV, NLT) do not even translate the word “spirit.” It probably refers to their attitude and ability. U. Cassuto has “to all the artisans skilled in the making of stately robes, in the heart [i.e., mind] of each of whom I have implanted sagacity in his craft so that he may do his craft successfully” (Exodus, 371). NET Note on to consecrate him - Or “to sanctify him” (ASV) or “to consecrate him” (KJV, NASB, NRSV). It is the garments that will set Aaron apart, or sanctify him, not the workers. The expression could be taken to mean “for his consecration” (NIV) since the investiture is part of his being set apart for service. Thompson - this garment was to be made by very skillful people whom God has “endowed with the spirit of wisdom.” So God actually gave certain individuals the skill to be able to make clothing. This is not a skill He gave to everyone. We clearly see here that God gives different skills to different people so that He may carry out His will and work. Now I want you to observe from verse 3 the reason for this priestly garment–so that Aaron could be set apart and consecrated to minister as a priest to God. So this dress code was not so much designed for the people as it was for God. If Aaron were to be a servant minister for God, he needed to be dressed in a way that God deemed acceptable. Exodus 28:4 "These are the garments which they shall make: a breastpiece and an ephod and a robe and a tunic of checkered work, a turban and a sash, and they shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother and his sons, that he may minister as priest to Me. NET Exodus 28:6 "They are to make the ephod of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twisted linen, the work of an artistic designer. NLT Exodus 28:6 "The craftsmen must make the ephod of finely woven linen and skillfully embroider it with gold and with blue, purple, and scarlet thread. ESV Exodus 28:6 "And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue and purple and scarlet yarns, and of fine twined linen, skillfully worked. NIV Exodus 28:6 "Make the ephod of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen--the work of a skilled craftsman. KJV Exodus 28:6 And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and of purple, of scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cunning work. LXE Exodus 28:6 And they shall make the shoulder-piece of fine linen spun, the woven work of the embroiderer. ASV Exodus 28:6 And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen, the work of the skilful workman. CSB Exodus 28:6 "They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn. NKJ Exodus 28:6 "and they shall make the ephod of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet thread, and fine woven linen, artistically worked. NRS Exodus 28:6 They shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, purple, and crimson yarns, and of fine twisted linen, skillfully worked. YLT Exodus 28:6 and have made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and twined linen, work of a designer; a breastpiece . Ex 28:15 39:8-21 Isa 59:17 Eph 6:14 1Th 5:8 Rev 9:17 a breastpiece : . Ex 28:6-14 39:2-5,21,22 Lev 8:7,8 1Sa 2:18 22:18 23:6 30:7 2Sa 6:14 a robe: Ex 28:31-34 39:25,26 a tunic of checkered work: Ex 28:29,40 Lev 8:7 a turban : Ex 39:28 Lev 8:9 and a sash: Isa 11:5 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE PRIESTS' GARMENT These are the garments which they shall make: a breastpiece and an ephod and a robe and a tunic of checkered work, a turban and a sash, and they shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother and his sons, that he may minister as priest to Me - Note the garments are holy garments, not that there was anything supernatural or mystical about the garments, but it was what these beautiful, glorious garments represented - that the men so attired were representatives of the thrice Holy God! Notice the key word in this introduction to the priests - to minister as priest to Me (Ex 28:1,3, 4, 41). The priority of the priest was not to the people but to the God of the people! It is the same order today, for once we have ministered to Him, His Spirit will direct us to whom we are to minister for our good and His glory! Thompson - according to verses 4-5 there were to be seven parts to this priestly garment, which was to be a “holy garment.” He lists the parts here and then he will develop each one later in the chapter. NET Note = The word תָּשְׁבֵּץ (tashbets), which describes the tunic and which appears only in this verse, is related to a verb (also rare) of the same root in 28:39 that describes making the tunic. Their meaning is uncertain (see the extended discussion in C. Houtman, Exodus, 3:473–75). A related noun describes gold fasteners and the “settings,” or “mountings,” for precious stones (28:11, 13, 14, 20, 25; 36:18; 39:6, 13, 16, 18; cf. Ps 45:14). The word “fitted” in 28:4 reflects the possibility that “the tunic is to be shaped by sewing, … so that it will fit tightly around the body” (C. Houtman, Exodus, 3:475). In the NT as noted all believers are priests and we too have a breastpiece (breastplate) as described by Paul... In the NT as noted all believers are priests and we too have a breastpiece (breastplate) as described by Paul... Eph 6:14+ Stand firm (command - every divine command includes divine enablement by the Spirit) therefore, HAVING GIRDED YOUR LOINS WITH TRUTH, and HAVING PUT ON THE BREASTPLATE OF RIGHTEOUSNESS, 1Thess 5:8+ But since we are of the day, let us be sober (nepho), having put on (enduo) (When? At the time of our new birth we were clothed with) the breastplate