Levítico 1
Leon Morris · Citado em PreceptAustin
Levítico 1
Morris - Leviticus is the central book of the Pentateuch and like the others was written by Moses. It continues the narrative of the book of Exodus, where the glory of God is upon the tabernacle at the end of Exodus. Leviticus begins as God is speaking to Moses out of the tabernacle (Exodus 40:38; Leviticus 1:1).... A remarkable phenomenon in Leviticus is the large percentage of the book that consists of verbatim quotations from God Himself. All the Bible is divinely inspired, but the particular method of inspiration varied widely from book to book. In this particular case, these portions of the book have actually been divinely dictated. Major emphases in Leviticus include the various types of offerings ordained by God along with repeated affirmations of the holiness of God. The consecration and duties of the priests are described, as well as various ritual laws. The dietary laws for God's covenant people are found in the eleventh chapter, the provision for the great day of atonement in the sixteenth. The feasts of the LORD are described in chapter 23. There is a remarkable prophetic sequence in the 26th chapter. The book closes with the following summary: "These are the commandments, which the LORD commanded Moses for the children of Israel in Mount Sinai" (Leviticus 27:34).
Levítico 1
Morris - All Scripture is verbally inspired, but there were various methods by which this was accomplished. The result, rather than the method, is the key issue. God "in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets" (Hebrews 1:1). The idea of direct divine dictation is often ridiculed or denied with embarrassment, but the fact is that this method was actually claimed by the human writers in many cases. The book of Leviticus is a prime example, with Moses asserting that over 90% of its verses were dictated by God. Similar claims were made by many of the prophets. "Is anything too hard for the LORD?" (Genesis 18:14). (Defender's Study Bible) A C Gaebelein observes that... The opening verses of Leviticus solemnly declare that the words contained in this book are the very words of Jehovah. “And the Lord called unto Moses and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel,” etc. In no other book of the Bible is such stress laid upon the fact that Jehovah speaks, and nowhere do we find so many repetitions of this fact. Twenty-four times we find the divine command, “speak unto the children of Israel”--”speak unto Aaron.” Thirty-six times occurs the phrase “the Lord spake.” Twenty-one times the speaking One says, “I am the LORD (Jehovah),” and as often, “I am the Lord your God.” No other proof is needed that the Lord is speaking on every page of this book. Moses received the very Word of God. He wrote the words as he had received them from the Lord. Any other belief is untenable. Ex 4:14-16 teaches that Aaron was actually the spokesman for Moses (cp Ex 4:27-31; 7:1-2). And so Moses transmitted God's Word through Aaron to the people. Moses however is considered the mediator between God and the people. John MacArthur gives us the background to help set the context for this too often neglected book... Before the year that Israel camped at Mt. Sinai: 1) the presence of God’s glory had never formally resided among the Israelites; 2) a central place of worship, like the tabernacle, had never existed; 3) a structured and regulated set of sacrifices and feasts had not been given; and 4) a High-Priest, a formal priesthood, and a cadre of tabernacle workers had not been appointed. As Exodus concluded, features one and two had been accomplished, thereby requiring that elements three and four be inaugurated, which is where Leviticus fits in. Exodus 19:6 called Israel to be “a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.” Leviticus in turn is God’s instruction for His newly redeemed people, teaching them how to worship and obey Him. Israel had, up to that point, only the historical records of the patriarchs from which to gain their knowledge of how to worship and live before their God. Having been slaves for centuries in Egypt, the land of a seemingly infinite number of gods, their concept of worship and the godly life was severely distorted. Their tendency to hold on to polytheism and pagan ritual is witnessed in the wilderness wanderings, e.g., when they worshiped the golden calf (cf. Ex. 32). God would not permit them to worship in the ways of their Egyptian neighbors, nor would He tolerate Egyptian ideas about morality and sin. With the instructions in Leviticus, the priests could lead Israel in worship appropriate to the Lord. Even though the book contains a great deal of law, it is presented in a historical format. Immediately after Moses supervised the construction of the tabernacle, God came in glory to dwell there; this marked the close of the book of Exodus (Ex 40:34–38). Leviticus begins with God calling Moses from the tabernacle and ends with God’s commands to Moses in the form of binding legislation. Israel’s King had occupied His palace (the tabernacle), instituted His law, and declared Himself a covenant partner with His subjects. No geographical movement occurs in this book. The people of Israel stay at the foot of Sinai, the mountain where God came down to give His law (Lev 25:1; 26:46; 27:34). They were still there one month later when the record of Numbers began (cf. Num. 1:1). (An Introduction to Leviticus - recommended read) James Van Dine writes that... It is one thing to take a homeless waif off of the streets, put a roof over his head, set him at a table from which to eat, and give him a bed to sleep in, and quite another thing to see that he behaves in respect to his benefactor as a son who is like his father in character, word, and deed. Israel had been rescued in the Exodus and constituted as God’s special son-nation at Sinai. Yet for such a magnificent display of grace they were prone to act as though they still lived in Egypt. Leviticus fills in the broad outline of covenant nationhood laid down in the Book of Exodus with the details of how a sinful people could live in fellowship with a Holy God and thereby give evidence of His person and purposes to the rest of the world. Though enigmatic to modern man, when Israel’s rules, regulations, and procedures of holiness are set against the background of ancient Near Eastern vassal treaties the interpreter is better able to appreciate their contribution to the two main thrusts of the book, fellowship and testimony. Click to View (Chart by R K Campbell) THE LEVITICAL OFFERINGS SUMMARIZED BURNT OFFERING GRAIN OFFERING PEACE OFFERING SIN OFFERING TRESPASS OFFERING Description 1) Sweet aroma 2) Voluntary Heb = 'olah 1) Sweet aroma 2) Voluntary Heb = minchah 1) Sweet aroma 2) Voluntary Heb = selemim 1) Non-sweet aroma 2) Compulsory Heb = chattath Aka-Purification Offering Atoning sacrifice of animals with no physical defects. The required offering varied with the situation and station of the person receiving its benefits 1) Non-sweet aroma 2) Compulsory Heb = asam Aka - Reparation or Guilt Offering Atoning sacrifice of a ram or lamb with no physical defects Scripture Lv 1:3-17+ Lv 6:8-13+ Cp Nu 15:1-16 Lv 2:1-16+ Lv 6:14-18+ Lv 7:12-13+ Cp Nu 15:17-21 Lv 3:1-17+ Lv 7:11-21+, Lv 7:28-34+ Cp Deut 12:20-28 Lv 4:1-5:13+ Lv 6:24-30+ Cp Nu 15:22-31 Lv 5:14-6:7+ Lv 7:1-7+ Purpose Summarized IN COMMUNION WITH GOD FOR COMMUNION WITH GOD Purpose Detailed 1) To propitiate for sin in general -Lv 1:4+ 2) To signify complete dedication & consecration to God hence called the whole burnt offering. Acceptance before God for worship & service Maintenance of fellowship with God Recognition of the sovereignty of God This offering accompanied all burnt offerings. Signified homage & thanksgiving to God. Recognition of God's bountiful provision Expression of dedication, praise & thanksgiving to God Acknowledging God as the source of provision and prosperity. Celebration of peace & of God's covenant faithfulness... Generally expressed peace & fellowship between the offerer & God & thus culminated in a community meal. 1) Thank offering: express thanks for unexpected blessing or deliverance 2) Votive Offering: to express gratitude for a blessing or deliverance granted when a vow had accompanied the petition. 3) Freewill Offering: to express gratitude to God without regard to any specific blessing or deliverance. To atone for sins committed unknowingly, especially where no restitution was possible. Note Nu 15:30, 31: The sin offering was of no avail in cases of defiant rebellion against God. Confession to God for impurities and offenses Recognition of the effects of one's sins on others in the covenant community Restoration of fellowship with God To atone for sins committed in ignorance, esp where restitution was possible Confession to men for impurities and deceptions Willingness of the repentant believer to make proper restitution Consists of According to wealth: 1) Bull without blemish-Lv 1:3–9+ 2) Male sheep or goat without blemish-Lv 1:10–13+); 3 Turtledoves or young pigeons-Lv 1:14–17+ 3) Turtledoves or young pigeons-Lv 1:14–17+ Three Types: 1) Fine flour mixed with oil and frankincense-Lv 2:1–3+ 2) Cakes made of fine flour mixed with oil and and baked an oven Lv 2:4+, in a pan Lv 2:5+ or in a covered pan Lv 2:7+ 3) Green heads of roasted grain mixed with oil and frankincense-Lv 2:14, 15+ According to wealth: 1) From the herd, a male or female without blemish-Lv 3:1–5+ 2) From the flock, a male or female without blemish-Lv 3:6–11+ 3) From the goats-Lv 3:12–17+ Note: Minor imperfections were permitted when the peace offering was a freewill offering of a bull or a lamb-Lv 22:23 1) For the high priest, a bull without blemish-Lv 4:3–12+ 2) For the congregation, a bull without blemish-Lv 4:13–21+ 3) For a ruler, a male goat without blemish-Lv 4:22–26+ 4) For a commoner, a female goat or lamb without blemish-Lv 4:27–35+ 5) In cases of poverty, two turtledoves or two young pigeons (one for a sin offering, the other for a burnt offering) could be substituted-Lv 5:7–10+ 6) In cases of extreme poverty, fine flour could be substituted-Lv 5:11–13+; cp Heb. 9:22+ 1) If the offense was against the Lord (tithes, offerings, etc), a ram w/o blemish was offered; restitution was reckoned according to the priest's estimate of the value of the trespass + 20% (Lv 5:15-16+) 2) If the offense were against man, a ram w/o blemish was offered, restitution reckoned according to the priest's estimate + 20% (Lv 6:4-6+) God's Portion Entirety burned on the altar of burnt offering-Lv 1:9+ except the skin-Lv 7:8+ Memorial portion burned on the altar of burnt offering-Lv 2:2, 9, 16+ Fatty portions burned on the altar of burnt offering-Lv 3:3–5+ 1) Fatty portions to be burned on the altar of burnt offering Lv 4:8–10+, Lv 4:19. 26+, Lev 4:31, 35+ 2) When the sin offering was for the high priest or congregation, the remainder of the bull was to be burned outside the camp-Lv 4:11, 12+, Lev 4:20, 21+ Fat burned on altar of burnt offering-Lev 7:3-5+ Priests Portion Skin only-Lv 7:8+ Remainder eaten in court of tabernacle-Lv 2:3, 10+, Lev 6:16-18+, Lv 7:14-15+ Breast (wave offering) & right thigh (heave offering)-Lv 7:30-34+ Remainder eaten in holy place-Lv 7:6-7+ Offerer's Portion None None Remainder to be eaten in the court by the offerer & family 1) Thank offering = eaten same day-Lv 7:15+ None None The Christian Consecration Service Fellowship Redemption for the sinner that he is Redemption for the sinner he commits Christ He presented Himself to the Father to do His will He served His Father and men as Son of Man He is the common bond of fellowship between God & man He atoned for the guilt of sin He atoned for the damage of sin. Prophetic Significance Signifies complete dedication of life to God 1) On part of Christ-Mt 26:39-44, Mk 14:36, Lk 22:42, Php 2:5-11+ 2) On part of believer-Ro 12:1-2+, Heb 13:15+ Signifies perfect humanity of Christ: 1) Absence of leaven ~ sinlessness of Christ-He 4:15+, 1Jn 3:5 2) The presence of oil is emblematic of the Holy Spirit-Lk 4:18; 1Jn 2:20+, 1Jn 2:27+ Shadow of the peace believer has through Christ-Ro 5:1-2+, 1Cor 10:16-18, 11:17-34, Col 1:20+ NB: Only offering in which offerer shared Thank Offering: 1Th 5:18+ Heb 13:15+ Prefigures fact that Christ's death... 1) Was made sin for us - 2Cor 5:20-21+ 2) He suffered outside the gate - Heb 13:11-13+ Cp Lv 4:3+, 1Ti 5:20 Cp Lv 4:27+, 1Cor 8:9-13 Cp Lv 5:5+, 1Jn 1:9+ See Heb 9:22+ Shadow of Christ as our Trespass offering - Col 2:13+ Cp Lv 5:15+, Lv 22:14-16 Cp Lv 6:2-5+, Eph 4:25-32, Jas 5:16 Adapted from Believer's Bible Commentary & Irving Jensen Lev 1:2 "Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, 'When any man of you brings an offering to the LORD, you shall bring your offering of animals from the herd or the flock. Lev 22:18,19 Ge 4:3-5 1Ch 16:29 Ro 12:1,6 Eph 5:2) Moses describes the first offering - "So it came about in the course of time that Cain brought an offering (minchah) to the LORD of the fruit of the ground. And Abel, on his part also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of their fat portions. And the LORD had regard for Abel and for his offering (minchah); but for Cain and for his offering (minchah) He had no regard. So Cain became very angry and his countenance fell." (Ge 4:3-5) Comment: Hebrews 11:4+ helps us understand clearly why the Abel's offering was accepted by God and Cain's was rejected. It was not so much "what" they brought, but "how" they brought it, for Abel brought it in faith, whereas Cain did not bring it in faith and his subsequent reaction (anger) was consistent with his lack of faith. NET Note on his countenance fell says that the literal Hebrew "is And his face fell. The idiom means that the inner anger is reflected in Cain's facial expression. The fallen or downcast face expresses anger, dejection, or depression." KJV adds "he shall offer it of his own voluntary will." (his own: Lev 7:16 22:19,21 Ex 35:5,21,29 36:3 Ps 40:8 110:3 2Co 8:12 9:7) This phrase is not in the NAS or ESV nor in the Septuagint. However in Lev 22:18-20 the burnt offering is described as a votive or freewill offering. 1Chr 16:29 Ascribe to the LORD the glory due His name; Bring an offering, and come before Him; Worship the LORD in holy array (In all His Holy Splendor). Andrew Bonar - “When the Lord said, “Speak to the children of Israel,” instead of himself addressing them, it taught the people their need of a Mediator. It was as if he had said, These things are addressed to sinners who cannot see my face or hear my voice, except through a daysman (An umpire or arbiter; a mediator). The offerings first spoken of are those that are to be wholly consumed,—types of complete exhaustion of wrath. In these cases, everything about the animal was consumed, sinews, horns, bones, hoof, the wool on the sheep’s head, and the hair on the goat’s board. (Willet.) Hence they were called Whole burnt-offerings, “holokautomata” God prescribes the symbols of atonement, even as he fixes on the ransom itself. It is a sovereign God that sinners are dealing with; and in so doing, he fixed on the herd and the flock, as the only class of cattle (בְּהַמָה), or four-footed beasts, that he would accept. If we are to inquire into a reason for this beyond his mere sovereignty, there are two that readily present themselves as every way probable. First, oxen, sheep, and goats (the herd and flock), are easily got by men, being at their hand. He did not wish to make them go in pursuit of beasts for offering, for salvation is brought to our hand by our God. Second, the characteristics of these animals fit them to be convenient types of various truths relating to sacrifice. The ox taken from feeding by the river-side, or the sheep from its quiet pastures,—perhaps from among the lilies of Sharon,—was an emblem of the Redeemer leaving the joy and blessedness of his Father’s presence, where he had been ever “by the streams that make glad the city of God.” Another reason has been assigned,* viz., all these were horned animals. Whether in the East such were reckoned more valuable than other animals we cannot say. It is, at least, worthy of notice, that the horn, which is the symbol of power and honor, is found in them all. (Leviticus 1 The Burnt Offering ) Offering (used twice - "offering to the LORD" "offering of animals") (07133)(qorban/korban from qarab signifies coming into near, intimate proximity of another [in Leviticus into intimate proximity with Jehovah!] - Does this root verb not help us discern the picture of "offering?") is a masculine noun which means that which is brought near (the altar), thus referring to an offering. Thus qorban/korban was a general term used for all Israelite sacrifices, offerings, or oblations. It is used in a variety of offerings in Leviticus. The Septuagint (Lxx) translates qorban twice in this passage with the noun doron which means a gift or present to show honor and respect (Mt 2:11 of gifts of Magi [Mt 2:7-10] at His birth). Doron also described sacrifices and other gifts offered to God (Mt. 5:23-24+; Mt 8:4; 15:5; 23:18-19; Mk 7:11; Heb 5:1+; Heb 8:3-4+; Heb 9:9+) Rooker - qorbān, from the root קָרֵב, qārēb, “to bring near,” indicated either the offering brought near or the means whereby one may live in nearness to God. The noun that is a general term for offerings is used to refer to offering of objects such as silver (Nu 7:13) and gold (Nu 31:50), but the term is most frequently used to refer to sacrificial offerings as here (Lev 1:2) and often in Leviticus. Indeed, all but two of the seventy-nine occurrences of the word are in Leviticus and Numbers. The word has been discovered inscribed on sacred objects around Jerusalem and is transliterated (Korban, Corban in NIV) in Mark 7:11.