Atos 27
Marvin Vincent · Citado em PreceptAustin
Atos 27
Vincent on hubris - The word literally means insolence, injury, and is used here metaphorically: insolence of the winds and waves, "like our 'sport' or 'riot' of the elements" (Hackett). Some take it literally, with presumption, as indicating the folly of undertaking a voyage at that season; but the use of the word in Acts 27:21 is decisive against this." Loss (2209)(zemia) describes the state of coming into a worsened situation from previous advantage. Thus zemia is translated as damage, disadvantage, loss, forfeit. In ancient Greek manuscripts zemia referred to commercial or business losses and that is clearly Paul's meaning in his warning. Zemia is used again in Acts 27:21. Lives (5590)(psuche or psyche from psucho = to breathe, blow, English = psychology, "study of the soul") is the breath, then that which breathes, the individual, animated creature. Note that psuche is a many-sided word with the meaning derived from the context. In this case clearly Paul is emphasizing loss of physical lives (used with this meaning in Acts 20:10+). All uses of psuche in Acts - Acts 2:27; Acts 2:41; Acts 3:23; Acts 4:32; Acts 7:14; Acts 14:2; Acts 14:22; Acts 15:24; Acts 15:26; Acts 20:10; Acts 20:24; Acts 27:10; Acts 27:22; Acts 27:37 Craig Keener - Pagans undertaking sea voyages always sacrificed to the gods and sought their protection. Bad omens, astrological interpretations or dreams sometimes prevented a ship from sailing if they were taken seriously. Before going to war Romans would check the entrails of animals (ED: HARUSPEX = READING ENTRAILS - diagram of sheep's liver), the flight of birds (ED ORNITHOMANCY) and other forms of divination; religious advice was always important to those contemplating a potentially risky venture. Paul would sound to them like the kind of seer who could predict the future without divination. Unlike Greeks, Romans respected divination more than this kind of prophecy (ED: NOT EVERYONE AGREES PAUL'S PRONOUNCEMENT WAS ACTUALLY PROPHETIC!). (IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament) Larkin - Vegetius described the dangers of "winter sailing" as scant daylight, long nights, dense cloud cover, poor visibility and the double raging of winds, showers and snows (Military Institutions of the Romans 4.39)....Paul's cautionary word is the first of a number of initiatives in which the apostle demonstrates that he is indeed his "brother's keeper." (See Rejecting an Apostolic Warning Acts 27:9-12)) Acts 27:11 But the centurion was more persuaded by the pilot and the captain of the ship than by what was being said by Paul. GNT Acts 27:11 ὁ δὲ ἑκατοντάρχης τῷ κυβερνήτῃ καὶ τῷ ναυκλήρῳ μᾶλλον ἐπείθετο ἢ τοῖς ὑπὸ Παύλου λεγομένοις. NLT Acts 27:11 But the officer in charge of the prisoners listened more to the ship's captain and the owner than to Paul. KJV Acts 27:11 Nevertheless the centurion believed the master and the owner of the ship, more than those things which were spoken by Paul. ESV Acts 27:11 But the centurion paid more attention to the pilot and to the owner of the ship than to what Paul said. CSB Acts 27:11 But the centurion paid attention to the captain and the owner of the ship rather than to what Paul said. NIV Acts 27:11 But the centurion, instead of listening to what Paul said, followed the advice of the pilot and of the owner of the ship. NKJ Acts 27:11 Nevertheless the centurion was more persuaded by the helmsman and the owner of the ship than by the things spoken by Paul. NRS Acts 27:11 But the centurion paid more attention to the pilot and to the owner of the ship than to what Paul said. YLT Acts 27:11 but the centurion to the pilot and to the shipowner gave credence more than to the things spoken by Paul; NAB Acts 27:11 The centurion, however, paid more attention to the pilot and to the owner of the ship than to what Paul said. NJB Acts 27:11 But the centurion took more notice of the captain and the ship's owner than of what Paul was saying; GWN Acts 27:11 However, the officer was persuaded by what the pilot and the owner of the ship said and not by what Paul said. BBE Acts 27:11 But the captain gave more attention to the master and the owner of the ship than to what Paul said. the centurion was more persuaded by the pilot and the captain: Ac 27:21 Ex 9:20,21 2Ki 6:10 Pr 27:12 Eze 3:17,18 33:4 Heb 11:7 Video - Paul Sails for Rome Acts 27 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries THE CENTURION IS IN CHARGE BUT IN ERROR But - Term of contrast - This is a sad contrast! In this case it was the contrast between the wise opinion of Paul and the unwise opinion of the ship's captain and pilot, the latter winning out. The centurion was more persuaded (peitho) by the pilot and the captain of the ship than by what was being said