of faith and love, and as a helmet, the hope of salvation. Breastpiece (02833)(hosen - Arabic cognates mean beauty) is an ornamental chest covering made of the same material as the ephod and worn only by the high priest. It was also used to hold the Urim and Thummim. On it were twelve gems on which were engraved the names of the tribes of Israel. Gold cords fastened the upper rings to the gems on the shoulders of the ephod. Harrison - The ‘breastpiece’ was an elaborately embroidered square of cloth set with four squares of stones. Since it was essentially a small bag, the rendering of hosen by ‘breastplate’ (KJV, RV), ‘breastpiece’ (RSV, NEB) is entirely conjectural. (Ibid) Hosen - 21v - Ex 25:7; 28:4, 15, 22-25, 26, 28-30; 29:5; 35:9, 27; 39:8-9, 15-17, 19, 21; Lev 8:8 TWOT - The breastplate symbolized the unity of the nation, the dependence of the people on the person and ministry of the high priest, their presence before God as a beloved people, and the channel of the revelation of God's will. With it were the Urim and Thummim whereby the will of God was conveyed to the people (Ex 28:15-30). The LXX designates it as the "oracle of judgment" for "breastplate of judgment" or "breastplate of the (oracular) decision," in Hebrew. It was considered the most important item among the distinctive garments of the high priest. Josephus's account of the breastplate is elaborate, but not entirely reliable (Josephus - Antiquities of the Jews 3.7.5) Hatfield on breastpiece - A piece of elaborate embroidery about nine inches square worn by the high priest upon his breast. It was set with twelve stones with the name of one of the 12 tribes of Israel engraved on each stone (Ed: The names of the tribes were also written on the two stones that were on the shoulder of the ephod = Ex 28:11; 39:6); The breastplate was a special item worn by the high priest as he ministered in the tabernacle or Temple. Made like a purse, the breastplate was constructed of gold metal, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and of fine linen. It was securely tied to the ephod. See Leviticus 8:8 ). The breastplate was called breastplate of judgment (Exodus 28:15 ) because these stones were the means of making decisions (Exodus 28:28-29 ). See Exodus 28:2 ); (2) to be a means of making decisions (Exodus 28:30 ); and (3) to be a continuing memorial before the Lord (Exodus 28:29 ). (Breastplate - Holman Bible Dictionary) Torrey' Topic Breastplate A part of defensive armour 1 Kings 22:34 A part of the high priest's dress Exodus 28:4 FOR SOLDIERS FOR THE HIGH PRIEST Materials of Exodus 28:15 ; 39:8 Form and dimensions of Exodus 28:16 ; 39:9 Made from the offering of the people Exodus 35:9 Had names of the tribes engraved on precious stones Exodus 28:17-21 ; 39:10,14 Inseparably united to the ephod Exodus 28:22-28 ; 39:15-21 The Urim and Thummim placed in Exodus 28:30 ; Leviticus 8:8 Worn as a memorial Exodus 28:29 ; Isaiah 49:16 ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE Righteous judgment of Christ Isaiah 59:17 Defence of faith and love 1 Thessalonians 5:8 Related Resources: International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Breastplate of the High Priest Kitto Biblical Cyclopedia Breastplate of the high priest The Jewish Encyclopedia Breastplate of the High Priest American Tract Society Breastplate Easton's Bible Dictionary Breastplate Holman Bible Dictionary Breastplate Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Breastplate (1) Breastplate Hastings' Dictionary of the NT Breastplate King James Dictionary Breastplate Morrish Bible Dictionary Breastplate Hawker's Poor Man's Dictionary Breastplate People's Dictionary of the Bible Breastplate Smith Bible Dictionary Breastplate Vines' Expository Dictionary Breastplate Wilson's Bible Types Breastplate Webster Dictionary Breastplate Watson's Theological Dictionary Breastplate Ephod (Thumbnails and descriptions) (0646)(epod) is a masculine noun referring to the sacred vestment worn by the high priest. The word “ephod” is taken over directly from Hebrew, because no one knows how to translate it, nor is there agreement about its design. "A garment worn around the high priest’s upper body that featured twelve semiprecious and precious stones on the front, each one bearing the name of one of the tribes of Israel (Ex. 28:4, 6, 12, 15, 25–28). The breastplate bearing the stones was on the front of the ephod itself. The ephod was made by a skilled workman and had two shoulder pieces which were fastened together to hold it securely. It also bore two stones, one on each of its shoulders that represented the tribes of Israel. Each stone had six of the tribes of Israel engraved on it." (Baker) The Hebrew word ephod also described a vestment worn by David (2Sa 6:14, 1Ch 15:27) and the boy Samuel (1Sa 2:18). Gideon made an ephod which was an idolatrous cultic object (Jdg 8:27) In Hos 3:4 it is one of the sacred items the sons of Israel will lose access to for a period of time (because of disobedience). R K Harrison - The term ephod was also used occasionally to describe an ‘idol’ (cf. Jdg. 8:27; 17:5) which was employed in family worship, but precisely why such an image was described by a name used for a well-attested object in Israelite tabernacle worship is unknown. (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries - Leviticus) The Lxx translates ephod most often using the Greek noun epomis which means a shoulder piece. Naves Topic - Ephod A sacred vestment worn by the high priest Described Exodus 28:6-14,31-35 ; 25:7 Used as an oracle 1 Samuel 23:9,12 ; 30:7,8 An inferior, was worn