(New American Commentary) Leonard Coppes has an excellent discussion of the major elements of qorban - (1) What is done by the offerer. His choice must reflect his self-sacrifice and consist of that which comes from his life’s sustenance and products (Vos BT, p. 175). (2) It must be without blemish because the best belongs to God. The offerer’s love and consecration should naturally lead him to present the best (Ge 4:4), and only this could reflect the moral purity of the necessary and perfect sacrifice (1Pet 1:19). (3) The gift being divinely specified (Lev 1–7) was brought to a divinely appointed place. (4) Acceptable worship depends on meeting God’s standards. Hands were laid on the living sacrifice setting it apart for the task, transferring to it not only the intentions but the guilt of the offerer. The self-confessed penalty of death was then vicariously inflicted upon the beast. Thus, the blood was procured as a covering (Heb 13:15), the flesh as fire food and a human life was symbolically devoted to God. The priest received the blood and flesh (or “meal”) presenting it according to the specifications of the intended rite. The whole was consummated by a divine indication of acceptance. One should be careful to note that unlike pagan concepts of sacrifice, the biblical teaching indicates that there was no transference of value to God. The central significance of Israel’s cult was spiritual (Ex 19:4–8; Jer 7:21ff.; Hos 14:3). (TWOT) Click korban (2878) for study of Corban in the NT. NT Use of Korban - This Hebrew word qorban/korban is transliterated into the Greek korban (Mk 7:11, Mt 27:6) meaning gift, "something dedicated or devoted to God" by an inviolable vow. Ryrie explains that "If a son declared that the amount needed to support his parents was Corban, the scribes said that he was exempt from his duty to care for his parents as prescribed in the law. Evidently, too, he was not really obliged to devote that sum to the Temple." In Mark 7:11 (Context - Mk 7:9-13), korban is used to excuse a person from doing his filial duty toward his parents. The rabbis actually allowed the mere saying of this word by an unfaithful son to prevent the use of needed money for the support of father or mother! Amazing! They must not have read nor understood the many uses of korban in Leviticus! The Rabbis not only justified such a son's trickery in Mk 7:11, but held that he was prohibited from using it (the gift) for father or mother, but he might use it for himself! Talk about conniving! This evil practice permitted a son to be released from any obligation to care for his parents, thus breaking the fifth commandment. He would claim his possessions belonged to God and were therefore unavailable for other purposes. We don't do anything like that do we beloved? Just asking! Oblation is used some 40x in the KJV (English - from "ob" = toward, in front of + latus = carried, borne) - Any thing offered or presented in worship or sacred service; an offering; a sacrifice. Qorban in the NAS - offering(76), offering*(1), offerings(2), sacrifice(1). Qorban - 78x in OT - Note that this is clearly a key word in Leviticus. -Lev 1:2-3, Lev 1:10, 14; Lev 2:1+, Lev 2:4-5, 7, 12-13; Lev 3:1-2+, Lev 3:6, 7, 8, 12, 14; Lev 4:23, 28, 32+; Lev 5:11+; Lev 6:20+; Lev 7:13-15+, Lev 7:29, 38; Lev 9:7, 15; 17:4; 22:18, 27; 23:14; 27:9, 11; Nu 5:15; 6:14, 21; 7:3, 10, 11, 12, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 53, 55, 59, 61, 65, 67, 71, 73, 77, 79, 83; 9:7, 13; 15:4, 25; 18:9; 28:2; 31:50; Neh 10:34; 13:31; Ezek 20:28; 40:43 Life Application Note - Was there any difference between a sacrifice and an offering? In Leviticus the words are interchanged. Usually a specific sacrifice is called an offering (burnt offering, grain offering, peace offering). Offerings in general are called sacrifices. The point is that each person offered a gift to God by sacrificing it on the altar. In the Old Testament, the sacrifice was the only way to approach God and restore a relationship with Him. There was more than one kind of offering or sacrifice. The variety of sacrifices made them more meaningful because each one related to a specific life situation. Sacrifices were given in praise, worship, and thanksgiving, as well as for forgiveness and fellowship. The first seven chapters of Leviticus describe the variety of offerings and how they were to be used. Treasury of Scriptural Knowledge - {Korban,} from {karav} to approach, an introductory offering, or offering of access, in allusion to the present which is always required in the East, on being introduced to a superior. Ryrie: An offering is that by which a man draws near to God (the root means "draw near"). Five offerings are mentioned in Leviticus 1-7 (not counting the contribution offering in Lev 7:32 and the drink offering, "libation," in Lev 23:13). As you read the details of the offering you might consider making a list of the details of the various parts - "The Offering," "The Offerer's Role," "The Priest's Role," and "The Purpose of the Offering." It will also be helpful to use the schematic of the Tabernacle (see below) to trace the participants steps. As you prayerfully perform this exercise, it will allow the Spirit to "cement" these truths into you mind and heart. Remember that details are there for a reason (even if we do not fully grasp their significance now), for Paul (speaking primarily of the OT, including Leviticus) reminded Timothy that All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work." (2Ti 3:16, 17) Comment: From Paul's teaching, it is clear that if we avoid reading and meditating on Leviticus, we will miss some aspect of truth which God the Spirit desires to use to make us "adequate, equipped for every good work!" Note that the Tabernacle doorway (and later the Temple in Jerusalem - 2Chr 5:11-12 - compare the prophesies of Messiah's Second Coming from the East - Ezek 47:1-7) actually faced East (not west as suggested below) toward the rising of the sun (Nu 3:38) (makes me think of the "Son's rising.") Rob
Levítico 1
Morris - Burnt offerings were offered first of all by Abel (Genesis 4:4), as well as by the later patriarchs. It is the first of the five types of offerings mentioned in Leviticus as incorporated into the ceremonial law of Israel. In order to make a true atonement (or “covering”) for sins, the blood of a spotless animal must be shed, thereby anticipating the eventual offering of the sinless blood of the Lamb of God as a once-for-all offering for the sin of the world (John 1:29; 1Peter 1:18-20-+; Hebrews 10:10-+). (Defender's Study Bible) Zodhiates - The daily services of the temple consisted of burnt offerings wherein male lambs were offered every morning and evening, accompanied by cereal oblations and libations (Ex 29:38ff.; Nu 28:1-8). On holy days it was celebrated on a magnified scale. On the Sabbath two pairs of lambs were offered (Nu 28:9, 10). At the new moon, the Passover, and the Feast of Weeks, it consisted of two bullocks, a ram, and seven male lambs, w a corresponding increase of the concomitant offerings (Nu 1:11ff.). The purpose of the burnt offering may be understood from its use as the constant element in the organized worship of the community. It was not connected with any particular form of transgression but was appropriate as the means of approach to God by the people, collectively or individually, who were sensitive to God’s majesty and holiness and their standing in His sight. The effects are described from three points of view–that it is a “savor” or acceptable to God (Lev 1:9, cp Eph 5:2), that it surrounds the worshiper with a “covering” (Lev 1:4), and that it cleanses from ceremonial impurity (Lev 14:20). Male without defect - This certainly foreshadows Jesus Christ, the sinless Lamb of God Who takes away the sin of the world (Heb 4:15+, Jn 1:29). Wenham - For some kinds of peace offerings slightly blemished animals could be offered, but this was never allowed in the case of a burnt offering (Lev 22:23)....Except for the burnt offering and reparation offerings, animals of either sex could be offered: the limitation to male animals shows the high status of these two sacrifices. (NICOT) Without defect (08549)(tamim from the verb tamam = to be complete, entire or whole (literal sense in Lev 3:9, Ezek 15:5), refers to a action which is completed) has both physical (without defect) and spiritual (blameless, devout, upright) significance. Tamim has the fundamental idea of completeness or wholeness. Tamim deals primarily with a state of moral or ceremonial purity (e.g., animal sacrifices - 51x tamim refers to unblemished animals - Passover lamb in Ex 12:5 picturing of course Christ sinless perfection - 1Cor 5:7, "knew no sin" = 2Cor 5:21- +). Tamim can mean blameless, complete, whole, full, perfect. Tamim can refer to the "entirety" of a period of time (7 complete Sabbaths = Lev 23:15; full year = Lev 25:30). Joshua 10:13 records the miracle of the sun standing still for a "whole (tamim) day," allowing Joshua to extract vengeance on the Amorite coalition that had attacked him. Pr 1:12 refers metaphorically to the fate of the innocent being swallowed "whole" by the wicked, even as happens to those who go to the grave. Stephen Renn - The adjective tamim means either “without blemish” or “blameless,” depending on the context in which it is found. It occurs about ninety times in the Old Testament with an approximately equal emphasis on the ritual and moral spheres. Tamim is used to mean “without blemish” in the pentateuchal legislative sections, and in Ezekiel it refers to animal sacrifices that are flawless. The term is applied to lambs (e.g., Ex 12: 5; Lev 14:10; 23:12; Nu 6:14; 28:9; 29:17-36; Ezek 46: 4); rams (e.g., Ex 29:1; Lev. 5:15; Nu 6:14; Ezek 45:23); bullocks (e.g., Lev. 4:3; Ezek 45:18); goats (e.g., Ezek 45:22; Lev. 4:23, 28); and heifers (e.g., Nu 19:2). Such an emphasis in the legislation of the covenant reinforces the absolute prerequisite of flawless animal specimens for sacrifices. In the realm of moral attributes, tamim frequently refers to people as “blameless.” Alternative, additional translations are “perfect,” “upright.” When tamim is applied to people in this sense, it does not refer to sinless perfection — rather, it signifies that those who are “blameless” are wholeheartedly devoted to God and desire to live in obedient submission to Him. Such an attitude is predicated of Noah (cf. Ge 6: 9) and David (cf. 2Sa 22:24). Abraham is commanded to walk blamelessly before God in Ge 17: 1. Joshua exhorts the Israelite tribes to serve God blamelessly — that is, with a genuine heartfelt sincerity (cf. Jos. 24:14). The psalmist writes that those who live blamelessly before God are favored by Him (Ps 15: 2; 18:32; 37:18; 84:11; 119:1). The writer of Proverbs makes a similar claim (cf. Pr 2:21; 11:5; 28:10, 18). Tamim is also applied to God, and in these contexts it is clear that this description refers to a literal and absolute perfection. The work and actions of God are described in this way (cf. Dt 32: 4; 2Sa 22:31; Ps 18:30), as is His law (cf. Ps 19: 7) and His knowledge (cf. Job 36: 4; 37:16)....Tamim is bound up primarily with the state of moral and ceremonial purity. Hence they may be translated “spotless,” “pure,” “without blemish,” “blameless,” or “undefiled.” (Expository Dictionary of Bible Words- Word Studies for Key English Bible Words Based on the Hebrew and Greek Texts; Coded to the Revised Strong's) The first OT use of tamim describes Noah "These are the records of the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless (Lxx = teleios = "meeting the highest standard" [BDAG]) in his time; Noah walked with God." (Ge 6:9) In the second use God tells Abraham " “I am God Almighty; Walk before Me, and be blameless." And remember God's commandments always include His enablements! It is thus fitting that David describes the Law of the LORD" as "perfect" (Lxx = amomos = without defects) (Ps 19:7). In fact, not only is His Word perfect, but His work is perfect (Dt 32:4) and His way is blameless (Ps 18:30) David says that the man who "may abide in" God's tent and "dwell on" His "holy hill" is the man "who walks with integrity (Lxx = amomos = without fault, morally blameless)." (Ps 15:2) Joshua in some of his parting words of wisdom to Israel declared "Now, therefore, fear the LORD and serve Him in sincerity (Lxx = euthutes = rectitude, honesty, integrity, uprightness) and truth; and put away the gods which your fathers served beyond the River and in Egypt, and serve the LORD." (Josh 24:14) The psalmist offers a great prayer we would all be wise to echo "May my heart be blameless (Lxx = amomos) in Thy statutes, that (expresses purpose or result of a blameless heart) I may not be ashamed." (Ps 119:80) One of my favorite verses in Psalms uses tamim - "For the LORD God is a sun and shield; The LORD gives grace and glory; No good thing does He withhold from those who walk uprightly (Lxx = akakia = guilelessness, innocence, integrity; "state of not being inclined to that which is base" [BDAG])." (Ps 84:11) The psalmist links tamim with a state of blessedness writing " How blessed are those whose way is blameless (Lxx = amomos), Who walk in the law of the LORD. (Ps 119:1) Tamim can refer to a "full" year (Lev. 25:30) and a branch when it is "intact" (Ezek 15:5). Elihu was claims to be "perfect in knowledge" (Job 36:4). In Leviticus tamim speaks of animals that are "without defect" (Lev 1:3, 1:10, 3:1, 6, 4:3, 23, 28, 32, 5:15, 18, etc) and in all of these the Lxx translates tamim with amomos which is fascinating for it is the same adjective used to describe the Lamb of God, Peter writing that we were redeemed "but with precious blood, as of a lamb unblemished (amomos) and spotless (aspilos), the blood of Christ." (1Pe1:19+) The writer of Hebrews describes Jesus the same way asking "how much more will the blood of Christ, Who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself without blemish (amomos) to God, cleanse your conscience from dead works to serve the living God?" (Heb 9:14+) Paul and Jude apply this truth to believers, those who have been covered by the blood of the Lamb... Ephesians 1:4+ just as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we would be holy and blameless (amomos) before Him. In love Colossians 1:22+ yet He has now reconciled you in His fleshly body through death (Jesus' offering was the culmination of all the OT offerings), in order to (Here is the purpose of Jesus' offering) present (Paristemi means to stand by or near or beside God in this case!) you before Him holy and blameless (amomos) and beyond reproach (anegkletos - not having been called up or arraigned before a judge and thus free of reproach, not accused of having done anything wrong! Wow, talk about the infinite mercy, grace and forgiveness of our loving holy God!) (See similar use of amomos in Eph 5:27 referring to Jesus presenting His Bride "holy and blameless"!) Jude 1:24 Now to Him who is able to keep you from stumbling, and to make you stand in the presence of His glory blameless (amomos) with great joy Paul exhorts us to life amomos lives Php 2:14-15+ Do (present imperative - we need supernatural power to accomplish this = daily filled with the Spirit - Eph 5:18-+, walking by the Spirit - Gal 5:16+) all things (no exceptions - the only way we can do this is by jettisoning self reliance and casting ourselves upon the Spirit in total dependence and submission to Him, Who alone can give us the desire and the power - see immediate context - Php 2:12+, Php 2:13+) without grumbling or disputing; 15 so that (Here is the holy purpose) you will prove yourselves to be blameless (amemptos = faultless) and innocent (akeraios = without admixture of evil), children of God above reproach (amomos) in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation, among whom you appear as lights in the world Vine - Tamim means “complete,” in the sense of the entire or whole thing: “And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by fire unto the Lord; the fat thereof, and the whole rump, it shall he take off hard by the backbone …” (Lev. 3:9). The sun stood still for the “whole” day while Joshua fought the Gibeonites (Josh. 10:13). In Lev. 23:15 God commands that there be seven “complete” sabbaths after the first fruit feast plus fifty days and then that the new grain offering be presented. A house within a walled city must be purchased back within a “full” year if it is to remain the permanent property of the seller (Lev. 25:30). This word may mean “intact,” or not cut up into pieces (Ezek. 15:5). Tamim may mean incontestable or free from objection. In Dt. 32:4 the word modifies God’s work: “His work is perfect.” The people of God are to avoid the idolatrous practices of the Canaanites. They are to “be perfect with the Lord thy God” (Dt. 18:13). Used in such contexts the word means the one so described externally meets all the requirements of God’s law (cf. Ps. 18:23). This word modifies the victim to be offered to God. It means that the victim has no blemish (Lev. 22:18-21) as “blemish” is defined by God (Lev. 22:19). In several contexts the word has a wider background. When one is described by it, there is nothing in his outward activities or internal disposition that is odious to God (Noah in Ge 6:9). This word describes Noah's entire relationship to God. In Jdg. 9:16, where tamim describes a relationship between men it is clear that more than mere external activity is meant: “Now therefore, if ye have done truly and sincerely [literally, “in a sincere manner”], in that ye have made Abimelech king” This extended connotation of this nuance is also evidenced when one compares Ge. 17:1 with Ro 4 where Paul argues that Abraham fulfilled God’s condition but that he did so only through faith." Tamim - translated in NAS - blameless(22), blamelessly(1), complete(1), entire(1), full(1), intact(1), integrity(4), perfect(5), sincerity(1), unblemished(2), uprightly(1), who is perfect(1), whole(2), without blemish(12), without defect(36). Integrity (English word) (from Latin - integritas - from integer = a whole number as opposed to a fraction . Ponder that thought when it comes to our spiritual heart! Think "singleness of purpose", cp "this one thing" - Php 3:13+, undivided heart - see great prayer - Ps 86:11+) - 1. Wholeness; entireness; unbroken state. The constitution of the U. States guaranties to each state the integrity of its territories. The contracting parties guarantied the integrity of the empire. 2. The entire, unimpaired state of any thing, particularly of the mind; moral soundness or purity; incorruptness; uprightness; honesty. Integrity comprehends the whole moral character, but has a special reference to uprightness in mutual dealings, transfers of property, and agencies for others. (Webster - 1828) Integrity - A Few Thoughts Integrity - Holman Bible Dictionary Integrity - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Blameless (English) - Without fault; innocent; guiltless; not meriting censure. Blameless - Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology Tamim - 85x in the OT - Ge 6:9; 17:1; Ex 12:5; 29:1; Lev 1:3, 10; 3:1, 6, 9; 4:3, 23, 28, 32; 5:15, 18; 6:6; 9:2f; 14:10; 22:19, 21; 23:12, 15, 18; 25:30; Num 6:14; 19:2; 28:3, 9, 11, 19, 31; 29:2, 8, 13, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 36; Deut 18:13; 32:4; Josh 10:13; 24:14; Jdg 9:16, 19; 1Sam 14:41; 2Sam 22:24, 26, 31, 33; Job 12:4; 36:4; 37:16; Ps 15:2; 18:23, 25, 30, 32; 19:7; 37:18; 84:11; 101:2, 6; 119:1, 80; Pr 1:12; 2:21; 11:5, 20; 28:10, 18; Ezek 15:5; 28:15; 43:22f, 25; 45:18, 23; 46:4, 6, 13; Amos 5:10 Study the uses of tamim in Psalms and Proverbs to understand how important the truths associated with tamim are to the spiritual life of every believer! Ps 15:2 He who walks with integrity, and works righteousness, And speaks truth in his heart. Ps 18:23 I was also blameless with Him, and I kept myself from my iniquity. Ps 18:25 With the kind Thou dost show Thyself kind; With the blameless Thou dost show Thyself blameless; Ps 18:30 As for God, His way is blameless; The word of the LORD is tried; He is a shield to all who take refuge in Him. Ps 18:32 The God who girds me with strength, And makes my way blameless? Ps 19:7 The law of the LORD is perfect, restoring the soul; The testimony of the LORD is sure, making wise the simple. Ps 37:18 The LORD knows the days of the blameless; And their inheritance will be forever. Ps 84:11 For the LORD God is a sun and shield; The LORD gives grace and glory; No good thing does He withhold from those who walk uprightly. Ps 101:2 I will give heed to the blameless way. When wilt Thou come to me? I will walk within my house in the integrity of my heart. Ps 101:6 My eyes shall be upon the faithful of the land, that they may dwell with me; He who walks in a blameless way is the one who will minister to me. Ps 119:1 Aleph. How blessed are those whose way is blameless, Who walk in the law of the LORD. Ps 119:80 May my heart be blameless in Thy statutes, That I may not be ashamed. Prov 1:12 Let us swallow them alive like Sheol, Even whole, as those who go down to the pit; Prov 2:21 For the upright will live in the land, And the blameless will remain in it; Prov 11:5 The righteousness of the blameless will smooth his way, But the wicked will fall by his own wickedness. Prov 11:20 The perverse in heart are an abomination to the LORD, But the blameless in [their] walk are His delight. Prov 28:10 He who leads the upright astray in an evil way Will himself fall into his own pit, But the blameless will inherit good. Prov 28:18 He who walks blamelessly will be delivered, But he who is crooked will fall all at once. G Campbell
