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Leon Morris · Citado em PreceptAustin
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Morris - Gambling at Calvary "They part my garments among them, and cast lots upon my vesture" (Ps. 22:18). The Twenty-second Psalm is justly famous as a remarkable prophetic preview of the sufferings and death of the Lord Jesus on the cross, written by David approximately 1,000 years before it was fulfilled. It describes in accurate detail the sufferings of the Lord, and the actions of the sneering spectators as they watched Him die. One of the most heartless acts of the Roman soldiers carrying out the crucifixion was the indignity of stripping Him of the garments He was wearing and then dividing them among themselves, even gambling to determine who would get His seamless vesture. The significance of this cruel scene is indicated by the fact that it is one of the very few specific events in the life of Christ recorded in all four Gospels. We must not forget that the Lord Jesus Christ once had been arrayed, as it were, in beautiful garments that "smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces" (Ps. 45:8). He who was "equal with God" chose to be "made in the likeness of men" that He might eventually suffer "even the death of the cross" (Phil. 2:6-8) in order to save our unworthy souls. "For ye know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that, though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, that ye through his poverty might be rich" (2 Cor. 8:9). He who had created the heavens, when He came to earth, had to say that "the Son of man hath not where to lay his head" (Matt. 8:20). His few remaining possessions were scavenged by His executioners as He died. Yet through His great sacrifice, He has provided "everlasting habitations" for us (Luke 16:9) and "all spiritual blessings in heavenly places" (Eph. 1:3). Indeed, we do know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ! John 19:25 Therefore the soldiers did these things. But standing by the cross of Jesus were His mother, and His mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene. his mother: Lu 2:35 His mother’s sister: Mt 27:55,56 Mk 15:40,41 Lu 23:49 Cleopas, Lu 24:18 Mary Magdalene: John 20:1,11-18 Mk 16:9 Lu 8:2 Alfred Edersheim - CRUCIFIED, DEAD, AND BURIED Related Passages: Luke 2:34-35+ (SIMEON'S PROPHECY BEING FULFILLED FOR MARY) And Simeon blessed them and said to Mary His mother, “Behold, this Child is appointed for the fall and rise of many in Israel, and for a sign to be opposed– 35 and a sword will pierce even your own soul–to the end that thoughts from many hearts may be revealed.” WOMEN NEAR THE CROSS OF CHRIST Therefore the soldiers did these things - That is they divided up Jesus garments and gambled for His tunic But standing by the cross (stauros) of Jesus were His mother, and His mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene - While all but one of His disciples had fled, these women stood vigil as Jesus' life faded away over those 6 agonizing hours on the cross. NET NOTE - Several women are mentioned, but it is not easy to determine how many. It is not clear whether his mother’s sister and Mary the wife of Clopas are to be understood as the same individual (in which case only three women are mentioned: Jesus’ mother, her sister Mary, and Mary Magdalene) or as two different individuals (in which case four women are mentioned: Jesus’ mother, her sister, Mary Clopas’ wife, and Mary Magdalene). It is impossible to be certain, but when John’s account is compared to the synoptics it is easier to reconcile the accounts if four women were present than if there were only three. It also seems that if there were four women present, this would have been seen by the author to be in juxtaposition to the four soldiers present who performed the crucifixion, and this may explain the transition from the one incident in 23–24 to the other in 25–27. Finally, if only three were present, this would mean that both Jesus’ mother and her sister were named Mary, and this is highly improbable in a Jewish family of that time. If there were four women present, the name of the second, the sister of Jesus’ mother, is not mentioned. It is entirely possible that the sister of Jesus’ mother mentioned here is to be identified with the woman named Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40 and also with the woman identified as “the mother of the sons of Zebedee” mentioned