by the ordinary priests 1 Samuel 22:18 Worn by Samuel 1 Samuel 2:18 Worn by David 2 Samuel 6:14 It was called COAT Exodus 28:40 ; 29:8 ; 39:27 ; 40:14 ; Leviticus 8:13 ; 10:5 Made by Gideon, became an idolatrous snare to Israel Judges 8:27 ; 17:5 ; 18:14 Prophecy concerning the absence of the Ephod from Israel Hosea 3:4 Related Resources: American Tract Society Ephod Bridgeway Bible Dictionary Ephod Easton's Bible Dictionary Ephod Fausset Bible Dictionary Ephod Holman Bible Dictionary Ephod Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Ephod King James Dictionary Ephod Morrish Bible Dictionary Ephod Ephod Hawker's Poor Man's Dictionary Ephod People's Dictionary of the Bible Ephod Wilson's Bible Types Ephod Webster Dictionary Ephod Watson's Theological Dictionary Ephod 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica Ephod International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Ephod (2) Ephod (1) Kitto Biblical Cyclopedia Ephod McClintock and Strong's Bible Encyclopedia Ephod (2) Ephod The Nuttall Encyclopedia Ephod The Jewish Encyclopedia Ephod Questions - What was the significance of the ephod? Answer: In the Old Testament, the ephod has two meanings. In one group of passages, it signifies a garment; in another, very probably an image. As a garment the ephod is referred to in the priestly ordinances as a part of the official dress of the high priest. It was to be made of threads “of blue and of purple, of scarlet, and fine twined linen” and embroidered in gold thread “with cunning work” (Exodus 28:4; 29:5; 39:2; Leviticus 8:7). The ephod was held together by a girdle of similar workmanship sewed on to it. It had two shoulder pieces, which, as the name implies, crossed the shoulders, and were apparently fastened or sewed to the ephod in front. In dressing, the shoulder pieces were joined in the back to the two ends of the ephod. Nothing is said of the length of the garment. At the point where the shoulder pieces were joined together in the front “above the girdle,” two golden rings were sewed on, to which the breastplate was attached. The word ephod has an entirely different meaning in the second group of passages, all of which belong to the historical books. It is certain that the word cannot here refer to a garment. This is evident in Judges 8:26–27, where it is recorded that Gideon took from the Ishmaelites, who were Midianite allies, golden earrings, weighing 1,700 shekels of gold, and made an “ephod thereof, and put it in his city, even in Ophrah,” where it was worshiped by all Israel. In Judges 17:5, Micah made an ephod and teraphim, or idol, for his sanctuary. The most natural inference from all these passages is that “ephod” here signifies an image that was set up in the sanctuary, especially since the word is cited with teraphim, which undoubtedly refers to graven images (Hosea 3:4). The conclusion is that ephod, in these cases, refers to a portable idol. Some scholars have suggested that the connection between the idol and the garment is that the idol was originally clothed in a linen garment, and the term ephod gradually came to describe the idol as a whole. (GotQuestions.org) Question: What was the significance of the priestly garments? Answer: Exodus 28 contains a detailed description of the garments God commanded to be made and worn by the priests. These were “sacred garments” to bestow Aaron and his sons with “dignity and honor” (Ex 28:2). God wanted Aaron to wear the “breastpiece of decision” to symbolize that the high priest represented the people before God: “Whenever Aaron enters the Holy Place, he will bear the names of the sons of Israel over his heart . . . as a continuing memorial before the Lord” (Exodus 28:29). It was called the “breastpiece of decision” because the Urim and Thummim, which were associated with the breastpiece, were used to determine God’s will in various matters. Some parts of the priestly garments were worn for safety. The high priest was required to have gold bells attached to the hem of his garment, so that “the sound of the bells will be heard when he enters the Holy Place before the Lord and when he comes out, so that he will not die” (Exodus 28:35). The turban was plain white, with a gold plate placed at the forehead. On the plate were inscribed the words “Holy to the Lord.” This gold plate “will be on Aaron’s forehead continually so that [the children of Israel] will be acceptable to the Lord” (Exodus 28:38). This reminder of consecration, placed so conspicuously on the outfit, symbolized the importance of approaching the Lord God in holiness. All the garments worn by the Old Testament priests were symbolic of being set apart for God’s work of atoning for sin. Compliance with the “dress code” was required. This is noted in verse 43: “Aaron and his sons must wear [the garments] whenever they enter the tent of meeting or approach the altar to minister in the Holy Place, so that they will not incur guilt and die.” While such elaborate garments may seem odd today, God used these distinctive garments to set His spiritual leaders apart from the other Israelites. Each piece of the priestly garments held significance related to the work the priests performed. The Israelites lived with a continual reminder of the importance of the priestly work. They also had a foreshadowing of Jesus, the “great high priest” (Hebrews 4:14), who would carry out God’s plan of atonement in true holiness and perfection. (Source: GotQuestions.org) Exodus 28:5 "They shall take the gold and the blue and the purple and the scarlet material and the fine linen. gold: Ex 25:3,4 39:2,3 