Levítico 1
Morris - This act clearly identified the sacrificial animal with the person offering it. It is described first apparently to stress the dedication of the sinner fully to God in repentance and submission. It was to be completely consumed, none to be eaten by the priest or the sinner, and was to be offered both morning and evening, and to burn continually (Leviticus 6:13) (Defender's Study Bible Notes) That - Always be alert to terms of purpose or result (e.g., so that, in order that, that, as a result). Take a moment, pause and prayerfully ponder that the author is saying interrogating the text with questions like "What's the purpose?", "What's the result?", "What has to occur to fulfill the purpose?", etc. You will be pleasantly surprised at how the Spirit your Teacher will illuminate passages in which you take time to read with this "meditative mindset." (Meditate) Accepted for him - Is this not a clear statement of substitution? "For him" or "in his place" is the idea. In Eph 5:2+ Paul writes that Christ "gave Himself up for (Gk = huper = in behalf of, for the sake of) us, an offering and a sacrifice to God as a fragrant aroma." This passage clearly links the OT shadow with the NT substance of Christ (Col 2:17+). And remember that the only reason the sacrifice was acceptable to Jehovah is because it was offered in faith. It was not because the animal blood per se pleased God. God was interested in the worshiper's faith for the writer of Hebrews says "without faith it is impossible to please [Him], for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and [that] He is a rewarder of those who seek Him." (Heb 11:6+) It was faith that made Abel's sacrifice acceptable for "By faith Abel offered to God a better sacrifice than Cain, through which he obtained the testimony that he was righteous, God testifying about his gifts, and through faith, though he is dead, he still speaks." (Heb 11:4-+) This truth helps us understand passages like Heb 10:4-7-+ which seem to contradict God's OT instructions to offer animal sacrifices. Every OT sacrifice was but a shadow of the substance to come in the God-Man, Christ Jesus (Col 2:17-+). Accepted (07521)(ratsah/rasah) means to be pleased with. To satisfy a debt. To be acceptable. To accept favorably. To be favorable to. Sometimes man is the subject ( Ge 33:10; Dt. 33:24; 1Chr. 29:3; Ps. 50:18; Pr 3:12) and other times the Lord (1Chr. 28:4; Ps. 51:16; 147:10; Mic 6:7; Hag 1:8). Jehovah takes pleasure in, delights in or is pleased with uprightness (1Chr 29:17), reverential fear (Ps 147:11), the Messiah (Isa 42:1) In Leviticus ratsah describes the sacrifices of men as acceptable to God (Lev. 1:4; 7:18; Ps. 119:108; Jer. 14:12; Hos. 8:13; Amos 5:22; Mal. 1:8). Ratsah is used in prayers (Dt 33:11, 24, Ps 40:13, 119:108) and religious greetings (2 Sa 24:23). One other nuance of ratsah is in the satisfaction of a debt, as in the prophecy that " the land will enjoy its Sabbaths all the days of the desolation (speaking of the 70 year exile of Judah in Babylon)." (Lev 25:34) In another passage we read "I (God) also was acting with hostility against them (Judah), to bring them into the land of their enemies (Babylon)–or if their uncircumcised heart becomes humbled so that they then make amends (ratsah) for their iniquity....For the land (of Israel) shall be abandoned by them, and shall make up for (ratsah) its Sabbaths while it is made desolate without them (70 years). They, meanwhile, shall be making amends (ratsah) for their iniquity, (Why?) because they rejected My ordinances and their soul abhorred My statutes." (Lev 26:41, 43) The writer of Chronicles says these punishments in Leviticus happened "to fulfill the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths. All the days of its desolation it kept sabbath until seventy years were complete." (2Chr 36:21) Ratsah "appears thirteen times in Ps and six times in Lev in the Niphal stem (Lev 1:4ff.) in the special sense “to be favorably received” as to the ritual cleanliness of offerings. The more normal Qal construction occurs initially in Ge 33:10 to describe Jacob’s wishes toward Esau. Ratsah is frequently used in prayers (Dt 33:11, 24) and religious greetings (2 Sa 24:23). The root frequently describes God’s pleasure with his servants, particularly referred to the Messiah (Isa 42:1)...Ratsah is also used in passages dealing with the favor of men (Mal 1:8) and a father’s son (Pr 3:12). It is used in contexts requiring the favor of a king (1Sa 29:4) or the favor of a people for their king (2Chr 10:7). It is used of the satisfaction of a debt both in the sense of atonement for sin (Mic 6:7) and fulfillment of ritual requirements (2Chr 36:21).(TWOT) Swanson - 1. (qal) be pleased, delight in, enjoy, favor, i.e., have a feeling or attitude of fondness and finding pleasure in an object, implying it to be delightful and favorable in the opinion of the speaker (1Ch 28:4); (qal pass.) be favored, esteemed (Dt 33:24; Esther 10:3); (piel) (Job 20:10) (hif) enjoy (Lev 26:34b+); (hitp) regain favor (1Sa 29:4); 2. (qal) accept, agree, i.e., receive an object showing compliance to a proposition or agreement, implying relationship between parties (2Sa 24:23); (nif) be accepted (Lev 1:4; 7:18; 19:7; 22:23, 25, 27+), Ratsah is translated in the Septuagint (Lxx) of this verse with the adjective dektos is a verbal adjective (derived from the verb dechomai = accept with deliberate, favorable and ready reception, ~ "put out the welcome mat.") which means is an adjective which refers to be met with approval in another's (in this case God's) company. It means accepted, acceptable, pleasing, favorable (See Acts 10:35, Phil 4:18), welcomed (Lk 4:24). Vine says dektos "denotes a person or thing who has been regarded favorably (Luke 4:19, 24; Acts 10:35; 2Cor. 6:2)." Dechomai is used to translate ratsah in Lev 7:18, 19:7, 22:23, , 25, 27). In the first use Jacob addresses his brother Esau saying "I see your face as one sees the face of God, and you have received me favorably (Lxx = eudokeo = to take pleasure in, to be glad in, to be well pleased)." (Ge 33:10). Eudokeo is used to translate ratsah in Lev 26:34, 41. Ratsah is translated in the NAS as accept(11), accepted(6), approve(1), approved(1), delight(4), delights(2), enjoy(2), enjoyed(1), favor(2), favorable(1), favored(2), favors(1), find pleasure(1), fulfills(1), make(1), make himself acceptable(1), make amends(1), making amends(1), please(1), pleased(6), pleasing(1), receive(1), received me favorably(1), removed(1), restored(1), showed favor(1), take delight(1), take pleasure(1), taken...delight(1), takes pleasure(1), took pleasure(1). Ratsah - 55x in OT - Ge 33:10; Lev 1:4; 7:18; 19:7; 22:23, 25, 27; 26:34, 41, 43; Deut 33:11, 24; 1Sa 29:4; 2Sa 24:23; 1Chr 28:4; 29:3, 17; 2Chr 10:7; 36:21; Esther 10:3; Job 14:6; 20:10; 33:26; 34:9; Ps 40:13; 44:3; 49:13; 50:18; 51:16; 62:4; 77:7; 85:1; 102:14; 119:108; 147:10-11; 149:4; Pr 3:12; 16:7; 23:26; Eccl 9:7; Isa 40:2; 42:1; Jer 14:10, 12; Ezek 20:40-41; 43:27; Hos 8:13; Amos 5:22; Mic 6:7; Hag 1:8; Mal 1:8, 10, 13. Below are some uses of ratsah... Ps 40:13 Be pleased, O LORD, to deliver me; Make haste, O LORD, to help me. Ps 51:16 For Thou dost not delight (chaphets; Lxx = thelo) in sacrifice, otherwise I would give it; Thou art not pleased (ratsah; Lxx = eudokeo) with burnt offering. Comment: David is not saying that Jehovah did not ask for sacrifices to be made in the OT, but that before giving the sacrifices, the giver is to give his heart, and so David follows by explaining "The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit; A broken and a contrite heart, O God, Thou wilt not despise." (Ps 51:17) Ps 119:108 O accept the freewill offerings of my mouth, O LORD, And teach me Thine ordinances. Ps 147:10 He does not delight in the strength of the horse; He does not take pleasure in the legs of a man. Ps 147:11 The LORD favors (Lxx = eudokeo = to take pleasure in) those who fear Him, Those who wait for His lovingkindness. Ps 149:4 For the LORD takes pleasure (Lxx = eudokeo = to take pleasure) in His people; He will beautify the afflicted ones with salvation. Pr 3:12 For whom the LORD loves He reproves, even as a father, the son in whom he delights (Lxx = paradechomai, cp dechomai). Pr 16:7 When a man’s ways are pleasing to the LORD, He makes even his enemies to be at peace with him. Comment: While this is a proverb, which means it is generally true, it cannot necessarily be "claimed" as promise. That said, I have personally experienced this with a man who was "mean" to everyone, but who I began to show kindness (ignoring his cursing and ranting and raving) and he eventually became relatively docile! Ezekiel 20:40-41 “For on My holy mountain, on the high mountain of Israel,” declares the Lord GOD, “there the whole house of Israel, all of them, will serve Me in the land; there I shall accept them, and there I shall seek your contributions and the choicest of your gifts, with all your holy things. “As a soothing aroma I shall accept you, when I bring you out from the peoples and gather you from the lands where you are scattered; and I shall prove Myself holy among you in the sight of the nations. Comment: This is an incredible passage predicting Jehovah's future acceptance of Israel when they repent and receive the atonement provided by the Messiah (Ro 11:26-27). Quite a contrast with the verses below from Jeremiah! Jer 14:10 Thus says the LORD to this people, “Even so they have loved to wander; they have not kept their feet in check. Therefore the LORD does not accept them; now He will remember their iniquity and call their sins to account.” Jer 14:12 “When they fast, I am not going to listen to their cry; and when they offer burnt offering and grain offering, I am not going to accept them. Rather I am going to make an end of them by the sword, famine and pestilence.” Several passages use ratsah in the context of sacrifices that were offered but not with a sincere, repentant heart and thus they were not pleasing to the Lord (Hos 8:13, Mal 1:13, Ps 51:16, Amos 5:22; Mic 6:7). God always inspects the gift before He accepts the gift! Over and over in the OT God expresses His displeasure with ritually performed, external acts offered as a pretense for worship... Isa 1:11 “What are your multiplied sacrifices to Me?” Says the LORD. “I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams (Lev 8:18+), And the fat of fed cattle. And I take no pleasure in the blood of bulls, lambs, or goats. Jeremiah 6:20 - “For what purpose does frankincense (cp Lev 2:1+) come to Me from Sheba, And the sweet cane from a distant land? Your burnt offerings are not acceptable, And your sacrifices are not pleasing to Me.” 1 Samuel 15:22 And Samuel said, “Has the LORD as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices (cp Lev 3:1+) As in obeying the voice of the LORD? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, [And] to heed than the fat of rams. Jeremiah 7:21 Thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, “Add your burnt offerings to your sacrifices and eat flesh. 22“For I did not speak to your fathers, or command them in the day that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt offerings and sacrifices. 23“But this is what I commanded them, saying, ‘Obey My voice, and I will be your God, and you will be My people; and you will walk in all the way which I command you, that it may be well with you.’ Hosea 6:6 For I delight in loyalty rather than sacrifice, And in the knowledge of God rather than burnt offerings. Micah 6:6-8 With what shall I come to the LORD And bow myself before the God on high? Shall I come to Him with burnt offerings, With yearling calves? 7Does the LORD take delight in thousands of rams, In ten thousand rivers of oil? Shall I present my first-born [for] my rebellious acts, The fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? 8He has told you, O man, what is good; And what does the LORD require of you But to do justice, to love kindness, And to walk humbly with your God? Zechariah 7:4-7 Then the word of the LORD of hosts came to me saying, 5“Say to all the people of the land and to the priests, ‘When you fasted and mourned in the fifth and seventh months these seventy years, was it actually for Me that you fasted? 6‘And when you eat and drink, do you not eat for yourselves and do you not drink for yourselves? 7‘Are not [these] the words which the LORD proclaimed by the former prophets, when Jerusalem was inhabited and prosperous with its cities around it, and the Negev and the foothills were inhabited?’” Amos 5:21 “I hate, I reject your festivals, Nor do I delight in your solemn assemblies. 22“Even though you offer up to Me burnt offerings and your grain offerings (cp Lev 2:1+), I will not accept [them;] And I will not [even] look at the peace offerings of your fatlings. 23“Take away from Me the noise of your songs; I will not even listen to the sound of your harps. 24“But let justice roll down like waters And righteousness like an ever-flowing stream. 25“Did you present Me with sacrifices and grain offerings in the wilderness for forty years, O house of Israel? To make atonement (03722)(kapar - word study) means to cover, to purge, to make atonement, to make reconciliation. It is translated "forgive" (or some variation) 10 times in the NASB. The Septuagint (Lxx) translates kapar with the verb exilaskomai which means to propitiate (To conciliate; to appease one offended and render him favorable) When one endeavors to attain the goodwill of another, the word can be rendered appease. Our sin necessitates "appeasement" of God. Webster's 1828 says to appease is derived from the Latin pax = peace and means to make quiet; to calm; to reduce to a state of peace; to still; to pacify; as, to appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the passions. There are two main ideas regarding the meaning of kapar - (1) Kapar means to cover over sin (2) A number of resources however favor the idea that kapar means to wipe away. Richards notes that "It is often said that the idea expressed (in kapar) is one found in a possibly related Arabic root that means “to cover or conceal.” Atonement would then denote a covering that conceals a person’s sin and makes it possible for him to approach God. Although this relationship is possible, the language link is not at all certain. What is certain is the role that atonement played in the religion of Israel—a role given to atonement by God to carry a vital message about our faith." Atonement God required a perfect sacrifice (Exodus 12:5) God required blood for our atonement (Leviticus 17:11) Jesus paid for all of our sins (Isaiah 53:3–12) Atonement is good news (Luke 4:18–19) Jesus willingly died for our sins (John 10:17) Christ secured salvation through his blood (Acts 20:28) Jesus provided the atonement for sins (Romans 3:23–25) Jesus’ death purchased forgiveness (1 Corinthians 7:23) Jesus died for sins (1 Corinthians 15:3) Our atonement allows us to know God (Ephesians 2:13) Jesus’ death rescues us from eternal punishment (Colossians 1:13) Christ’s death purifies God’s people (Titus 2:14) Sin requires that a sacrifice be made (Hebrews 9:22) Jesus’ sacrifice was perfect (1 Peter 1:18–19) Jesus took our punishment (1 Peter 2:21–24) We cannot improve Jesus’ sacrifice (1 Peter 3:18) Andrew Bonar - This action of the offerer gives us a view of faith. The offerer puts his hand on the same head whereon the Lord’s hand was laid, and thereby agrees to all that is implied in his choosing that offering. God and the believing soul meet at the same point, and are satisfied by the same display of the Divine attributes.—“He shall put his hand.”