in Matt 27:56. If so, and if John the Apostle is to be identified as the beloved disciple, then the reason for the omission of the second woman’s name becomes clear; she would have been John’s own mother, and he consistently omitted direct reference to himself or his brother James or any other members of his family in the Fourth Gospel. (ED: For an excellent analysis of the number of women BORROW D A Carson's Gospel of John PAGE 615-616) Spurgeon's expository comments - note there may be some repetition as this is simply a collection of all his thoughts on a given passage or section. John 19:25. Now there stood by the cross of Jesus, his mother, and his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene. These gracious women stood by the cross: we call them the feebler sex; but we must grant that they are the stronger of the two in anything which has to do with pure disinterested love. Yield the first place to them. Last at the cross, first at the sepulcher. No woman’s lip betrayed her Lord; no woman’s hand ever smote him; their eyes wept for him; they gazed upon him with pitying awe and love. God bless the Marys! When we see so many of them about the cross, we feel that we honour the very name of Mary. John 19:26 When Jesus then saw His mother, and the disciple whom He loved standing nearby, He *said to His mother, “Woman, behold, your son!” whom: John 13:23 20:2 21:7,20,24 Woman: John 2:4 THE THIRD SAYING FROM THE CROSS When Jesus then saw His mother, and the disciple (mathetes) whom He loved (agapao = John cf Jn 13:23; 19:26; 21:7, 20) standing nearby (paristemi), He *said to His mother, “Woman, behold (idou), your son - Even with His dying breaths we see the compassion and sympathy of Jesus! Jesus is clearly remembering His mother and commits her care to John who would outlive all of the other disciples and thus would surely be available to carry for Mary all the days of her life. THOUGHT - There is a principle inherent in Jesus' action here. When we are in Christ and going through suffering or affliction ourselves, we too (by His Spirit) have the potential to be able to comfort others who are suffering physically or emotionally. D A Carson notes that "How many women John enumerates has been disputed. It is possible to read the list as two, three or four." I am going with 4 on the basis of a simple reading of Jn 19:25, but I will not be dogmatic. If you are interested Dr Carson has a discussion of the number of women at the foot of the Cross. (BORROW Carson's Gospel of John PAGE 615-616) A T
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Morris - It Is Finished! "When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost" (John 19:30). "On the seventh day God ended his work which he had made" (Gen. 2:2). Furthermore, "every thing that he had made... was very good" (Gen. 1:31). So is His work of salvation! Jesus, knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the Scripture might be fulfilled, said, It is finished. (John 19:28, 30). The emphasized words ("accomplished," "fulfilled," "finished") are all the same in the Greek original. When all the relevant Scriptures had been fulfilled and the price of reconciliation ("the blood of his cross," Col. 1:20) fully paid, He could finally shout the great victory cry (Matt. 27:50), "It is finished!" As the finished creation was "very good," so is our finished salvation. The salvation which Christ our Creator thus provided on the cross is "so great" (Heb. 2:3) and "eternal" (Heb. 5:9), that the hope thereof is "good" (2 Thess. 2:16). Then, finally, having finished the work of redemption, Christ rested once again, on the seventh day. As He had rested on that first seventh day, now He could rest again, His body sleeping in Joseph's tomb. He had died quickly, and the preparations for burial had been hurried (Luke 23:54-56), so that He could be buried before the Sabbath. On the third day (that is, the first day of the new week), He would rise again, as He had said (Matt. 16:21, et al.). His body rested in the tomb all the Sabbath Day, plus part of the previous and following days, according to Hebrew idiomatic usage, "three days and three nights" (Matt. 12:40)—but death could hold Him no longer. He arose from the dead and is now "alive for evermore" (Rev. 1:18). Robert Hawker —John 19:30. PERHAPS these words formed the sixth cry of the Lord Jesus on the cross. The glorious close of all his sufferings was now arrived; and, full of these high ideas