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries MATERIALS TO MAKE THE EPHOD They shall take the gold and the blue and the purple and the scarlet material and the fine linen - They refers to the artisans, the craftsmen skilled in making these garments. Exodus 28:6 "They shall also make the ephod of gold, of blue and purple and scarlet material and fine twisted linen, the work of the skillful workman. Twisted linen: Ex 26:1 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries CONSTRUCTION OF THE EPHOD They shall also make the ephod of gold, of blue and purple and scarlet material and fine twisted linen, the work of the skillful workman - An ephod is a sleeveless vest worn close to the body, which probably extended down just below the hips. The material that this was made from is very expensive and beautiful–gold, blue, purple and scarlet colored material and fine twisted linen (Ex 28:6). This was the same material as that which comprised the inner curtains. This ephod had two shoulder pieces joined together (Ex 28:7). Either they were joined together by loops or straps or cords. We cannot tell whether this was a rectangle with a neck hole in the middle put over the head or whether it was two pieces tied together. According to verse 8, there must be some type of waist band that could cinch down the ephod on the priest. Carefully woven into this ephod were golden ornamental pieces which contained two onyx stones that contained the names of six sons of Israel on one side of the shoulder and six sons of Israel on the other side of the shoulder (Ex 28:9-10). These names were to be engraved by a jeweler (Ex 28:11). These two stones were to be mounted on the shoulder area of this ephod and would be a constant reminder that whenever this priest ministered, he not only was carrying out ministry for himself but for all of God’s people. All of Israel was special to God. Alan Cole - “Linen was the dress of the noble and the priest in Egypt, chosen both for coolness and cleanliness.” (TOTC-Ex) Ephod (Thumbnails and descriptions) (0646)(epod) is a masculine noun referring to the sacred vestment worn by the high priest. The word “ephod” is taken over directly from Hebrew, because no one knows how to translate it, nor is there agreement about its design. "A garment worn around the high priest’s upper body that featured twelve semiprecious and precious stones on the front, each one bearing the name of one of the tribes of Israel (Ex. 28:4, 6, 12, 15, 25–28). The breastplate bearing the stones was on the front of the ephod itself. The ephod was made by a skilled workman and had two shoulder pieces which were fastened together to hold it securely. It also bore two stones, one on each of its shoulders that represented the tribes of Israel. Each stone had six of the tribes of Israel engraved on it." (Baker) The Hebrew word ephod also described a vestment worn by David (2Sa 6:14, 1Ch 15:27) and the boy Samuel (1Sa 2:18). Gideon made an ephod which was an idolatrous cultic object (Jdg 8:27) In Hos 3:4 it is one of the sacred items the sons of Israel will lose access to for a period of time (because of disobedience). R K Harrison - The term ephod was also used occasionally to describe an ‘idol’ (cf. Jdg. 8:27; 17:5) which was employed in family worship, but precisely why such an image was described by a name used for a well-attested object in Israelite tabernacle worship is unknown. (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries - Leviticus) The Lxx translates ephod most often using the Greek noun epomis which means a shoulder piece. Naves Topic - Ephod A sacred vestment worn by the high priest Described Exodus 28:6-14,31-35 ; 25:7 Used as an oracle 1 Samuel 23:9,12 ; 30:7,8 An inferior, was worn by the ordinary priests 1 Samuel 22:18 Worn by Samuel 1 Samuel 2:18 Worn by David 2 Samuel 6:14 It was called COAT Exodus 28:40 ; 29:8 ; 39:27 ; 40:14 ; Leviticus 8:13 ; 10:5 Made by Gideon, became an idolatrous snare to Israel Judges 8:27 ; 17:5 ; 18:14 Prophecy concerning the absence of the Ephod from Israel Hosea 3:4 Related Resources: American Tract Society Ephod Bridgeway Bible Dictionary Ephod Easton's Bible Dictionary Ephod Fausset Bible Dictionary Ephod Holman Bible Dictionary Ephod Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible Ephod King James Dictionary Ephod Morrish Bible Dictionary Ephod Ephod Hawker's Poor Man's Dictionary Ephod People's Dictionary of the Bible Ephod Wilson's Bible Types Ephod Webster Dictionary Ephod Watson's Theological Dictionary Ephod 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica Ephod International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Ephod (2) Ephod (1) Kitto Biblical Cyclopedia Ephod McClintock and Strong's Bible Encyclopedia Ephod (2) Ephod The Nuttall Encyclopedia Ephod The Jewish Encyclopedia Ephod Questions - What was the significance of the ephod? Answer: In the Old Testament, the ephod has two meanings. In one group of passages, it signifies a garment; in another, very probably an image. As a garment the ephod is referred to in the priestly ordinances as a part of the official dress of the high priest. It was to be made of threads “of blue and of purple, of scarlet, and fine twined linen” and embroidered in gold thread “with cunning work” (Exodus 28:4; 29:5; 39:2; Leviticus 8:7). The ephod was held together by a girdle of similar workmanship sewed on to it. It had two shoulder pieces, which, as the name implies, crossed the shoulders, and were apparently fastened or sewed to the ephod in front. In dressing, the shoulder pieces were joined in the back to the two ends of