* It is yet more forcible in the Hebrew,—“He shall lean his hand” (וְסָמַּךְ), the very word used in Psalm 88:7, “Thy wrath leaneth hard upon me.” We lean our soul on the same person on whom Jehovah leant his wrath.When the worshipper had thus simply left his sins, conveyed by the laying on of his hand upon the sacrifice, he stands aside. This is all his part. The treatment of the victim is the Lord’s part. The happy Israelite who saw this truth might go home, saying, “I have put my hand on its head; it shall be accepted as an atonement.” Faith in the Lord’s testimony was the ground of an Israelite’s peace of conscience (Ed Note: but see Hebrews 9:8-9, 14, 22) nothing of it rested on his own frame of mind, character, or conduct. Criswell commenting on Lev 9:14 - The blood of Christ is clearly the price involved in the atonement. The atonement of Christ is one of the themes of the Book of Hebrews and the pivotal doctrine of the entire Bible. The sacrifices of the OT were forerunners of this work of Christ. The incarnation of Jesus was for the purpose of His suffering death in behalf of mankind. Atonement is a multifaceted concept which includes reconciliation -- the restoration of man to fellowship with God (Ro 5:10; 2 Cor. 5:19); propitiation -- the satisfying of the just demands of God's holiness for the punishment of sin (Ro 3:25); and redemption -- the purchasing of the enslaved sinner to make him free (Col. 1:13, 14). The atonement of Christ made it possible for God to justify men and to be just in so doing (Ro 3:26). No passage could be any more lucid than Lev. 17:11, which declares that "the life of the flesh is in the blood." This life poured out in substitutionary sacrifice makes atonement for the soul. Nor is there any other possible approach to God. "Without shedding of blood there is no remission" (Heb 9:22). Christ's death on Golgotha was substitutionary (in our place). It is the act of Christ which makes (alone) possible man's forgiveness in that it satisfies the just and holy wrath of God. (Ed: Christ's blood accomplishes throughout eternity, what the Levitical sacrifices could never accomplish in time.) TODAY IN THE WORD - In the fifteenth century, the Aztec people practiced human sacrifice on an unprecedented scale. They believed that human sacrifices were necessary to fuel the sun, and that without such sacrifices the forces of darkness would overpower their sun god, Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs mostly sacrificed prisoners of war, which led to continuous conflicts with neighboring peoples. Thousands of enemy prisoners might be killed in a single day! Outside of God’s truth, the idea of sacrifice inevitably goes terribly wrong. But inside the Mosaic Law, animal sacrifices showed an awareness of sin and a truly repentant heart before the one true God. Leviticus 1:5 'He shall slay the young bull before the LORD; and Aaron's sons the priests shall offer up the blood and sprinkle the blood around on the altar that is at the doorway of the tent of meeting. Slay: Lev 1:11 3:2,8,13 16:15 2Ch 29:22-24 Mic 6:6 Priests: Lev 1:11,15 2Ch 35:11 Heb 10:11 Sprinkle: Lev 1:11 3:2,8,13 Ex 24:6-8 29:16 Nu 18:17 2Ch 35:11 Isa 52:15 Eze 36:25 Heb 12:24 1Pe 1:2) He - The offerer will slay the animal. In so doing he will (or at least should) be personally and powerfully confronted with the gravity of his sin (Remember the Holy Spirit was active in the OT in His ministry of convicting men of sin even as He is in the NT - Jn 16:7-11) and the costliness of atoning for that sin. And so this acts portrays vividly and dramatically the consequences of sin. In each place the laying of hands on the sacrificial victim is mentioned (Lev 1:4-5, 3:2, 3:8, 4:4, 4:15, 4:24), the killing of the sacrifice - by the one who put their hands on the head - is mentioned also. It is awesome to think of a common Israelite - having to cut his own bull at the jugular vein, before the priests at the Tabernacle of Meeting. It would be a solemn testimony to the need for sacrifice, of the need for the life and the blood to atone, surely a shadow of the need of Christ's life and blood for perfect and final "atonement" for sin (cp 1Pe 2:24, 25-+, 1Pe 3:18-+ Criswell comments - The offerer himself was responsible for slaying his own sacrifice (except in the case of fowls, Lev 1:14, 15). The offering of the blood was tangible and visible evidence that the life had been offered up (cp Lev 17:11). It was the blood sprinkled upon the altar that was efficacious, not the blood in the veins of the animal. Andrew Bonar - The animal is “killed” in the presence of the Lord. And now, what an awfully solemn sight! The priest “brings forward the blood.” As he bears it onward, in one of the bowls of the altar, all gaze upon the warm crimson blood! It is the life! So that when the blood is thus brought forward, the life of the sacrifice is brought before God! It is as if the living soul of the sinner were carried, in its utter helplessness and in all its filthiness, and laid down before the Holy One! (Ibid) Slay (07819)(shachat) means to slaughter, kill, slay and is used in both ancient and modern Hebrew. Swanson notes that shachat means "to take the life of a creature, implying the object being killed offers little or no resistance as in a battle or contest." Special uses of shachat refer to "beaten gold" in in 1Ki 10:16-17 and 2Chr 9:15-16. Hamilton points out that when shachat refers to the killing of human beings, it was in the context of "the cultic, religiously prompted killing or simply plain murder and assassination. In the former category we may place Ge 22:10 (first use in OT), Isa 57:5; Ezek 16:21; (child sacrifice la human sacrifice of Canaanite cults). In the latter category is one hypothetical situation where God himself would be the perpetrator of the deed and his people the victims (Num 14:16). Zedekiah was forced to observe the execution of his own sons on orders of Nebuchadnezzar: 2Ki 25:7; Jer 39:6; 52:10. Identical treatment was meted out to the leaders of Judah: Jer 39:6; 52:10 (cf. too Jer 41:7). Similar massacres happened to the prophets of Baal (1Ki 18:40), royal families (2Ki 10:7, 14), and the Ephraimites who could not say “Shibboleth” (Jdg 12:6). (TWOT) More often shachat is used in the description of sacrifices prescribed by God, especially in Leviticus. Hamilton adds that "When one comes into the presence of God he never comes empty-handed. “Nothing in my hands I bring” would be a concept alien to the Israelite. The worshiper is to bring an animal, a domestic one and never a wild one (“I will not offer unto the Lord that which costs me nothing”). Depending on the particular situation the individual himself, the high priest, or the Levites, after the worshiper has laid hands on the animal’s head, kills the animal and then sprinkles the blood. The Bible never really spells out how the animal was slaughtered. Rabbinic sources would indicate that the animal was killed in the swiftest and most painless way possible, by cutting horizontally across the throat in an uninterrupted movement." (TWOT) George Lint - The concept of slaughter, that is, slaying animals, pertains to sacrifices for the purposes of worship (Lev. 1:5, 11), killing animals for food (Isa. 22:13) or killing animals for deception, as Joseph's brother's did when they applied blood from a goat to his special coat to make Jacob believe that Joseph had been killed (Gen. 37:31). The verb also refers to the slaughter of a human victim of sacrifice, as when Abraham reached for his knife "to slay his son" Isaac (22:10) and as the sorcerers in Israel sacrificed children to idols, which brought judgment upon them (Isa. 57:5). Shāchat also means "to kill" persons, as the sons of King Zedekiah were slain by the Babylonians (2 Ki. 25:7; Jer. 39:6). Elijah took the prophets of Baal "to the brook Kishon, and slew them there" (1 Ki. 18:40). The Niphal imperfect means "to be slaughtered" and is used of the ritual sacrifices of the worship of God through the ministry of the Levites (Lev. 6:25) or the killing of flocks and herds in an attempt to feed the tremendous number of Israelites in their wilderness journey to Canaan (Num. 11:22). (The Complete Biblical Library Hebrew-English Dictionary) Shachat is translated in the Septuagint (Lxx) of Lev 1:5 with the verb sphazo which is the same word John uses four times to describe the glorified Lamb of God in Heaven (Rev 5:6, 9, 12-+ Rev 13:8-+), emphasizing that His scars obtained on earth, will endure for eternity in Heaven. Let us never doubt that Jesus Who saved us from the "guttermost" is forever able to save us to the "uttermost." Sphazo is also the verb used in the Septuagint (Lxx) of Ge 22:10 of Abraham preparing to slay his son Isaac (a clear type of the Father giving His only Son as a sacrifice for sin) and also in the Septuagint (Lxx) of Ex 12:6 to describe the slaying of the Passover lamb which also foreshadows Christ our Passover (1 Cor 5:7)! Indeed, the saying is true that the Old is the New concealed. The New is the Old revealed! Shachat translated in the NAS as beaten(5), deadly(1), kill(2), killed(1), kills(1), offer(1), slain(5), slaughter(17), slaughtered(28), slaughtering(1), slaughters(2), slay(16), slew(5). Shachat - 73v - Ge 22:10; 37:31; Ex 12:6, 21; 29:11, 16, 20; 34:25; Lev 1:5, 11; 3:2, 8, 13; 4:4, 15, 24, 29, 33; 6:25; 7:2; 8:15, 19, 23; 9:8, 12, 15, 18; 14:5f, 13, 19, 25, 50f; 16:11, 15; 17:3; 22:28; Num 11:22; 14:16; 19:3; Jdg 12:6; 1Sa 1:25; 14:32, 34; 1Kgs 10:16f; 18:40; 2Kgs 10:7, 14; 25:7; 2Chr 9:15-16; 29:22, 24; 30:15; 35:1, 6, 11; Ezra 6:20; Isa 22:13; 57:5; 66:3; Jer 9:8; 39:6; 41:7; 52:10; Ezek 16:21; 23:39; 40:39, 41f; 44:11 Before the LORD (Jehovah) - This phrase occurs more than 60X in Leviticus - more than any other book in the Bible. What happens in Leviticus happens before the LORD, and every sacrifice that was made was to be made before the LORD. How our own sacrifices to God would change if we did them with the understanding that we do them before the LORD! In Jer 30:21 God asks "who would dare to risk his life to approach Me?" We as believers can continually come before the LORD, because the veil has been rent and the way is open into the Holy of holies (Read Heb 10:19-22-+, Heb 4:14-16-+, Heb 2:18-+ - where "come to the aid" mean to come upon hearing their cry for help!). Click notes on Lev 3:2 for more discussion of the Tent of Meeting OFFERINGS ARE CORAM DEO Before (06440) (paniym) literally means face (about 50% of the 2000+ uses are translated "before"). So even in the OT, as they offered the offerings there was a sense in which they were coming face to face with the Holy God -- an awesome truth! I fear I take for granted my privilege of being allowed (through our Great High Priest Christ Jesus - see study of "Through Him", i.e., Jesus) continual Coram Deo (before the face of God). Lev 3:2 says the animal is to be slain before the door of the tent of meeting and Lev 3:8, 13 say it is to be slain before the tent of meeting (the place where the the Shekinah glory of God dwells, in the Holy of holies - Ex 25:8). Aaron's sons - refers to the immediate descendants of Aaron (not the tribe of Levi in general), i.e., Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar (cf. Ex 28:1). In the beginning, there were 5 priests, including Aaron, who served as the High-Priest. Sprinkled the blood around on the altar - The blood on all sides of the altar signified that the animal's life belonged to God. (See practical application in notes on Lev 1:17) Sprinkled (02236)(zaraq - click word study) Shall offer ("will present" - NLT, "have brought" - YLT) (07126) (qarab/qarav) has the basic meaning of being or coming very near. It speaks of intimate proximity in some contexts, which would seem to be the intent of the OT offerings - a drawing near to God. Qarab/qarav was also (as used euphemistically) to describe sexual relations (Ge 20:4, Dt 22:14, Isa 8:3-+). In other contexts qarab/qarav speaks of spatial proximity (with no sense of intimacy - as in Ge 12:11-first OT use). HCSB - Qarav, related to qorban (offering, in NT = korban - Mk 7:11), means draw (come, go, be) near (Gen 47:29). People come (forward, closer, here). They get close, step in, advance, approach, or reach. Qarav denotes take place (Isa 5:19), consult (1Sam 14:36), and support (1Ki 2:7). People are about to act (Gen 12:11) and are sexually intimate (Dt 22:14). Intensive verbs mean join (Ezek 37:17) and draw (Hos 7:6). People submit cases (Isa 41:21). Causative verbs signify bring (near, forward), present, offer, or have/let come (near, forward). They imply join or invite (Jer 30:21). Qarov (75x) means near (Num 24:17), close, approaching, soon, brief, almost, or just. It connotes relative or neighbor. Qarev (12x) involves being about to (Dt 20:3), coming (near, closer), approaching, or drawing near. Qerav (9x) is battle (Zech 14:3), war, or warfare. Qirvah is nearness (Isa 58:2) or presence. The Septuagint (Lxx) often uses prosphero (pros = to, toward + phero = to bring, to bear) means to bring to a person or place. Used for presenting offerings or sacrifices (Mt 2:11, Acts 7:42, Heb 5:7) Qarab/qarav - 264 verses in NAS - + 109 verses are in Leviticus - Gen 12:11; 20:4; 27:41; 37:18; 47:29; Ex 3:5; 12:48; 14:10, 20; 16:9; 22:8; 28:1; 29:3f, 8, 10; 32:19; 36:2; 40:12, 14, 32; Lev 1:2f, 5, 10, 13ff; 2:1, 4, 8, 11ff; 3:1, 3, 6f, 9, 12, 14; 4:3, 14; 5:8; 6:14, 20f; 7:3, 8f, 11ff, 16, 18, 25, 29, 33, 35, 38; 8:6, 13, 18, 22, 24; 9:2, 5, 7ff, 15ff; 10:1, 3ff, 19; 12:7; 14:12; 16:1, 6, 9, 11, 20; 17:4; 18:6, 14, 19; 20:16; 21:6, 8, 17f, 21; 22:3, 18, 20ff, 24f; 23:8, 16, 18, 25, 27, 36f; 27:9, 11; Num 3:4, 6; 5:9, 16, 25; 6:14, 16; 7:2f, 10ff, 18f; 8:9f; 9:6f, 13; 15:4, 7, 9f, 13, 27, 33; 16:5, 9f, 17, 35, 38ff; 18:2ff, 15, 22; 25:6; 26:61; 27:1, 5; 28:2f, 11, 19, 26f; 29:8, 13, 36; 31:48, 50; 36:1; Deut 1:17, 22; 2:19, 37; 4:11; 5:23, 27; 15:9; 20:2f, 10; 22:14; 25:11; 31:14; Josh 3:4; 7:14, 16ff; 8:5, 23; 10:24; 17:4; Jdg 3:17f; 5:25; 19:13; 20:24; 1 Sam 10:20f; 14:36; 17:41, 48; 2 Sam 15:5; 20:16f; 1Kgs 2:1, 7; 20:29; 2Kgs 16:12, 14; 1Chr 16:1; 2Chr 35:12; Ezra 8:35; Esther 5:2; Job 31:37; 33:22; Ps 27:2; 32:9; 65:4; 69:18; 72:10; 91:10; 119:150, 169; Pr 5:8; Eccl 5:1; Isa 5:8, 19; 8:3; 26:17; 34:1; 41:1, 5, 21; 46:13; 48:16; 54:14; 57:3; 65:5; Jer 30:21; Lam 3:57; 4:18; Ezek 9:1; 12:23; 18:6; 22:4; 36:8; 37:7, 17; 42:14; 43:19, 22ff; 44:7, 15f, 27; 46:4; Hos 7:6; Jonah 1:6; Zeph 3:2; Hag 2:14; Mal 1:8; 3:5 Qarab/qarav is translated in the NAS as - accept(1), appear(1), approach(11), approach to offer(1), approached(9), approaches(3), approaching(2), assisted(1), bring(20), bring her near(1), bring him near(2), bring you near(1), bring near(4), brings(1), brought(11), brought his near(1), brought you near(1), brought your near(1), brought...near(1), came(3), came close(1), came forward(1), came near(12), came together(1), came*(1), come(7), come forward(1), come near(25), comes near(1), draw(2), draw near(9), drawn near(1), draws near(1), drew near(6), go near(3), join(2), joined(1), keep(1), made an offering(1), near(9), offer(43), offered(10), offering(2), offers(7), present(40), presented(16), presenting(3), presents(4), presents his shall present(1), soon(1). Bonar - - It is interesting to notice here, that Outram, Witsius, and others seem to have proved that, in Patriarchal ages, every man might offer his own sacrifice. Heads of families, and heads of a tribe or nation, often acted for those under them; but the idea that the first-born were the only priests is without foundation. The Patriarchal age was taught that every man must take Christ for himself personally. In the Mosaic economy, however, this is altered. There is another truth to be shown forth. Any one (2 Chron. 30:17,) might kill the animal—any common Levite, or even the offerer himself—for there may be many executioners of God’s wrath. Earth and hell were used in executing the Father’s purpose toward the Prince of Life. But there is only one appointed way for dispensing mercy; and therefore only priests must engage in the act that signified the bestowal of pardon.The animal is “killed” in the presence of the Lord. And now, what an awfully solemn sight! The priest “brings forward the blood.” As he bears it onward, in one of the bowls of the altar, all gaze upon the warm crimson blood! It is the life! So that when the blood is thus brought forward, the life of the sacrifice is brought before God! It is as if the living soul of the sinner were carried, in its utter helplessness and in all its filthiness, and laid down before the Holy One!! The blood was then “sprinkled round about upon the altar.” The life being taken away, the sinner’s naked soul is exhibited! He deserves this stroke of death—death in the Lord’s presence, as a satisfaction to his holiness! As the blood that covered the door on the night of the Passover represented the inmates’ life as already taken, so the blood on the altar and its sides signified that the offerer’s life was forfeited and taken. It was thus that Jesus “poured out his soul unto death” for us. It was, further, “round about,” as well as “upon,” the altar. This held it up on all sides to view; and the voice from the altar now is, “Look unto me and be saved, all the ends of the earth.” (Isa 45:22 = the verse that brought C H Spurgeon into the Kingdom of God! See Spurgeon's Testimony) All within the camp might look and live; for this sacrifice represents Christ’s dying as the only way for any, and the sufficient way for all. The altar mentioned here was the “altar of brass;” not the “golden altar,” which stood in the Holy Place.