by Paul - They surely reasoned with Julius that Fair Havens was not optimal for wintering and this was a valid statement. The centurion and crew were quick learners for the next time Paul gave advice, they listened! (see Acts 27:31-32+) Craig Keener - Being a practical Roman, the centurion respects the nautical knowledge of the captain more than a Jewish prisoner’s religious insights. Yet such a decision was often made more on economic than nautical grounds. Grain ships sometimes traveled together; this one is making the voyage alone and is probably one of the latest vessels of the shipping season. But the captain at best hopes to make it to a better harbor before the seas close down for the winter; he cannot hope to reach Italy this late in the year (Acts 27:9). The captain is probably also the ship owner here, but because his vessel is part of the imperial grain fleet, the centurion functions as a Roman official with greater authority than the ship owner, just as he would on land in Egypt. (The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament,) Pilot (2942)(kubernetes from kubernao = to govern) is the governor of a ship, the helmsman, the shipmaster who guides the path of the ship and responsible for managing and directing the ship. It was common in the papyri. The only other use is Rev 18:17. BDAG says a figurative extension is "one who directs the destiny of humans." There are no NT uses with this figurative meaning, but there are some early Christian writings which use kubernetes with this sense when referring to Christ. Captain (owner - only here in NT)(3490)(naukleros from naus = ship + kleros = lot) refers either to an owner of a ship or one who took passengers and freight for hire. BDAG says naukleros "can also mean captain, since the sailing-master of a ship engaged in state service (esp. for shipment of grain IG 14, 918) was called a naukleros." Gilbrant on naukleros - In nonbiblical Greek a nauklēros usually describes the owner of a ship (naus [3354]) who leased his vessel out to transport passengers or cargo. Sometimes, though, it refers to the captain who commanded the vessel. (Complete Biblical Library) John
Atos 27
Vincent adds this not on the word tackle (skeue) - The word means equipment, furniture. The exact meaning here is uncertain. Some suppose it to refer to the main-yard; an immense spar which would require the united efforts of passengers and crew to throw overboard. It seems improbable, however, that they would have sacrificed so large a spar, which, in case of shipwreck, would support thirty or forty men in the water. The most generally received opinion is that it refers to the furniture of the ship—beds, tables, chests, etc. Note that the English word tackle refers to gear consisting of ropes, and so on, supporting a ship's masts and sails. While some commentators think the ship's tackle refers to the main portion of the sailing apparatus (e.g., the spar = Any linear object used as a mast, sprit, yard, boom, pole or gaff), this is questionable when one compares Acts 27:30, 32, 40 which suggest that some tackle was remaining. If it had been totally cast off they would not have had any control of the ship. With their own hands - This phrase emphasizes the desperate state of the men. In other words the tackle was not washed overboard but was deliberately jettisoned by the sailors. Robert Girard calls this passage " Frantic last rites for a dying ship!” Acts 27:20 Since neither sun nor stars appeared for many days, and no small storm was assailing us, from then on all hope of our being saved was gradually abandoned. NET Acts 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and a violent storm continued to batter us, we finally abandoned all hope of being saved. GNT Acts 27:20 μήτε δὲ ἡλίου μήτε ἄστρων ἐπιφαινόντων ἐπὶ πλείονας ἡμέρας, χειμῶνός τε οὐκ ὀλίγου ἐπικειμένου, λοιπὸν περιῃρεῖτο ἐλπὶς πᾶσα τοῦ σῴζεσθαι ἡμᾶς. NLT Acts 27:20 The terrible storm raged for many days, blotting out the sun and the stars, until at last all hope was gone. KJV Acts 27:20 And when neither sun nor stars in many days appeared, and no small tempest lay on us, all hope that we should be saved was then taken away. ESV Acts 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days, and no small tempest lay on us, all hope of our being saved was at last abandoned. CSB Acts 27:20 For many days neither sun nor stars appeared, and the severe storm kept raging. Finally all hope that we would be saved was disappearing. NIV Acts 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and the storm continued raging, we finally gave up all hope of being saved. NKJ Acts 27:20 Now when neither sun nor stars appeared for many days, and no small tempest beat on us, all hope that we would be saved was finally given up. NRS Acts 