the ephod. Nothing is said of the length of the garment. At the point where the shoulder pieces were joined together in the front “above the girdle,” two golden rings were sewed on, to which the breastplate was attached. The word ephod has an entirely different meaning in the second group of passages, all of which belong to the historical books. It is certain that the word cannot here refer to a garment. This is evident in Judges 8:26–27, where it is recorded that Gideon took from the Ishmaelites, who were Midianite allies, golden earrings, weighing 1,700 shekels of gold, and made an “ephod thereof, and put it in his city, even in Ophrah,” where it was worshiped by all Israel. In Judges 17:5, Micah made an ephod and teraphim, or idol, for his sanctuary. The most natural inference from all these passages is that “ephod” here signifies an image that was set up in the sanctuary, especially since the word is cited with teraphim, which undoubtedly refers to graven images (Hosea 3:4). The conclusion is that ephod, in these cases, refers to a portable idol. Some scholars have suggested that the connection between the idol and the garment is that the idol was originally clothed in a linen garment, and the term ephod gradually came to describe the idol as a whole. (GotQuestions.org) Exodus 28:7 "It shall have two shoulder pieces joined to its two ends, that it may be joined. Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries It shall have two shoulder pieces joined to its two ends, that it may be joined - NKJV calls these "shoulder straps" Exodus 28:8 "The skillfully woven band, which is on it, shall be like its workmanship, of the same material: of gold, of blue and purple and scarlet material and fine twisted linen. skillfully woven band, Ex 28:27,28 29:5 39:20,21 Lev 8:7 Isa 11:5 1Pe 1:13 Rev 1:13 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries The skillfully woven band, which is on it, shall be like its workmanship, of the same material: of gold, of blue and purple and scarlet material and fine twisted linen. NET Note on waistband - This is the rendering of the word חֵשֶׁב (kheshev), cognate to the word translated “designer” in v. 6. Since the entire ephod was of the same material, and this was of the same piece, it is unclear why this is singled out as “artistically woven.” Perhaps the word is from another root that just describes the item as a “band.” Whatever the connection, this band was to be of the same material, and the same piece, as the ephod, but perhaps a different pattern (S. R. Driver, Exodus, 301). It is this sash that attaches the ephod to the priest’s body, that is, at the upper Exodus 28:9 "You shall take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel, onyx: Ex 28:20 39:13 Ge 2:12 Job 28:16 Eze 28:13 grave: Ex 28:36 39:6 2Ch 2:7 Song 8:6 Isa 49:16 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries You shall take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel - In other words the names engraved are the original 12 sons of Jacob. Bush - On each of the connecting pieces that went across the shoulders was set an arch or socket of gold, containing an onyx-stone (Chal. ‘Berylstone’) on which the names of the tribes of Israel were engraved is in a seal, six on each shoulder. Thus Maimonides; ‘He set on each shoulder a beryl-stone four-square, embossed in gold; and he graved on the two stones the names of the tribes, six on one stone and six on the other, according to their births. And the stone whereon Reuben was written, was on the right shoulder, and the stone whereon Simeon was written, was on the left.’ The Rabbins say, moreover, that the letters were so equally divided in these two inscriptions that Joseph’s name was written ‘Jehoseph’ in order to make just twenty-five letters in each stone. Exodus 28:10 six of their names on the one stone and the names of the remaining six on the other stone, according to their birth. according to their birth: Ex 1:1-4 Ge 43:33 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries six of their names on the one stone and the names of the remaining six on the other stone, according to their birth - Six names of the sons of Jacob are engraved on one onyx stone and the other six engraved on the other onyx stone. According to their birth means that the names of the sons of Israel would be listed according to their ages. Bush on according to their birth - That is, according to the order of their respective births or ages. The arrangement is diversely understood by Josephus and most of the Rabbinical writers, according to the latter of whom the order was as follows: LEFT RIGHT Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulon, Joseph, Benjamin Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali Exodus 28:11 "As a jeweler engraves a signet, you shall engrave the two stones according to the names of the sons of Israel; you shall set them in filigree settings of gold. engraves a signet: Ex 28:21,36 Jer 22:24 Zec 3:9 Eph 1:13 Eph 4:30 2Ti 2:19 Rev 7:2 filigree settings of gold: Ex 28:13,14,25 39:6,13,18 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries As a jeweler engraves a signet, you shall engrave the two stones according to the names of the sons of Israel - He had just stated that the names were according to their birth and now Yahweh re-emphasizes the engraving is to be according to the names of the sons of Israel. Their names are on precious stones surely to signifying their preciousness to God, even though they are each sinful men. This is a reflection of God's lovingkindness and grace. you shall set them in filigree settings of