* — Leviticus 1:6 'He shall then skin the burnt offering and cut it into its pieces. Lev 7:8 Ge 3:21 He - The offerer again personally interacts with his "sin bearer." While many (? most) of Israel who brought these sacrificial offerings were simply going through the rituals, there was always a remnant of genuine believers who took these offerings to heart, carrying them out not in order to merit God's favor, but because God had bestowed His favor on them in saving them. The skin - The hide was provided as gift for the priest (See Lev 7:8). It is interesting that after sin entered the world (Ge 3:1-9, Ro 5:12-+), Adam and Eve sought to cover their new sense of shame (fig leaves Ge 3:7) but God replaced their "works" with His provision of an animal skin (which would have necessitated the shedding of blood - some think this is a picture of the importance of blood [which speaks of life - Lev 17:11] in the OT sacrificial system which was but a shadow of the substance of Christ's blood in the NT - Eph 1:7-+, Heb 9:12-14-+) Gen 3:21 And the LORD God made garments of skin for Adam and his wife, and clothed them. Burnt offering (05930)(See discussion of 'olah from 'alah = to ascend and thus the picture of going up in smoke) refers to a whole burnt offering (one which goes up in smoke), which was voluntary, was understood as a sacrificial gift to God, resulting in a pleasing aroma acceptable to Jehovah (Lev 1:9). Lxx = holokautoma - "holocaust" - sacrifice in which animal was entirely consumed by fire (Mk 12:33, Heb 10:6, 8). Leviticus 1:7 'The sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire on the altar and arrange wood on the fire. fire: Lev 6:12,13 9:24 10:1 1Ch 21:26 2Ch 7:1 Mal 1:10 Arrange: Ge 22:9 Ne 13:31) Bonar - This verse is well illustrated by Heb. 9:14, “Who, through the Eternal Spirit, offered himself without spot to God.” Christ was prepared, in his human nature, by the Holy Spirit. The Father prepared the fire of wrath, filled the vial with that wrath, and then poured it out. The Holy Spirit, as Heb. 9:14 declares, set all things in order, in Christ’s human nature, ready for the vial being poured out. At the moment, when the fire came down and consumed him, love to God and man was at its highest pitch in his soul—obedience, holy regard for the Divine law, hatred of sin, love to man. (Ibid) Leviticus 1:8 'Then Aaron's sons the priests shall arrange the pieces, the head and the suet over the wood which is on the fire that is on the altar. Lev 8:18-21 9:13,14 Ex 29:17,18 1Ki 18:23,33) Then - An expression of time which marks succession of events. Suet (06309)(peder) refers to The fat of an animal, particularly that about the kidneys (Suet - Wikipedia). Lxx = stear = animal fat (gives us English - stearin = an ester of glycerol and stearic acid). Only 3 uses in the OT, here and the two passages below... Leviticus 1:12 'He shall then cut it into its pieces with its head and its suet, and the priest shall arrange them on the wood which is on the fire that is on the altar. Leviticus 8:20 When he had cut the ram into its pieces, Moses offered up the head and the pieces and the suet in smoke. Wikipedia - Suet is raw fat of beef or mutton, especially the hard fat found around the loins and kidneys. Suet has a melting point of between 45 °C and 50 °C (113 °F and 122 °F) and congelation between 37 °C and 40 °C (98.6 °F and 104 °F). Its high smoke point makes it ideal for deep frying and pastry production. The primary use of suet is to make tallow, although it is also used as an ingredient in cooking, especially in traditional puddings, such as British Christmas pudding. Suet is made into tallow in a process called rendering, which involves melting and extended simmering, followed by straining, cooling and usually by repeating the entire process. Unlike tallow, suet that is not pre-packed requires refrigeration in order to be stored for extended periods. (See also Smith's Dictionary on suet and McClintock) The altar - As we read the Scriptures that mention the brazen altar, may God's Spirit enable us to always remember that it was a shadow of the substance (Col 2:16-17-+) of the Cross of Christ, the place of death of the perfect Lamb of God (Jn 1:29). HCSB Note - Washing the internal organs and shanks (lower back legs) removed filth, making the sacrifice ritually fit for God. A fire offering is the traditional translation, but it may be generally "a food offering." Pleasing aroma is a frequent expression meaning the Lord accepted the gift (Lev 1:13,17; Gen 8:21; Ex 29:18); fragrant incense (Ex 30:7; Lev 4:7; 16:12) explains the agreeable smell that masked the odor of the burning corpse. The Greek translation of the OT (osme euodias) also describes the sacrifice of Christ (Eph 5:2-+) and Christian giving (Php 4:18-+). (Holman Christian Standard Bible Study Bible - open > click table of contents in study Bible) Why animal sacrifices? - Animal sacrifice accomplished two purposes: (1) The animal symbolically took the sinner's place and paid the penalty for sin, and (2) the animal's death represented one life given so that another life could be saved Leviticus 1:9 'Its entrails, however, and its legs he shall wash with water. And the priest shall offer up in smoke all of it on the altar for a burnt offering, an offering by fire of a soothing aroma to the LORD. Entrails: Lev 1:13 8:21 9:14 Ps 51:6 Jer 4:14 Mt 23:25-28) Offer up: Lev 1:13,17 3:11 Ps 66:15 Zec 13:7 Soothing aroma: Ge 8:21 Eze 20:28,41 2Co 2:15 Eph 5:2 Php 4:18 NET Finally, the one presenting the offering must wash its entrails and its legs in water and the priest must offer all of it up in smoke on the altar– it is a burnt offering, a gift of a soothing aroma to the LORD. He shall wash - The offerer. All of it - Lev 1:13. Not part of it, but ALL of it. Rob Morgan (All on the Altar) says "This is the one and only sacrifice that was totally consumed in the flames. Some of the other sacrifices were very much like you and I experience when we cook out. Sometimes we think of these animal sacrifices as repugnant, and there was an element of that. God wanted us to understand that sin is repugnant and unpleasant, and that the cross of Jesus Christ was repugnant and unpleasant. But on the other hand, it wasn’t that much different than throwing some meat on the grill and barbecuing it. With the other sacrifices, there were parts that were eaten and enjoyed by either the priests or the worshippers or both. But in the case of the burnt offering, there was nothing eaten. There was nothing left. Everything was consumed in the flames and in the fire. It was a total sacrifice. That’s the distinction and meaning of the burnt offering. What does it tell us about Christ? He was a male without blemish, without sin, who gave the last full measure of Himself for us. The altar represents the cross, the fire underneath represents the holy judgment of God, and the Lord Jesus was a willing sacrifice who gave His last ounce of strength for you and me. He offered Himself completely. He was totally consumed on Calvary. He is our burnt offering. Where do see this in the New Testament? See Hebrews 10:1-10: Burnt offerings were not really what God desired. The burnt offering described in Leviticus 1 was only pointing toward something else. It was symbolic of something to come. Or rather, of someone to come. In the volume of the book of Leviticus was given us a prophecy through type regarding the coming Messiah. So the theme of Leviticus is that God is holy and those who approach Him must regard Him as holy and those who know Him must share in His holiness. But we can never do that on our own, for we are an unclean people. You and I are filled with uncleanness and all our righteous acts are like filthy rags in His sight. We need an offering and a sacrifice for sin, but it can’t be a partial thing. We need someone who will die in our place, shedding His blood and giving Himself wholly to be consumed for our sins. Jesus said, “I am the burnt offering. I am the sacrifice. A body has been prepared for Me, and I am giving Myself wholly to this task.”....There are two responses we should have to all this. The first is thankful appreciation. How can we express our gratitude to Christ for what He has done for us? And when I think that God, His Son not sparing, Sent Him to die, I scarce can take it in; That on the cross my burden gladly bearing, He bled and died to take away my sin, Then sings my soul, my Savior, God, to Thee, How great Thou art! How great Thou art! The second response is one of total consecration. If Jesus makes Himself a burnt offering for me, should I not become a living sacrifice for Him? (Ro 12:1)....When they asked General William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, why his ministry had been so successful, he replied, “God has had all there was of me to have.” — — Exactly 100 years ago, in 1904, the Bible teacher, F. B. Meyer, was preaching in England, in the lakes’ district at the Keswick Conference. Here is a verbatim part of what he said that evening: “I remember so well when He came to my heart and challenged me as to the keys of the fortress. I had them upon my bunch, and before I gave them to Him I put one small key in my pocket. Have not you done that, and handed to Him the bunch minus that key? He gave it back, and said He could not be King at all if He could not be King of everything. I put my hand in my pocket where I had hidden it, and said, ‘I cannot give it, but You may take it,’ and He took that tiny key. My King! I see Him now as He stood at the foot of the drawbridge of my heart. I see Him radiant as He stood then, for He is here now. He looked at me with those eyes which are as a flame of fire, and said, ‘Are all the keys there?’ I said, ‘All but this, and I cannot give it; but I am willing for Thee to take it’ and He took it at that. Then they were all His.” Have you given Him all the keys to your life and heart and mind? Do you love Him with all your heart, mind, soul, and strength? He is our burnt offering. He sacrificed Himself fully on the altar of the cross, to be consumed by the judicial wrath of God and to make atonement to Him for our sins, that we might be clothed in His holiness and justified to appear before God as His children. Come to Him with thankful appreciation. Come to Him in total consecration. For we never can know What the Lord will bestow Of the blessings for which we have prayed, Till our body and soul He doth fully control, And our all on the altar is laid. Burnt offering (05930)(See discussion of 'olah from 'alah = to ascend and thus the picture of going up in smoke) refers to a whole burnt offering (one which goes up in smoke), which was voluntary, was understood as a sacrificial gift to God, resulting in a pleasing aroma acceptable to Jehovah. Offering by fire (0801)(ishsheh from esh = a fire) means an offering made by fire. It refers to any offering or portion of an offering that is wholly or partially consumed by fire -- burnt offering (Lev 1:9, 13); the cereal/grain offering (Lev 2:3); peace offering (Lev 3:3); the guilt offering (Lev 7:5); the consecration offering (Lev 8:28) Clearly this offering stresses the death of the sacrifice. Notice all uses except Josh 13:14 and 1Sa 2:28 are in the Pentateuch. All of these offerings were the Lord’s (Nu 28:2), and the phrase “to the Lord” is explicitly stated most of the time. The first use is in Ex 29:18 in Yahweh’s instruction to Moses regarding the ordination of priests "And you shall offer up in smoke the whole ram on the altar; it is a burnt offering to the LORD: it is a soothing aroma, an offering by fire to the LORD." The phrase "soothing aroma" is usually associated with the offerings by fire, this phrase signifying that Jehovah had accepted the offerer's offering. The Septuagint (Lxx) translates the ishsheh with karpoma = burnt offering, literally an offering of fruit (Ex 29:25, 41) and thusia (Lev 1:9,13, 17) meaning that which is sacrificed or offered as a sacrifice, and is the same word used figuratively by Paul to describe the death of Christ as an offering of himself to God (Eph 5:2+) the life of the believer as an offering to God (Ro 12:1-note) and by the writer of Hebrews "Through Him (Christ our Great High Priest) then, let us continually offer up a sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of lips that give thanks to His name." (Heb 13:15-+). Baker adds that ishsheh "describes how the various offerings were presented to the Lord; that is, they were offerings made by means of fire. This practice gave rise to referring to all the offerings the priests presented as fire offerings; hence, some consider this term a general term that applied to all the sacrifices of the Israelites (Dt. 18:1; 1Sa 2:28). The fire was actually not offered. Instead, it was the means by which the various offerings were presented to God. The fire caused the offering to go up in smoke, a fact indicated by the causative form of the Hebrew verb, and that created a pleasant aroma to the Lord. The fire also purified what was offered. In this sense, the offerings could be called fire offerings or offerings made by fire. The Levites were put in charge of all the offerings by fire to the Lord (Josh. 13:14). (The Complete Word Study Dictionary: Old Testament) Ishsheh is translated in NAS as fire (5), offering by fire (45), offerings (3), offerings by fire (15). Ishsheh - 64v - Ex 29:18, 25, 41; 30:20; Lev 1:9, 13, 17; 2:2f, 9ff, 16; 3:3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16; 4:35; 5:12; 6:17f; 7:5, 25, 30, 35; 8:21, 28; 10:12f, 15; 21:6, 21; 22:22, 27; 23:8, 13, 18, 25, 27, 36f; 24:7, 9; Num 15:3, 10, 13f, 25; 18:17; 28:2f, 6, 8, 13, 19, 24; 29:6, 13, 36; Deut 18:1; Josh 13:14; 1 Sam 2:28 A SOOTHING AROMA TO YAHWEH This is the first mention of the beautiful phrase soothing aroma in Leviticus. Paul picks up this picture in his letter to the saints at Ephesus (who were predominantly Gentile, but who probably were familiar with pagan rituals that offered up animals as a soothing aroma to their so-called gods. The truth always trumps the lie.) Eph 5:2-+ and walk in love (present imperative - command calling for this to be our lifestyle), just as Christ also loved you, and gave Himself up for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God as a fragrant (sweet) aroma. Comment: What is Paul commanding, a natural or a supernatural lifestyle? Clearly the latter. And so this begs the question of how we can possibly obey this command! Of course, God's commandments always include His enablements. His enablement is His Spirit Who alone can give us the "desire" and the "power" for this quality of conduct (See Php 2:13NLT-+; see our part in Php 2:12-+, also only possible as the Spirit enables us)! Agape speaks of a "death to self" type of love if you will, a love that is sacrificial, a love that gives expecting nothing in return. We can only walk this supernatural walk as we are obeying the command to be continually filled with the Spirit of Christ (Eph 5:18-+) and the command to "Walk by the Spirit" (Gal 5:16-+). When we do that, we are empowered by the indwelling Spirit to walk in love like Christ, and like Him (and because of Him) our life gives off a wonderfully fragrant aroma, a soothing aroma, to our Father and to those we encounter (cp 2 Cor 2:14-15 where God "manifests through us the sweet aroma of the knowledge of Him [Christ] in every place" and goes on to explain "we are a fragrance of Christ to God (The Father) among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing.") That we as fallen sinful men and women can now live in such a way that our life is a soothing aroma to the Father should cause us all to cry out like Paul "Who is adequate for these things?" (2Cor 2:16) Only the Redeemer is adequate but because of His redemption, we are now in Christ, and have the incredible privilege of daily living as "sweet savor" sacrifices to the Living and Holy God. Does this truth not overwhelm us and humble us and motivate us to daily present ourselves to Him as "living and holy sacrifice acceptable (pleasing) to Him?" (Ro 12:1-+; cp Ro 6:12-14-+) O, the breadth and length and height and depth of God's amazing, redeeming, transforming grace! Thank You Jesus. Amen! Soothing Aroma = Literally this means an "odor of rest" (See discussion of significance of this name) The Septuagint translates soothing with euodia and aroma with osme. Soothing aroma - This phrase is found 42x in NAS - Gen 8:21; Ex 29:18, 25, 41; Lev 1:9, 13, 17; 2:2, 9, 12; 3:5, 16; 4:31; 6:15, 21; 8:21, 28; 17:6; 23:13, 18; Num 15:3, 7, 10, 13f, 24; 18:17; 28:2, 6, 8, 13, 24, 27; 29:2, 6, 8, 13, 36; Ezek 6:13; 16:19; 20:28, 41 In marked contrast God says of evil doers that their "practices are smoke in My nostrils, a fire that burns all day long." (Isa 65:5) Soothing is the Hebrew word nihoah. Aroma (07381)(reah - word study from ruach = breath, wind) means scent or odor. Reah is translated in Lxx with the noun osme which means odor (pleasant - Jn 12:3), fragrance, smell. Friberg notes that osme was also "figuratively; (a) from the Middle Eastern concept that an odor from something is communicating its power sweet smell, fragrance (2Cor 2:14-16) and (b) as a term for acceptable sacrifice aroma, fragrance of Christ Who "gave Himself up for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God as a fragrant aroma (literally "an odor of a sweet smell")." (Eph 5:2 read the notes on this beautiful NT fulfillment of these OT soothing aromas to Yahweh! Dr S Lewis
Levítico 1