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days, and no small tempest raged, all hope of our being saved was at last abandoned. YLT Acts 27:20 and neither sun nor stars appearing for more days, and not a little tempest lying upon us, thenceforth all hope was taken away of our being saved. NAB Acts 27:20 Neither the sun nor the stars were visible for many days, and no small storm raged. Finally, all hope of our surviving was taken away. NJB Acts 27:20 For a number of days both the sun and the stars were invisible and the storm raged unabated until at last we gave up all hope of surviving. GWN Acts 27:20 For a number of days we couldn't see the sun or the stars. The storm wouldn't let up. It was so severe that we finally began to lose any hope of coming out of it alive. BBE Acts 27:20 And as we had not seen the sun or stars for a long time, and a great storm was on us, all hope of salvation was gone. neither: Ex 10:21-23 Ps 105:28 Mt 24:29 and no: Ps 107:25-27 Jon 1:4,11-14 Mt 8:24,25 2Co 11:25 all hope of our being saved was gradually abandoned: Isa 57:10 Jer 2:25 Eze 37:11 Eph 2:12 1Th 4:13 Video - The Storm Acts 27 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries MAN'S EXTREMITY IS GOD'S OPPORTUNITY Since neither sun nor stars appeared for many days - The significance of this detail is that the sun, moon and stars were the only means of navigation on the open sea. In a word, they were now totally helpless. Of course we know that unseen hand of God was still in full control, and without a doubt prevented the ship from veering to Syrtis and certain catastrophe. God's man was on the ship and He would keep His promise to bring Paul safely to Rome, even without the usual means of navigation! And no small storm was assailing us - (Another Litotes) Another way of saying the opposite obvious statement that a LARGE storm was assailing them. J
Atos 27
Vincent comments "in every case (in the 4 NT uses it was used), of oedience to established authority, either of God or of magistrates. In Acts 27:21, where it is used of the ship’s officers hearkening to Paul’s admonition not to loose from Crete, Paul speaks of his admonition as divinely inspired (ED: Actually not everyone agrees that Paul was speaking "prophetically"); compare Acts 27:10+. Set sail (321)(anago) put out to sea. Incurred (2770)(kerdaino) in this context means gain through avoiding a loss.
Atos 27
Vincent adds lay out (ekteino) literally means "to stretch out. The meaning is, to carry out an anchor to a distance from the prow by means of the small boat" Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers, "Unless these men remain in the ship, you yourselves cannot be saved." NET Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay with the ship, you cannot be saved." GNT Acts 27:31 εἶπεν ὁ Παῦλος τῷ ἑκατοντάρχῃ καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις, Ἐὰν μὴ οὗτοι μείνωσιν ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ, ὑμεῖς σωθῆναι οὐ δύνασθε. NLT Acts 27:31 But Paul said to the commanding officer and the soldiers, "You will all die unless the sailors stay aboard." KJV Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers, Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved. ESV Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved." CSB Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved." NIV Acts 27:31 Then Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay with the ship, you cannot be saved." NKJ Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved." NRS Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved." YLT Acts 27:31 Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers, 'If these do not remain in the ship -- ye are not able to be saved;' NAB Acts 27:31 But Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay with the ship, you cannot be saved." NJB Acts 27:31 'Unless those men stay on board you cannot hope to be saved.' GWN Acts 27:31 Paul told the officer and the soldiers, "If these sailors don't stay on the ship, you have no hope of staying alive." BBE Acts 27:31 But Paul said to the captain and his men, If you do not keep these men in the ship, you will not be safe. Paul said to the centurion: Ac 27:11,21,42,43 Unless these men remain in the ship: Ac 27:22-24 Ps 91:11,12 Jer 29:11-13 Ezek 36:36,37 Lu 1:34,35 4:9-12 John 6:37 2Th 2:13,14 Video - Shipwreck Acts 27 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries PAUL AGAIN TAKES COMMAND With a sense of authority and boldness undoubtedly given to him by the Holy Spirit, he warned the centurion that unless these sailors stayed aboard none of the crew or passengers could be saved. Paul said to the centurion and to the soldier "Unless these men remain in the ship" - This is a "Condition of the third class (undetermined, but with hope, etc.)." (Robertson)