gold - The filigree was a lace-like ornamental work of intertwined wire made of gold, silver, copper, or bronze to receive settings of precious jewels. NET Note - Expert stone or gem engravers were used to engrave designs and names in identification seals of various sizes. It was work that skilled artisans did. Exodus 28:12 "You shall put the two stones on the shoulder pieces of the ephod, as stones of memorial for the sons of Israel, and Aaron shall bear their names before the LORD on his two shoulders for a memorial. the shoulders: Ex 28:7 Ps 89:19 Isa 9:6 12:2 Zec 6:13,14 Heb 7:25-28 Aaron shall bear: Ex 28:29 39:6,7 for a memorial: Ex 12:14 13:9 39:7 Ge 9:12-17 Lev 24:7 Nu 16:40 31:54 Jos 4:7 Isa 62:6 Zec 6:14 Lu 1:54,72 Ac 10:4 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE HIGH PRIEST BRINGS THE TWELVE TRIBES BEFORE YAHWEH You shall put the two stones on the shoulder pieces of the ephod, as stones of memorial for the sons of Israel, and Aaron shall bear their names before the LORD on his two shoulders for a memorial - In other words this was a perpetual reminder that the priest ministers on behalf of the twelve tribes of Israel and thus their names would always be borne by the priests when they ministered to the LORD. The priests functioned as vicarious representatives. Whenever Aaron went into the Holy Place, it was as he went representing his identification with all 12 tribes. He in effect was bringing them also before God.
Êxodo 28
Cole says "This explains why the garment may be called the ‘breastplate of judgment’, since it contains the two oracular stones (Urim and Thummim), by means of which God’s ‘judgment’ might be made known." NET Note on breastpiece of judgment - Heb “a breastpiece of decision” (חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט, hoshen mishpat; so NAB). The first word, rendered “breastpiece,” is of uncertain etymology. This item was made of material similar to the ephod. It had four rows of three gems on it, bearing the names of the tribes. In it were the urim and thummim. J. P. Hyatt refers to a similar object found in the Egyptian reliefs, including even the twisted gold chains used to hang it from the priest (Exodus [NCBC], 282). Like the work of the ephod you shall make it: of gold, of blue and purple and scarlet material and fine twisted linen you shall make it - The rich royal color theme continues. Thompson - The priest’s garment was to contain a breastplate . Now the Hebrew word for breastplate means “ornament” so this breastplate was to be a very distinct item that would stand out from the rest of the priest’s attire. The item was to be made from the same material as the Ephod (28:15). He was to make this item to be a perfect square folded over double (28:16). This would make it strong enough to hold the stones Eugene Merrill - In Exod. 28:15 this breastplate is said to be fashioned "for making decisions." The Urim and Thummim were apparently the reason why the breastplate was designated "the breastplate of decision" (Exod. 28:2930). While some feel that the Urim and Thummim are descriptive terms for the 12 stones of the breastplate, they appear to be distinct from them here (see below). The first-century Jewish historian Josephus assigned oracular characteristics to the 12 stones of the breastplate claiming they would shine when Israel was to be victorious in war (Antiquities, 3.8.9). Later Talmudic tradition suggests that God's glory would illuminate the various letters of the tribes engraved upon the stones in an order that would spell out a message (Yoma, 73, a-b). Besides there being no indication in Scripture that this occurred, 5 of the 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet do not appear in these 12 tribal names. The breastplate was made from the same material as the ephod and was attached to the ephod by means of chains and gold rings at the four corners of the breastplate (Exod. 28:15-30; 29:5; 39:8-21). The 12 stones attached to it apparently represented the 12 tribes of Israel as the high priest went before the LORD. There must have been some non-described pocket in which the Urim and Thummim could be held. (The Bible Knowledge Word Study - Gen-Deut) Exodus 28:16 "It shall be square and folded double, a span in length and a span in width. Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries It shall be square and folded double, a span in length and a span in width Bush - At each corner of the Breast-plate thus made into a square form was a golden ring. To the two upper ones were attached two golden chains of wreathen work, i. e. chains made of golden threads or wires braided together, which passed up to the shoulders and were there somehow fastened to the shoulder-pieces or to the onyx-stones. By means of these chains it was suspended on the breast. But to render it still more firm in its position, two laces or ribbons of blue were passed through the two rings at the two lower corners of the Breast-plate, and also through two corresponding rings in the Ephod, and then tied together a little above the girdle of the Ephod. This rendered the Breast-plate and Ephod inseparable, so that the latter could not be put on without being accompanied by the former, and the punishment of stripes was decreed against him who should attempt to divide the one from the other. Exodus 28:17 "You shall mount on it four rows of stones; the first row shall be a row of ruby, topaz and emerald; You shall mount on it : Ex 28:9,11 39:10-21 Mal 3:17 the first row: Eze 28:13 Rev 21:19-21 ruby, Job 28:18 Pr 3:15 8:11 20:15 31:10 La 4:7 topaz: Job 28:19 Rev 21:20 emerald: Isa 54:11,12 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOUR SETTINGS OF PRECIOUS STONES You shall mount on it four rows of stones; the first row shall be a row of ruby, topaz and emerald - Each stone had one of the names of the twelve tribes inscribed on it. As we see in Ex 28:29, 30 Aaron was to bear the stones with these 12 names over his heart whenever he went before the LORD.