Morris - The offering could be either one of the cattle herd (Leviticus 1:2), or one of the flock (Leviticus 1:10), or a domestic fowl (Leviticus 1:14), depending upon the wealth or poverty of the one making the offering. It could not be an unclean or carnivorous animal, of course, and must be without blemish (Leviticus 1:3,10). (Defender's Study Bible Notes) Leviticus 1:11 'He shall slay it on the side of the altar northward before the LORD, and Aaron's sons the priests shall sprinkle its blood around on the altar. Shall slay northward: Lev 6:25, 7:2) (the priests: Lev 1:7-9, 9:12-14) He shall slay (shachat) - The offerer is to carry out the killing, because the wages of sin is death (Ro 6:23+, Ge 2:17, 3:19) and "the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood by reason of the life that makes atonement." (Lev 17:11+) Sprinkled (02236)(zaraq - click word study) Leviticus 1:12 'He shall then cut it into its pieces with its head and its suet, and the priest shall arrange them on the wood which is on the fire that is on the altar. He shall then cut - The offerer carries this out this function. Try to place yourself for a moment in the place of the sinner who is cutting one of his prized (blemish-free) animals into pieces, and the impact it must have had on his heart and mind and soul. They had to cut, we have to confess (1Jn 1:9). We need to be careful not to take confession for granted, but as we confess, we also recall the bloody sacrificial Lamb that had to be slaughtered in our place, so that our confession might now be fully acceptable to the Father. I fear that I take confession for granted and think too lightly of it and of the great privilege we have under the New Covenant! It is interesting that in 1Jn 1:9, the verb confess is in the present tense, suggesting to me that confession is to be an ongoing (daily, moment by moment if necessary) act of worship. And it is an act of worship! Leviticus 1:13 'The entrails, however, and the legs he shall wash with water. And the priest shall offer all of it, and offer it up in smoke on the altar; it is a burnt offering, an offering by fire of a soothing aroma to the LORD He shall wash with water - The offerer. Burnt offering (05930)(See discussion of 'olah from 'alah = to ascend and thus the picture of going up in smoke) refers to a whole burnt offering (one which goes up in smoke), which was voluntary, was understood as a sacrificial gift to God, resulting in a pleasing aroma acceptable to Jehovah. See more detailed discussion of A Soothing Aroma. Soothing aroma - Lev 1:9, 13, 17; 2:2, 9; 3:5; 4:31; 6:21; 17:6; 23:18; Nu 15:3, 7, 10, 13-14, 24; 18:17; 28:8, 24, 27; 29:2, 13, 36 Soothing (05207)(nihoah from nuach = to rest) means a quieting, soothing, tranquilizing. In 20 of the 43 uses of nichoach, this noun (usually with the sense of an adjective) is used with the phrase "burnt offering." Almost all uses describe the odor of a sacrifice as pleasing or acceptable to God. Sadly, we see this word used to describe Israel's offering to idols (Ezek 6:13+, Ezek 15:19, Ezek 20:28), which is in stark contrast with Jehovah's assessment of His rebellious people in Ezek 20:14 where they are described as a soothing aroma! - “As a soothing aroma I shall accept you, when I bring you out from the peoples (Gentiles) and gather you from the lands where you are scattered (A prophecy that is unfulfilled, but which will be when Messiah returns and all Israel is saved - Ro 11:26-27+); and I shall prove Myself holy among you in the sight of the nations." The first use of nihoah describes the sacrifice of Noah - "And the LORD smelled the soothing aroma; and the LORD said to Himself, “I will never again curse the ground on account of man, for the intent of man’s heart is evil from his youth; and I will never again destroy every living thing, as I have done." (Ge 8:21) What a contrast with God's "feelings" in Ge 6:5-7, where He did not "smell" but "saw" the great wickedness of man and instead of not promising a curse, He did "curse" the earth declaring "I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the land." But in Ge 6:8 "Noah found favor (Lxx - charis = grace) in the eyes of Jehovah." Noah and nihoah may have a common derivative (nuach = rest), the TWOT noting that Noah's name "appears to be more directly related to nuach which....connotes rest and salvation." Soothing (Webster) - having a sedative effect, bringing peace, composure, quietude, comfort, assuaging, calming, softening. The Septuagint (Lxx) translates nihoah with the noun euodia = fragrance, sweet odor, aroma, used to describe the sacrifices that were pleasing to God. It is used figuratively in 2Cor 2:15 of those who serve God sacrificially, of a gift given sacrificially (Phil 4:18+) and of Christ's sacrifice of Himself (Eph 5:2+) Nihoah - 43v all translated "soothing" - Gen 8:21; Ex 29:18, 25, 41; Lev 1:9, 13, 17; 2:2, 9, 12; 3:5, 16; 4:31; 6:15, 21; 8:21, 28; 17:6; 23:13, 18; 26:31; Num 15:3, 7, 10, 13f, 24; 18:17; 28:2, 6, 8, 13, 24, 27; 29:2, 6, 8, 13, 36; Ezek 6:13; 16:19; 20:28, 41 Leviticus 1:14 'But if his offering to the LORD is a burnt offering of birds, then he shall bring his offering from the turtledoves or from young pigeons. birds: Lev 5:7 12:8 Mt 11:29 Lk 2:24 2Co 8:12 Heb 7:26) Offering (07133)(qorban/korban from qarab signifies coming into near, intimate proximity of another [in Leviticus into intimate proximity with Jehovah!] The Septuagint (Lxx) translates qorban in this passage with the noun doron which means a gift or present to show honor and respect (Mt 2:11 of gifts of Magi [Mt 2:7-10] at His birth). Doron also described sacrifices and other gifts offered to God (Mt. 5:23-24+; Mt 8:4; 15:5; 23:18-19; Mk 7:11; Heb 5:1+; Heb 8:3-4+; Heb 9:9+) Jesus used the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word in Mark 7:11 "but you say, ‘If a man says to his father or his mother, anything of mine you might have been helped by is Corban (that is to say, given to God)." (See explanation of their misuse of in the New Testament). See also Wikipedia article - Korban. Leviticus 1:15 'The priest shall bring it to the altar, and wring off its head and offer it up in smoke on the altar; and its blood is to be drained out on the side of the altar. Wring off its head - Lev 5:8 Ps 22:1,21, 69:1-21 Isa 53:4,5,10 Mt 26:1-27:66 1Jn 2:27) Leviticus 1:16 'He shall also take away its crop with its feathers and cast it beside the altar eastward, to the place of the ashes. feathers: or, the filth thereof, Lk 1:35 1Pe 1:2) (the place: Lev 4:12 6:10,11, 16:27 Heb 13:11-14) Cast it beside the altar eastward, to the place of the ashes - The writer of Hebrews picks up on this image expounding on our Great High Priest Christ Jesus... Heb 13:11 (+) For the bodies of those animals whose blood is brought into the holy place by the high priest as an offering for sin, are burned outside the camp. 12 Therefore Jesus also, that He might sanctify the people through His own blood, suffered outside the gate. 13 Hence, let us go out to Him outside the camp, bearing His reproach.14 For here we do not have a lasting city, but we are seeking the city which is to come. Leviticus 1:17 'Then he shall tear it by its wings, but shall not sever it. And the priest shall offer it up in smoke on the altar on the wood which is on the fire; it is a burnt offering, an offering by fire of a soothing aroma to the LORD. shall not sever: Ge 15:10 Ps 16:10 Mt 27:50 Jn 19:30 Ro 4:25 1Pe 1:19-21, 3:18 it is: Lev 1:9,10,13 Ge 8:21 Heb 10:6-12 13:15,16 Burnt offering (05930)(See discussion of 'olah from 'alah = to ascend and thus the picture of going up in smoke) refers to a whole burnt offering (one which goes up in smoke), which was voluntary, was understood as a sacrificial gift to God, resulting in a pleasing aroma acceptable to Jehovah. Soothing Aroma = The "odor of rest" (See discussion of significance of this name) Don't you love the meaning of this phrase, the "odor of rest!" Look at the first use of soothing aroma in Ge 8:21 and God's declaration! Soothing aroma - This phrase is found 42x in NAS - Gen 8:21; Ex 29:18, 25, 41; Lev 1:9, 13, 17; 2:2, 9, 12; 3:5, 16; 4:31; 6:15, 21; 8:21, 28; 17:6; 23:13, 18; Num 15:3, 7, 10, 13f, 24; 18:17; 28:2, 6, 8, 13, 24, 27; 29:2, 6, 8, 13, 36; Ezek 6:13; 16:19; 20:28, 41 The Septuagint reads "estin thusia osme euodias to kurio" = "is continually a sacrifice fragrant pleasing to (the) Lord." What is so exciting about this is that now because of the once for all final, perfect "soothing aroma" offering of Messiah (Eph 5:2 where His offering was a "fragrant [euodia] aroma"), all those who are now in Christ, in His new covenant are themselves now the soothing aroma to the world!!! Paul writes "For we are a fragrance [euodia] of Christ to God among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing." (2 Cor 2:15). Oh, the untold infinite blessings graciously bestowed on all who are eternally in Christ! Soothing (05207)(nihoah from nuach = to rest, settle down and remain, to be quiet) means a quieting, soothing, tranquilizing. In 20 of the 43 uses of nichoach, this noun (usually with the sense of an adjective) is used with the phrase "burnt offering." Almost all uses describe the odor of a sacrifice as pleasing or acceptable to God. Sadly, we see this word used to describe Israel's offering to idols (Ezek 6:13+, Ezek 15:19, Ezek 20:28), which is in stark contrast with Jehovah's assessment of His rebellious people in Ezek 20:14 where they are described as a soothing aroma! - “As a soothing aroma I shall accept you, when I bring you out from the peoples (Gentiles) and gather you from the lands where you are scattered (A prophecy that is unfulfilled, but which will be when Messiah returns and all Israel is saved - Ro 11:26-27+); and I shall prove Myself holy among you in the sight of the nations." Aroma (07381)(reah - word study from ruach = breath, wind) means scent or odor. APPLICATION OF THE TRUTH OF THE WHOLE BURNT OFFERING Jerry Bridges ties this OT shadow of the Whole Burnt Offering to the presentation of our "whole" body (heart, mind, soul, strength) to God as a "living sacrifice" writes that we should strive to make... A Daily Commitment to God as a Living Sacrifice - The third essential (For the other "essentials" read this excellent book "Stand: A Call for the Endurance of the Saints") is a daily commitment to God as a living sacrifice. And for that I direct your attention to Romans 12:1 (+): “I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship.” As we daily reflect on the gospel and what God has done for us in Christ, this should lead us to present ourselves as daily, living sacrifices. In using the word sacrifice Paul was obviously drawing from the Old Testament sacrificial system. Those sacrifices are set forth for us in the book of Leviticus, and all of them together portrayed the one great sacrifice of the Lord Jesus Christ. Whether or not Paul had in mind a particular sacrifice, one of them, I think, best helps us understand what Paul is saying when he says to present our bodies as living sacrifices. That is the burnt offering. I think the burnt offering helps us understand what Paul is saying because two things were unique about the burnt offering. First, of all of the animal offerings, the burnt offering was the only one in which the entire animal was consumed upon the altar. With the others, only certain portions were burned on the altar, and the remaining portions were reserved for the priests or even in one case for the offerer and his family. But with the burnt offering the entire animal was consumed upon the altar. And for that reason it was called the whole burnt offering. (Second) it signified not only atonement for sin but also consecration or dedication of the offerer to God. (Third), the priests on duty were to present a burnt offering twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, so that the fire would not go out upon the altar (cf. Lev 6:8–13). In other words, there was always a burnt offering being consumed upon the altar. And so for that reason it has been called a continual burnt offering. So there were two descriptive terms—a whole burnt offering and a continual burnt offering. And I think that you can readily see the application that can be drawn from that. First of all, the whole burnt offering would signify that we are to consecrate our entire being, not only ourselves but all that we have. Everything about us we are to consecrate, to dedicate to God, to present to him as a sacrifice. Then the word continually (Lev. 6:13; Heb. 10:1) says to us that this must be repeated constantly. Just as we have a tendency to revert to a works-based relationship with God, we have a tendency to want to take back that which we have committed to God. Often in a moment of high spiritual emotion we might sincerely and honestly say, “Lord, I give my whole being, my body, my mind, my service, my money, everything about me, Lord, I consecrate it all to you.” And then we go out and in a few weeks we’re confronted with some issue, and we tend to draw back, and we realize that we’re not as consecrated as we thought we were. Daily renewal of this consecration helps us to keep from doing that. The second word that’s significant in Romans 12:1 is the word present. Paul says to “present your bodies as a living sacrifice.” Some translations use a different word, but whatever word is used, the idea is to give over to or to put at another’s disposal.... Now God has not asked us to loan ourselves temporarily to him. He’s asked us to present ourselves to him as living sacrifices to use as he pleases. The fact is, objectively this has already taken place. The apostle Paul tells us in 1 Corinthians 6:19–20, “You are not your own, for you were bought with a price.” Paul wants us to affirm in our hearts and in our emotions what is true in reality, but he approaches it by way of an appeal. He does not say, “This is your duty to do.” He does not say, “You’re not your own; you don’t have a choice in the matter.” He says, “I appeal to you . . . by the mercies of God.” Presenting our bodies as living sacrifices is not something that we check off and say, “Well, I’ve done that; it’s my duty to do.” It should be a spontaneous response to our appropriation of the gospel. We are talking about communion with God. We are talking about being embraced by his love and his mercy and his grace. And we see that in the gospel. The apostle John said that God showed his love to us by sending his Son to be the propitiation for our sins (1 John 4:10)—that is, to exhaust the wrath of God that you and I should have experienced. As we daily appropriate the gospel, we bask in his love, and genuinely basking in his love will lead us to present our bodies as living sacrifices. But that has to be renewed daily. We can’t live today on yesterday’s commitment. The outworking of presenting our bodies as living sacrifices will be different for each of us. For some it might mean reducing one’s standard of living in order to be able to give more to God’s kingdom work. For our son, it meant taking a lower-paying job in order to have more time for ministry. For me at this time, it means being willing to continually give myself to the ministry God has given me. At the time of this writing (2007-2008), it is only a couple of weeks until my seventy-eighth birthday. Over the past dozen years I have flown over a million miles, I have delivered over a thousand messages, I have written several books and a number of articles for Christian magazines. I confess I often get weary of the continuous travel, the frequent writing deadlines, and the pressure of constant message preparations, and I sometimes begin to feel sorry for myself. How do I keep going? How do I keep from feeling sorry for myself? Each day as I appropriate the gospel for myself: I say to God, “I am your servant. Because of your mercy to me and your grace at work in me, I again present my body as a living sacrifice. If this means continual travel and continual time pressure, I accept that from you and thank you for the privilege of being in your ministry.” (Stand- A Call for the Endurance of the Saints- Justin Taylor, John Piper, Jerry Bridges, Randy Alcorn, Helen Roseveare, John MacArthur) Wenham describes the Christian Significance of the Burnt Offering - With the death of Christ the only sufficient "burnt offering" was offered once and for all, and therefore the animal sacrifices which foreshadowed Christ's sacrifice were made obsolete. Christians therefore have no need to offer burnt offerings for the atonement of their sins. The shedding of Christ's blood was the payment of the perfect ransom price. He has borne the Father's wrath for us, just as the bulls and lambs in the OT did, so that sinful men can, despite their sin, enjoy the presence of God and have their prayers answered. The laws in Leviticus remind us then of Christ's death and what he has done for us. They also remind us of the serious consequences of sin and its pervasiveness. Sin can only be atoned for by death. The worshipper might well feel very much deprived when he had paid for a choice lamb to be sacrificed. But it reminded him that the animal was a ransom, a substitute payment instead of his own life. "For the wages of sin is death." God in his mercy provided a cheap alternative in OT times—a lamb. In NT times a free pardon is available. "The gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord" (Ro 6:23).The burnt offering had to be offered daily to atone for sins. The Christian too is aware of the need for daily forgiveness. As the worshipper had to confess his sins and declare his intention to walk in God's ways when he presented his animal, so must the Christian. In the words of 1John 1:7-9, "If we walk in the light … we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin.… If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness." The burnt offering was the first offering of the day in normal worship. This reminds us that forgiveness of sins is the prerequisite of true worship. Only those whose sins are forgiven can enjoy God's fellowship and praise him from their hearts. The pattern of OT sacrifices may thus provide a pattern of truly Christian worship. Worship should begin with confession of sins, a claiming of Christ's forgiveness, and a total rededication to God's service, before going on to praise and petition. DOWN A MINE SHAFT Rob Morgan Today I’d like to begin a series of sermons that some preachers would view as homiletic suicide—preaching through the Old Testament book of Leviticus. I happen to like Leviticus, but I’ll admit that it is a recently acquired taste. As I’ve been studying for this series of messages in recent months, I’ve developed a much greater love and appreciation for Leviticus. This book will never be our favorite book in the Bible. It doesn’t have the loftiness of Ephesians, the practicality of Proverbs, or the engaging narrative of the Four Gospels. It doesn’t contain inspiring poetry like the book of Psalms, nor intriguing information about the last days like the book of Revelation. It’s just—well, it’s just Leviticus. But it has a vitally important message that we have got to hear and heed. I feel like a man leading a tour down a mineshaft. Think of the book of Leviticus as a diamond mine or a gold mine. If you were to study the surface of the earth above a gold or diamond mind, it would appear unremarkable. Perhaps it would be boring terrain or difficult to traverse. To really see the wealth of this land, you have to descend into the depths and chip away at the rock; and there you would find the jewels. For reasons known only to Himself, the Lord put gravel on the surface of the earth, readily available to all. But He put diamonds and rubies down in the bowels of the earth to be found by those who really dig for them. Bible study sometimes resembles mining; and for the next several weeks, I’d like to take you down the mine shaft of Leviticus to see some of the diamonds and rubies that it contains. There’s more than meets the eye to Leviticus. This morning’s message is simply a survey of the theme of the book of Leviticus as a whole, and tonight’s message will be a survey of it’s remarkable plan and outline. These are the introductory studies for us into Leviticus. The first thing to notice is that Leviticus is simply an unbroken continuation of the book of Exodus. In the book of Exodus, we read about Moses, the Man of God, delivering the children of Israel out of Egypt, through the Red Sea, and into the desert on their way to the land God had promised to give them. Their first major stop was at Mount Sinai. There God called Moses to the top of the mountain to receive the Ten Commandments. Moses was also given a rather lengthy set of instructions for the building of a portable worship center called the Tabernacle. As we progress through the book of Exodus, we read of the construction of this Tabernacle; then notice how the book of Exodus ends: Then the cloud covered the Tabernacle of meeting, and the glory of the Lord filled the Tabernacle. And Moses was not able to enter the Tabernacle of meeting, because the cloud rested above it, and the glory of the Lord filled the Tabernacle. Whenever the cloud was taken up from above the Tabernacle, the children of Israel would go onward in all their journeys. But if the cloud was not taken up, then they did not journey till the day that it was taken up. For the cloud of the Lord was above the Tabernacle by day, and fire was over it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel, throughout all their journeys. Now the Lord called to Moses, and spoke to him from the Tabernacle of meeting, saying… (Exodus 40:34 – Leviticus 1:1). …and what God said to Moses here at Sinai from the Tabernacle of Meeting is our book of Leviticus. In other words, this book is basically a continuation of the book of Exodus, telling us what happened while the Israelites were encamped at Mount Sinai. Here at Sinai, God was going to tell the Israelites two things in the book of Leviticus: First, that He was a holy God; and second, He had delivered them from Egypt that they might be His holy people, His priestly nation to the world. The theme of Leviticus is: Be holy, for I am holy. Why is it called Leviticus? Well, that wasn’t its original title. The Hebrew name of the book is simply the first word of the book, which is one word in Hebrew but three words in English: “And He called…” When the Old Testament was translated into Greek, into the Septuagint Version, the translators choose to call this book λευιτικον (Leutikon) which meant “Pertaining to the Levities.” The Levites were the descendants of the patriarch Levi (one of the sons of Jacob) who served as the priests of Israel. Much of Leviticus pertains to the priesthood, and so this title stuck. It was carried over into the Latin Vulgate and then into our English translations. The book of Leviticus contains 27 chapters serving as the bridge between the books of Exodus and Numbers. A Monotonous Book First, Leviticus is, quite frankly, a monotonous book. In fact, it has a reputation of being the dullest, most boring book in the entire Bible. My friend, Neil Gilliland, calls it “One Hundred and One Ways to Kill a Bull.” You know as well as I do that a good many people decide they’re going to read through the Bible and they make good progress until they come to Leviticus. Then they get bogged down. It has a lot of repetitious language and rather tedious information to sort through. But there’s a second thing I want to say about Leviticus. A Meaningful Book I’d like to convince you today that Leviticus is a meaningful book. The best thing I ever read about Leviticus was a quote by J. Sidlow Baxter who said: “Obviously, (Leviticus) was not meant just to be read, but to be studied.” He goes on to say, “It yields little of its treasure as a mere reading; but a reasonable concentration transforms it into one of the most intriguing articles in Scripture.” Do you realize: (1) Leviticus was the first book studied by Jewish children. (2) It is quoted about forty times in the New Testament. (3) There are parts of the New Testament, particularly in the book of Hebrews, that cannot be understood without knowing something of the book of Leviticus. A Methodical Book Third, the book of Leviticus is a methodical book. Its theme is very easy to find, and its outline is easy to detect. It is an organized, well-structured, well-arranged, methodical book. Let’s deal first with the great theme of Leviticus, and then tonight I want to show you its remarkable outline. The theme of Leviticus, as I have indicated, is holiness. The holiness of God, and the holiness that God requires of us. We see this in several ways. First, the word holy occurs over and over in Leviticus—95 times! Let me give you some examples: Leviticus 10:1ff: Then Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, each took his censer and put fire in it, put incense on it, and offered profane fire before the Lord, which He had not commanded them. So fire went out from the Lord and devoured them, and they died before the Lord. And Moses said to Aaron, “This is what the Lord spoke, saying: ‘By those who come near Me I must be regarded as holy; and before all the people I must be glorified.” There you have the theme of Leviticus in a nutshell. By those who come near Me I must be regarded as holy. That meant Nadab and Abihu, and that means you and me. No one can approach God or know Him or serve Him without regarding Him as holy. Look down at verse 10 in the same chapter. What does God desire for you and me? …that you may distinguish between holy and unholy, and between clean and unclean. That’s exactly what’s wrong with our world today. People have lost the ability to distinguish between the holy and the unholy, between what’s right and what’s wrong. Do you remember the old story of the boys who broke into a department store one night? They didn’t steal anything; they just changed all the price tags. The next morning, fur coats were selling for a buck and a half, while little pieces of costume jewelry were priced at thousands of dollars. The value of everything was reversed. We’re living in an age in which the devil has changed the price tags on everything, and moral values have been reversed in this world. To be a Christian with a sense of morality is viewed as being bigoted and blighted and puritanical and extreme; but to have an open attitude toward same-sex marriage and an “anything goes” society is to be healthy, unbiased, and open-minded. This was why the ancient rabbis taught Leviticus to Jewish children at a very early point in their synagogue education—to help them know from their earliest days the difference between right and wrong. The purpose of Leviticus is to give us a sense of the holiness of God that we might be able to distinguish between holy and unholy, between the clean and the unclean. Look at the next chapter—Leviticus 11:45: For I am the Lord who brings you up out of the land of Egypt to be your God. You shall therefore be holy, for I am holy. Turn over to Leviticus 14, a chapter devoted to the theme of leprosy. Here we have a set of instructions for the doctors—who were the Levites—to detect cases of leprosy. Look at the way the chapter ends in Leviticus 14:54ff: This is the law for any leprous sore and scale, for the leprosy of a garment and of a house, for a swelling and a scab and a bright spot, to teach when it is unclean and when it is clean. This is the law of leprosy. We bring value judgments into every arena of life, don’t we? We have to make value judgments and moral decisions constantly. The book of Leviticus is designed to teach us true holiness that we might make the best judgments possible. Look at verse 31 of the next chapter—Leviticus 15:31: Thus you shall separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness, lest they die in their uncleanness when they defile My Tabernacle that is among them. In other words, God Himself intended to dwell among the children of Israel. He was going to live with them, to be their God, to walk in their midst. Therefore they had to reflect His holiness. Leviticus 19:1ff says: And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, “Speak to all the congregation of the children of Israel, and say to them: ‘You shall be holy, for I the Lord your God am holy.’” Leviticus 20:7-8 says: Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy, for I am the Lord your God. And you shall keep My statutes and perform them: I am the Lord who sanctifies you. Verse 26 of the same chapter: And you shall be holy to Me, for I the Lord am holy, and have separated you from the peoples, that you should be Mine. This is the theme of Leviticus—holiness. God is holy, and since He is our God, we must reflect His holiness in our lives. That brings us an important question. What does the word “holy” really mean? This is a word that occurs nearly 700 times in the Bible. Some theologians say that all of God’s moral attributes can be summed up in two words: Love and Light. God is Love and God is Light. Holiness would be another word for Light. At its very root, the word holy means separate, distinct, different, and set apart from all other. When Senator Albert Gore died in 1998, I drove past the airport. There were many planes there. Military planes, commercial jet liners, all the small planes that are usually there, cargo jets, and etc. Air Force Two—the Vice President’s plane—was there. But President Clinton had come to Nashville for the funeral, and there was no mistaking Air Force One. It was separate, distinct, and different from all the others. It was huge—a specially modified Boeing 747. It had a security parameter all around it, and anyone trying to approach it would be stopped. It was separate, distinct, different, and set apart from all the rest. That is the root meaning of the term holiness—separate, distinct, different, and set apart from all the rest. But this word has a particular moral application when it comes to God. It means that He is separate, distinct, different, and set apart from everything else in the universe because of the absolute and utter absence of evil within Him. Herbert Lockyer put it this way: As the absolutely Holy One, God is free from evil and hates and abhors sin. He is glorious in holiness—holiness being the most sparkling jewel in His crown. As His power makes Him mighty, so His holiness makes Him glorious. God possesses intrinsic holiness. He is holy in His nature. As light is the essence of the sun, so holiness is God’s very being. God is absolutely distinct from all His creatures, and above them in infinite majesty. He is holy in all His ways… As the sun cannot darken, so God cannot act unrighteously. He is the Holy One. Holiness is His inward character—not merely a trait of His Being, but His very essence…. From the dateless past, He has been free from all moral impurity and is therefore morally perfect. [1] Holiness is God’s infinite and unchangeable moral excellence which He eternally wills and maintains. The first time the word “holy” occurs in the Bible is in Exodus 3:5 when Moses turns aside to see the burning bush in the desert. A voice thundering from the bush said: “Do not draw near this place. Take your sandals off your feet, for the place where you stand is holy ground.” Just as there is a security perimeter around Air Force 1, there is a holiness perimeter around God Himself. There is a zone of holiness and everything unholy that enters that zone in instantly and constantly consumed by the blazing purity of His holiness. It’s just like flying into the sun. How long would you or I last if we were on a spaceship flying into the sun? How long before we were consumed? How long before we were burned up in its intense heat and light? Why was Moses commanded to remove his sandals? Have you ever tried to walk barefoot across blistering sand, rocky ground, and prickly terrain? You have to do so very slowly and carefully. God didn’t want Moses rushing carelessly into this holiness perimeter. He needed to approach the holiness of God slowly, very cautiously and with great fear and trembling. Exodus 15:11 says: Who is like You, O Lord, among the gods? Who is like You, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders? 1 Samuel 2:2 says: No one is holy like the Lord, for there is none besides You, nor is there any rock like our God. Isaiah 40:25 says: “To whom then will you liken Me, or to whom shall I be equal?” says the Holy One. 1 Chronicles 16:10 says: Glory in His holy name. 1 Chronicles 16:29 says: Worship the Lord in the beauty of His holiness. Psalm 93:5 says: Holiness adorns Your house, O Lord, forever. Habakkuk 2:20 says: The Lord is in His holy temple. Let all the earth keep silence before Him. Revelation 15:4 says: Who shall not fear You, O Lord, and glorify Your name for You alone are holy. Revelation 4:8 says: The four living creatures… do not rest day or night, saying: “Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, Who was and is and is to come!” The book of Leviticus is the book in the Bible that establishes the foundation for this great central column of biblical truth – the doctrine and the reality of the holiness of God. Can you imagine a truth more needed by our generation? Our generation has lost all sense of the concept of God’s holiness. The idea of the blazing, blinding fire of God’s moral purity and holiness might as well be on the backside of the universe as far as today’s society is concerned. The theme of Leviticus is that God is holy, and His holiness is to be the standard of our conduct and behavior. His holiness is the moral foundation of our lives. Be ye holy, for I am holy. Holiness is not a standard to which God conforms. Holiness is that which God is, and everything else in the universe must conform to that standard or it is ruined. Everything in the universe is good as it conforms to God’s holiness and everything in the universe is evil as it does not. The holiness of God provides the basis for moral absolutes in the universe—and this is the very truth that is under such attack in our world today. It’s remarkable to see what has happened to America since World War II. We’ve just commemorated the 60th anniversary of D-Day, when Allied troops began the liberation of Europe from Hitler’s Nazis. At that time, there was a consensus in America that there was a universal, absolute moral standard of right and wrong, and that sense of good and evil is what propelled those boys across the cliffs of Normandy. By the same token, the very heart of Nazi Germany rejected all such standards. Adolf Hitler rejected the idea of a personal God who decreed absolute truth. One of the reasons he hated the Jews was because they represented transcendent monotheism—the belief in an eternal yet personal God. By killing the Jews, Hitler thought could eradicate those who had ‘invented’ God.” Hitler rejected biblical authority and as a result He and all Nazi Germany rejected all sense of absolute moral standards. So morality became fluid. It could become whatever a man or a society wanted it to be. It became relative. It became unhinged and detached from any absolute, infinite, divine standard. And now, sixty years later, this is exactly the philosophy being espoused by our modern American culture, and those who dare stand up in opposition are called “right-wing religious extremists.” The other day I bought a clock. The directions told me not to try to set the clock. I was only to put in a battery and push a little button. Something within the clock sent out signals to Colorado Springs to the US Naval Observatory. I pushed the little button, and within a couple of minutes the hands of my clock started moving all by themselves as if by magic. It was almost spooky. My clock automatically synchronized itself to the absolute standard of the master clock operated by the U.S. Government. What if I gathered a group of people in the room and said, “What time do you think it is? What time do you want it to be? There’s no absolute standard. We can set this clock however we want. Time is relative, so if we want it to be midnight right now—no problem.” Our society has disconnected itself from the absolute standard of the holiness of God, and we’re heading down the same slippery slope that doomed the morality of Nazi Germany. The problem is that we have lost the message of the book of Leviticus. God is holy, and His holiness is the basis of our conduct and morality. That is Leviticus in a nutshell. If there was ever a need for a generation to rediscover a great biblical theme, it is for our generation to rediscover the concept of the holiness of God. One way of doing that is to descend into the mineshaft of Leviticus, for there we find the diamond of God’s holy character. A Messianic Book And that brings me to the final point in today’s message, Leviticus is a Messianic book—it is all about Atonement, all about Divinely-engineered Sacrifices and Offerings, all about the Reconciling Savior. Leviticus gives us a series of sacrifices; it tells us of the power of the shedding of the blood of the burnt offerings which point toward the Lord Jesus Christ, sinless and pure, who took upon Himself our sins and imputed to us His holiness that we might stand before God. This is Leviticus. In the very heart of the book—at the very center of Leviticus—is the description of the Day of Atonement in chapter 16. And the purpose of Leviticus is to show us how a Holy God can provide atonement through the divinely-appointed sacrifice that we might be reconciled to God and be made holy in His sight. This is Leviticus. God is holy, and the moral excellence of His pure and infinite holiness is like the blinding, burning, blazing sun. We could no more stand in His presence than we could stand on the surface of the sun itself. But Jesus Christ—God’s perfect sacrifice—offered Himself for us, in our stead, in order to present us holy and blameless and above reproach in His sight. He it is who makes us holy. And He is our atoning sacrifice. Romans 3:21ff, basing its truths on the foundations of Leviticus, says: But now righteousness from God, apart from law, has been made known, to which the Law (i.e., the book of Leviticus) and the Prophets (i.e., Moses) testify. This righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe. There is no difference, for all have sinned and fall short of the glory (holiness/purity) of God, and are justified freely by His grace through the redemption that came by Christ Jesus. God presented Him as a sacrifice of atonement, through faith in His blood. This is Leviticus. That’s the language of Leviticus. The book of Leviticus provides the deep moral and biblical foundations for the book of Romans and it gives us the historical and moral and biblical underpinnings for my salvation and for yours. Oh, that we might see God in all His holiness. Oh, that we might see ourselves