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Cole - The tinkling bells were presumably so that the people outside could trace the movements of the priest within, who was of course invisible to them. By this they would know that his offering had been accepted, and that he had not been struck dead. “The pomegranates (symbols of fruitfulness) were either hanging as ‘bobbles’ between the bells, or else embroidered on the fabric.” NET Note - heard - God would hear the bells and be reminded that this priest was in his presence representing the nation and that the priest had followed the rules of the sanctuary by wearing the appropriate robes with their attachments. Related Resource: Did the high priest have a rope tied to him when he entered the Holy of Holies? | GotQuestions.org Exodus 28:36 "You shall also make a plate of pure gold and shall engrave on it, like the engravings of a seal, 'Holy to the LORD.' NET Exodus 28:36 "You are to make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it the way a seal is engraved: "Holiness to the LORD." NLT Exodus 28:36 "Next make a medallion of pure gold, and engrave it like a seal with these words: HOLY TO THE LORD. ESV Exodus 28:36 "You shall make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it, like the engraving of a signet, 'Holy to the LORD.' NIV Exodus 28:36 "Make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it as on a seal: HOLY TO THE LORD. KJV Exodus 28:36 And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it, like the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD. LXE Exodus 28:36 And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and thou shalt grave on it as the graving of a signet, Holiness of the Lord. ASV Exodus 28:36 And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it, like the engravings of a signet, HOLY TO JEHOVAH. CSB Exodus 28:36 "You are to make a pure gold medallion and engrave it, like the engraving of a seal: HOLY TO THE LORD. NKJ Exodus 28:36 "You shall also make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it, like the engraving of a signet: HOLINESS TO THE LORD. NRS Exodus 28:36 You shall make a rosette of pure gold, and engrave on it, like the engraving of a signet, "Holy to the LORD." YLT Exodus 28:36 'And thou hast made a flower of pure gold, and hast opened on it -- openings of a signet -- 'Holy to Jehovah;' engrave on it: Ex 28:9,11 HOLINESS: Ex 39:30 Lev 8:9 10:3 19:2 Ps 93:5 Eze 43:12 Zec 14:20 Heb 7:26 Heb 12:14 1Pe 1:15,16 2:9 Rev 21:27 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE PRIESTS' GARMENT HOLY TO THE LORD You shall also make a plate of pure gold and shall engrave on it, like the engravings of a seal, 'Holy to the LORD - "The turban was a simple wound linen headpiece. More important than the turban itself was the gold plate with the inscription HOLINESS TO THE LORD." The inscription HOLINESS TO THE LORD indicated that first and foremost the high priest was the servant of God, not man. (Guzik) "“Hence it was not lawful for the high priest, say the Jews, to put off his bonnet to whomsoever he met, were he never so great a man; lest the same name and glory of God, whose person he sustained, should seem to submit to any man.” (Trapp) NET Note - plate - The word צִּיץ (tsits) seems to mean “a shining thing” and so here a plate of metal. It originally meant “flower,” but they could not write on a flower. So it must have the sense of something worn openly, visible, and shining. The Rabbinic tradition says it was two fingers wide and stretched from ear to ear, but this is an attempt to give details that the Law does not give (see B. Jacob, Exodus, 818). The engraving was a perpetual reminder of the holiness that was due the LORD (Heb “Yahweh”), that all the clothing, the furnishings, and the activities were to come under that description. This corresponded to the symbolism for the whole nation of binding the law between the eyes. It was to be a perpetual reminder of commitment. Bush - Thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, &c. Heb. ציץ tzitz. Gr. πεταλον, petal, leaf (ED: e.g., "of the Olympian wreath of wild olive" - LSJM). Vulg. ‘Lamina,’ plate Arab. ‘Fillet.’ Luth. ‘Forehead-plate’ The original word עיץ tzitz, from צוץ tzutz, to flourish, is generally understood to signify a flower, and the Greek rendering petal would seem to be founded upon this sense, implying either that the plate was itself of the form of a flower, or was curiously wrought with flower-work.... Bush - HOLINESS TO THE LORD. Heb. קדש ליהוה kodesh la-Yehovah, holiness to Jehovah, or the holiness of Jehovah, according to the Gr. which has ἁγιασμα κυριου, the holiness, or sanctification, of the Lord. This was perhaps the most conspicuous object of the High Priest’s dress, and was in fact a significant memento of the character of the entire service in which he sustained so prominent a part. By this inscription the wearer became ‘as a city set on a hill, which cannot be hid;’ the bright memorial incessantly, though silently, proclaiming to the eye, to the heart, to the conscience, ‘a holy God, a holy service, a holy minister, a holy people, and a holy covenant.’ The children of Israel could not look upon it without being reminded of the great principle which Jehovah would have to pervade all his worship, and which is elsewhere so solemnly announced, ‘I will be sanctified in them that come nigh me.’ (Lev 10:3+) And to the saints in all ages it should serve as a remembrancer of the equivalent intimation, that as ‘He which hath called us is holy, so are we to be holy in all manner of conversation.’ (1 Peter 1:15+, cf 2 Cor 7:1+) Exodus 28:37 "you shall fasten it on a blue cord, and it shall be on the turban; it shall be at the front of the turban. blue: Ex 28:28,31 Nu 15:38 the mitre it: Ex 28:4 29:6 39:30,31 Lev 8:9 Zec 3:5 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries you shall fasten it on a blue cord, and it shall be on the turban; it shall be at the front of the turban Alan Cole - “The turban (literally something wound around: the Talmud tells us that eight yards of material were used).” George Bush - And thou shalt put it on a blue lace. An idiomatic expression for ‘put upon it.’ It was to hang by a ribbon of blue upon the Mitre, as is intimated in the words following, and as represented in the cut. The Talmudists however say, there were three ribbons, one at each ear, and one in the middle passing over the head. We have accordingly so represented it on the smaller figure in the cut, as there is no inconsistency in supposing it to have been the case. it shall be on the turban Heb. מצנפת mitznepheth, from צנף tzanaph, to wrap, to enwrap, to roll round. The term applies itself at once to the style of head-dress common among the Arabs, Turks, Persians, and other Oriental nations, called the turban, and formed of a number of swathes or foldings of cloth. As nothing is said of the precise form of the High Priest’s Mitre, we are doubtless at liberty to suppose it justly represented in the main by an eastern turban, though perhaps of more than usual amplitude.....The Mitre of Aaron merely covered the crown and upper part of the head without descending low upon the forehead, which was left bare for the golden Plate to lie upon it below the edge of the Mitre. In this respect the Mitre of the High Priest differed from the bonnets of the common priests, which having no plate sunk lower on the forehead. In other points the general resemblance was very striking. Exodus 28:38 "It shall be on Aaron's forehead, and Aaron shall take away the iniquity of the holy things which the sons of Israel consecrate, with regard to all their holy gifts; and it shall always be on his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD. NET Exodus 28:38 It will be on Aaron's forehead, and Aaron will bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the Israelites are to sanctify by all their holy gifts; it will always be on his forehead, for their acceptance before the LORD. NLT Exodus 28:38 Aaron must wear it on his forehead so he may take on himself any guilt of the people of Israel when they consecrate their sacred offerings. He must always wear it on his forehead so the LORD will accept the people. ESV Exodus 28:38 It shall be on Aaron's forehead, and Aaron shall bear any guilt from the holy things that the people of Israel consecrate as their holy gifts. It shall regularly be on his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD. NIV Exodus 28:38 It will be on Aaron's forehead, and he will bear the guilt involved in the sacred gifts the Israelites consecrate, whatever their gifts may be. It will be on Aaron's forehead continually so that they will be acceptable to the LORD. KJV Exodus 28:38 And it shall be upon Aaron's forehead, that Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD. LXE Exodus 28:38 And it shall be on the forehead of Aaron; and Aaron shall bear away the sins of their holy things, all that the children of Israel shall sanctify of every gift of their holy things, and it shall be on the forehead of Aaron continually acceptable for them before the Lord. ASV Exodus 28:38 And it shall be upon Aaron's forehead, and Aaron shall bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before Jehovah. CSB Exodus 28:38 It will be on Aaron's forehead so that Aaron may bear the guilt connected with the holy offerings that the Israelites consecrate as all their holy gifts. It is always to be on his forehead, so that they may find acceptance with the LORD. NKJ Exodus 28:38 "So it shall be on Aaron's forehead, that Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things which the children of Israel hallow in all their holy gifts; and it shall always be on his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD. NRS Exodus 28:38 It shall be on Aaron's forehead, and Aaron shall take on himself any guilt incurred in the holy offering that the Israelites consecrate as their sacred donations; it shall always be on his forehead, in order that they may find favor before the LORD. YLT Exodus 28:38 and it hath been on the forehead of Aaron, and Aaron hath borne the iniquity of the holy things which the sons of Israel do hallow, even all their holy gifts; and it hath been on his forehead continually for a pleasing thing for them before Jehovah. take away the iniquity : Ex 28:43 Lev 10:17 22:9 Nu 18:1 Isa 53:6,11,12 Eze 4:4-6 Joh 1:29 2Co 5:21 Heb 9:28 1Pe 2:24 3:18 accepted: Lev 1:4 22:27 23:11 Isa 56:7 60:7 Eph 1:6 1Pe 2:5 Exodus 28 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries It shall be on Aaron's forehead, and Aaron shall take away the iniquity of the holy things which the sons of Israel consecrate, with regard to all their holy gifts - The idea of the line is that the people will consecrate as holy things gifts they bring to the sanctuary.