in all our sinfulness. Oh, that we might see how Jesus Christ—by His atoning sacrifice—washes away our sinfulness and clothes us in His holiness that we might be reconciled to God for eternal life! John Newton put it this way: I saw one hanging on a tree, In agony and blood, Who fixed His languid eyes on me, As near His cross I stood. O, can it be upon a tree, The Savior died for me? My soul is thrilled, my heart is filled, To think He died for me. ALL ON THE ALTAR Rob Morgan Before today’s message, I want to thank all of you who are standing by our church in your tithes and offerings during the summer months. For ever and ever, summertime has been difficult for churches in America. On the one hand, it’s a time of great opportunity with summer camp and Vacation Bible School and Kids’ Jamboree. On the other hand, people are out of pocket during the summer. We like to take vacations, long weekends, and camping trips. So our attendance is typically lower and so are our offerings. Well, right now, during this summer of 2004, we’re just squeaking by financially. So your faithfulness and your generosity are so very important. But I don’t begrudge anyone their vacations. My wife and I enjoyed getting away, and I hope that all of you have a chance to take a few days off. We need it. I grew up in a family that took annual vacations. My parents were both schoolteachers, and they had the summers off. Now they worked hard during the summer, gardening and running our apple orchard. But we always took a week or two to go somewhere, and those are some of the best memories of my childhood. I’d look forward to our vacation just like Christmas. I could hardly wait. But I remember one year, my dad announced we were going to Big Bend National Park in Texas. I said, “What’s there?” He said, “Absolutely nothing. That’s what’s so special about it. It’s just desolate and barren. It’s the least visited of all the National Parks. We’ll not have to worry much about crowds of people.” Well, I wasn’t too excited about that. I wanted to go back to the beach. But Big Bend it was, so it packed our bags and drove and drove and drove. Finally we entered Big Bend National Park, and my dad was exactly right. It was desolate and barren, but it was breathtaking in its desolation. It must be one of the most beautiful places on earth in its own way. The rugged terrain, the towering mountains, the massive canyons, the twisting Rio Grande River—it was a phenomenal trip. And it taught me a lesson. Sometimes things are not as boring as they seem to be, after you get into them. Let me repeat that: Sometimes things are not as boring as they seem to be, after you get into them. Case in point: Leviticus. Last Sunday we began a series of summertime studies from this book which has the reputation of being the most boring section of Scripture. Many people think it is as confusing as Revelation, but at least Revelation is interesting! Well, Leviticus is rather bleak and difficult, but when you really get into it, it’s marvelous. I’d like to review for just a moment from last week, and then we’ll plunge right into today’s material. The theme of Leviticus is urgently needed in our own day and age. The prevailing philosophy in our world right now is that there are no absolute moral standards. Our culture is committed to moral relativism. Right and wrong are not black and white; they are not really set in stone. They are fluid. We can adjust our morality. We can establish our own sense of right and wrong based on societal consensus. There’s an interesting phrase that the news media is using to describe this kind of relative morality, and it’s the phrase “politically correct.” That phrase seems to mean whatever corresponds to the prevailing liberal opinions regarding moral issues. The book of Leviticus, more than any other book of the Bible, stresses that God is a holy God, that His holiness serves as the basis for moral absolutes in our universe, and that He expects His people who are called by His name to reflect His holiness. Leviticus 10:3 says: By those who come near Me I must be regarded as holy. Leviticus 11:45 says: I am the Lord who brings you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God. You shall therefore be holy, for I am holy. Leviticus 20:7-8 say: Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy, for I am the Lord your God. And you shall keep My statutes and perform them: I am the Lord who sanctifies you. Leviticus 20:26: And you shall be holy to Me, for I the Lord am holy, and have separated you from the peoples, that you should be Mine. This is the theme of Leviticus. The words “holy” and “holiness” occur nearly 100 times in this book. It serves as the central column in Scripture supporting the incredible doctrine of the holiness of God. Out of His holiness comes the moral absolutes that govern His universe, and He intends for His people to be representatives in this world of His holiness. That was last Sunday morning’s message. Sunday night I showed you the incredible plan and outline for this book. At its very heart is Leviticus 16—the Day of Atonement. The chapters that precede this Day of Atonement (known as the Jews as Yom Kippur) tell us how to approach a holy God, through sacrifices and priests. The chapters that follow chapter 16 tell us how to live a holy life. This section is filled with regulations regarding the conduct of life. But this section also contains the descriptions of the Jewish feasts, telling us that a holy life is also joyful and celebratory. Now against that background, I’d like to begin today at the beginning of Leviticus, looking at the five sacrifices that God prescribed for the ancient Israelites. Everything in Leviticus speaks of Christ. Its theme of holiness. Its Day of Atonement. Its feasts and festivals. Its system of the priesthood. Its sacrifices and offerings. All of them point toward Christ, and Leviticus is one of the most Messianic books in the Bible. Someone called it “The Gospel of Leviticus.” The first seven chapters of Leviticus are devoted to describing the sacrifices and offerings of the ancient Israelites. These were the sacrifices to be offered on the altar just inside the gateway of the Tabernacle. If you remember from our series of studies last year on the Tabernacle, that altar just inside the gate of the Tabernacle represented the cross of Christ. Every day, opportunity was given for the Israelites to come and, with the assistance of the priests, to offering sacrifices and burnt offerings on that altar near the entrance of the Tabernacle, and those sacrifices all represented the One who would later die on the cross. There were five basic kinds of sacrifices, and they are described for us here in Leviticus 1-5. You have: • The Burnt Offering in Leviticus 1 • The Grain Offering in Leviticus 2 • The Peace Offering in Leviticus 3 • The Sin Offering in Leviticus 4 • The Trespass Offering in Leviticus 5 In Leviticus 6-7, these five offerings are reviewed with some additional instructions given. That is the content of Leviticus 1-7. Do you see how important this is? Do you see how significant these offerings are? They were designed by God to teach us five different truths about the great coming One who would offer Himself on the cross for our sins. They are prophetic in nature. They are Messianic. They teach us about the sacrifice our Savior made for you and me. Who would not want to study these offerings and thus learn of Christ? So today let’s deal with the first two, beginning with the Burnt Offering in Leviticus 1: Now the Lord called to Moses, and spoke to him from the tabernacle of meeting, saying: “Speak to the children of Israel, and say to them: ‘When any one of you brings an offering to the Lord, you shall bring your offering of the livestock—of the herd and of the flock. If his offering is a burnt sacrifice of the herd… --notice that: a burnt sacrifice, a burnt offering--let him offer a male without blemish; he shall offer it of his own free will at the door of the Tabernacle of meeting before the Lord. Then he shall put his hand on the head of the burnt offering, and it will be accepted on his behalf to make atonement for him. And the rest of chapter 1 tells us how the worshipper was to go about offering his burnt offering. It could be a bull from the herd, a sheep or a goat from the flock, or even a bird. But there was one thing that distinguished this offering from all others. It’s found in a little phrase in verse 9, and it is very important. Look at that verse with me: And the priest shall burn all on the altar as a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, a sweet aroma to the Lord. See the phrase all on the altar? That’s the key. This is the one and only sacrifice that was totally consumed in the flames. Some of the other sacrifices were very much like you and I experience when we cook out. Sometimes we think of these animal sacrifices as repugnant, and there was an element of that. God wanted us to understand that sin is repugnant and unpleasant, and that the cross of Jesus Christ was repugnant and unpleasant. But on the other hand, it wasn’t that much different than throwing some meat on the grill and barbecuing it. With the other sacrifices, there were parts that were eaten and enjoyed by either the priests or the worshippers or both. But in the case of the burnt offering, there was nothing eaten. There was nothing left. Everything was consumed in the flames and in the fire. It was a total sacrifice. That’s the distinction and meaning of the burnt offering. What does it tell us about Christ? He was a male without blemish, without sin, who gave the last full measure of Himself for us. The altar represents the cross, the fire underneath represents the holy judgment of God, and the Lord Jesus was a willing sacrifice who gave His last ounce of strength for you and me. He offered Himself completely. He was totally consumed on Calvary. He is our burnt offering. Where do see this in the New Testament? In Hebrews 10:1-10: For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come and not the very image of the things, can never with these same sacrifices, which they offer continually year by year, make those who approach perfect. For then would they not have ceased to be offered? For the worshipers, once purified, would have had no more consciousness of sins. But in those sacrifices there is a reminder of sins every year. For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and goats could take away sins. Therefore when He (Christ) came into the world, He said: “Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, but a body You have prepared for Me. In burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin, You had no pleasure. Then I said, ‘Behold, I have come—in the volume of the book it is written of Me—to do Your will, O God.” Now, look at that! Burnt offerings were not really what God desired. The burnt offering described in Leviticus 1 was only pointing toward something else. It was symbolic of something to come. Or rather, of someone to come. In the volume of the book of Leviticus was given us a prophecy through type regarding the coming Messiah. Verse 8 continues: Previously saying, “Sacrifice and offering, burnt offerings, and offerings for sin You did not desire, nor had pleasure in them” (which are offered according to the law), then He said, “Behold, I have come to do Your will, O God.” He takes away the first that He may establish the second. In other words, Jesus Christ fulfilled the type in order to accomplish the reality. By that will we be sanctified – made holy in God’s sight—through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. So the theme of Leviticus is that God is holy and those who approach Him must regard Him as holy and those who know Him must share in His holiness. But we can never do that on our own, for we are an unclean people. You and I are filled with uncleanness and all our righteous acts are like filthy rags in His sight. We need an offering and a sacrifice for sin, but it can’t be a partial thing. We need someone who will die in our place, shedding His blood and giving Himself wholly to be consumed for our sins. Jesus said, “I am the burnt offering. I am the sacrifice. A body has been prepared for Me, and I am giving Myself wholly to this task.” You know, it’s very hard to always give yourself fully to something. Even professional athletes need coaches and team psychologists who will help them release their full potentials into a game. A player’s morale or frame of mind, or a team’s spirit often makes the whole difference. So a good coach tries to psych his players up for the game, getting them to play as though their very lives depended on it, trying to get them to give everything they have to the game, to be totally consumed. But few people are able to play with that intensity all the time. Former President Jimmy Carter has frequently spoken about one nerve-wracking interview he once had with Admiral Hyman Rickover. Rickover was an intense and intimidating man, and he personally interviewed every sailor who was assigned to the Navy’s nuclear program. He liked to make his interviewees sweat, and meeting him was something of a stress test. Carter’s interview lasted two hours, and the former President later admitted to being covered in a cold sweat during the time. Finally Carter tried to gain some ground in the interview by telling the Admiral that he had graduated fifty-ninth out of his class of 820 at Annapolis. Rickover bore in on the young lieutenant, asking: “Did you always do your best?” Carter had to admit that no, he had now always done his very best. Admiral Rickover looked at him for long time, then swiveled around in his chair to signal the interview was over. But as he did so, he asked one final question: “Why not?” It was a defining moment in Jimmy Carter’s life, and his slogan when he ran for the White House was: “Why not the best?” Well, none of us ever do our best all the time. Sometimes we only do well. Sometimes we do poorly. Sometimes we do badly. Sometimes we give ourselves to something with only a portion of our strength. Sometimes we commit ourselves to another person only partially. No one always does his or her best. But Jesus did. He lay all on the altar. He held nothing back. He gave Himself fully and completely for you and me, for He loved us with all His heart, mind, soul, and body. And thus He loves you still. Let me show you five verses in the New Testament that speak of this: Galatians 1:4: …who gave Himself for our sins, that He might deliver us from this present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father. Galatians 2:20: I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me, and gave Himself for me. Ephesians 5:25: Husbands, love our lives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave Himself to her. 1 Timothy 2:6: …who gave Himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time. Titus 2:14: …who gave Himself for us, that He might redeem us from every lawless deed and purify for Himself His own special people, zealous for good works. Five times this little phrase “gave Himself” occurs in the New Testament. Jesus gave Himself for our sins, for you and me. He loved the church and gave Himself for her. He gave Himself as a ransom for sins. He gave Himself for us, that He might redeem us from every lawless deed and purify us—make us holy as He is holy. He gave Himself without reserve, retreat, or regret. He gave Himself fully. He came as a burnt offering and as a total sacrifice for our sins. There are two responses we should have to all this. The first is thankful appreciation. How can we express our gratitude to Christ for what He has done for us? And when I think that God, His Son not sparing, Sent Him to die, I scarce can take it in; That on the cross my burden gladly bearing, He bled and died to take away my sin, Then sings my soul, my Savior, God, to Thee, How great Thou art! How great Thou art! The second response is one of total consecration. If Jesus makes Himself a burnt offering for me, should I not become a living sacrifice for Him? You may remember in our recent study of the book of Romans that Romans chapters 1-11 tell us, in essence how Christ became a burnt offering for us, totally consumed, a sacrifice of atonement that we might be justified by grace through faith. Then chapter 12 begins with these words: I urge you, therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your logical act of service. Christ gave His all for us, and we should give Him our all, as well. He became our burnt offering that we might become His living sacrifices. When they asked General William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, why his ministry had been so successful, he replied, “God has had all there was of me to have.” Exactly 100 years ago, in 1904, the Bible teacher, F. B. Meyer, was preaching in England, in the lakes’ district at the Keswick Conference. Here is a verbatim part of what he said that evening: “I remember so well when He came to my heart and challenged me as to the keys of the fortress. I had them upon my bunch, and before I gave them to Him I put one small key in my pocket. Have not you done that, and handed to Him the bunch minus that key? He gave it back, and said He could not be King at all if He could not be King of everything. I put my hand in my pocket where I had hidden it, and said, ‘I cannot give it, but You may take it,’ and He took that tiny key. My King! I see Him now as He stood at the foot of the drawbridge of my heart. I see Him radiant as He stood then, for He is here now. He looked at me with those eyes which are as a flame of fire, and said, ‘Are all the keys there?’ I said, ‘All but this, and I cannot give it; but I am willing for Thee to take it’ and He took it at that. Then they were all His.” Have you given Him all the keys to your life and heart and mind? Do you love Him with all your heart, mind, soul, and strength? He is our burnt offering. He sacrificed Himself fully on the altar of the cross, to be consumed by the judicial wrath of God and to make atonement to Him for our sins, that we might be clothed in His holiness and justified to appear before God as His children. Come to Him with thankful appreciation. Come to Him in total consecration. For we never can know What the Lord will bestow Of the blessings for which we have prayed, Till our body and soul He doth fully control, And our all on the altar is laid.