which occupied his holy mind, he cried out, “It is finished.” What is finished? Redemption work is finished. All the long series of prophesies, visions, types, and the shadow of the good things to come, which pointed to Jesus, and redemption by him, were now finished in their accomplishment. The law was finished in its condemning power; and the gospel commenced its saving influence. Jesus, by that one sacrifice now offered, had for ever perfected them that were sanctified. The separation between Jew and Gentile was now finished, and done away for ever. Jesus had now gathered together in one all the children of God which were scattered abroad. The iron reign of sin and Satan, of death and hell, were now broken in pieces by this Stone cut out of the mountain without hands; and life and immortality, pardon, mercy, and peace, were brought to light, and secured to the faithful, by this finished redemption of the Lord Jesus Christ. The peace, the love, the favour of God the Father, was now manifested, and that spiritual kingdom of the Lord Jesus, which shall have no end, was from this moment set up in the hearts and minds of his people. The sure descent of the Holy Ghost was now confirmed; and the Lord Jesus already, by anticipation, beheld his Israel of old, and his Gentile church, as well as Ethiopia and the multitude of the isles, stretching forth their hands unto God. With these and the like glorious prospects the mind of Jesus was filled; and having received the vinegar, as the last prophecy remaining then to be completed, hecried out, “It is finished.” My soul! never let these precious, precious words of Jesus depart from thy mind. Do by them as Moses commanded Israel concerning the words he gave them; let them be in thy heart and in thy soul: bind them as a sign upon thine hand, and let them be as frontlets between thine eyes. Tell thy God and Father what thy Jesus has told thee—“It is finished.” He hath finished redemption for thee; and He will finish redemption in thee. He hath destroyed death, hath satisfied and glorified the law, taken away the curse, made full restitution for sin, brought in an everlasting righteousness, and opened the glorious mansions of the blessed as the home and rest of all his people. Oh! my soul, let these dying words of thy Jesus be made by thee as an answer to all thy prayers, and begin that song to the Lamb, which, ere long thou wilt fully and loudly sing among the church above—Worthy is the Lamb that was slain; for thou wast slain, and has redeemed us to God by thy blood. THE SEVEN SAYINGS OF THE SAVIOR SPOKEN ON THE CROSS MATTHEW MARK LUKE JOHN THE FOLLOWING WORDS WERE SPOKEN FROM 9 AM - 12 NOON Father forgive them Today you shall be with Me in Paradise Woman, behold, your son! Behold, your mother! THE FOLLOWING WORDS WERE SPOKEN ABOUT 3 PM ELI, ELI, LAMA SABACHTHANI? MY GOD, MY GOD, WHY HAVE YOU FORSAKEN ME? I am thirsty It is finished! Jn 19:30+ Father, INTO YOUR HANDS I COMMIT MY SPIRIT James Stalker's devotional thoughts on the "Seven Sayings" click chapter # to go to the article (e.g., 14) 14. THE FIRST WORD FROM THE CROSS Luke 23:34. 15. THE SECOND WORD FROM THE CROSS Luke 23:39–43. 16. THE THIRD WORD FROM THE CROSS John 19:25–27. 17. THE FOURTH WORD FROM THE CROSS Matt. 27:46–9; Mark 15:34–6. 18. THE FIFTH WORD FROM THE CROSS John 19:28. 19. THE SIXTH WORD FROM THE CROSS John 19:30. 20. THE SEVENTH WORD FROM THE CROSS Luke 23:46. The order of events at the crucifixion: (1) Arrival at Golgotha (Mt 27:33; Mk 15:22; Lu 23:33; Jn 19:17). (2) Offer of the stupefying drink refused (Mt 27:34; Mk 15:23). (3) Crucified between 2 thieves (Mt 27:35-38; Mk 15:24-28; Lu 23:33-38; Jn 19:18). (4) Utters 1st cry fr the cross, "Father, forgive," (Lu 23:34). (5) Soldiers part His garments (Mt 27:35; Mk 15:24; Lu 23:34; Jn 19:23). (6) Jews mock Jesus (Mt 27:39-43; Mk 15:29-32; Lu 23:35). (7) Thieves rail Him, one repents (Mt 27:44; Mk 15:32; Lu 23:39-43). (8) Second cry from cross, "Today you will be with me," (Lu 23:43). (9) Third cry, "Dear woman, here is your son," etc. (Jn 19:26-27). (10) Darkness from the sixth hour darkness fell upon all the land until the ninth hour. (Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lu 23:44). (11) Fourth cry, "My God," etc. (Mt 27:46-47; Mk 15:34-36). (12) Fifth cry, "I am thirsty" (Jn 19:28). (13) Sixth cry, "It is finished" (Jn 19:30). (14) Seventh cry, "Father, into your hands," etc. (Lu 23:46). And (15) Lord dismisses His spirit (Mt 27:50; Mk 15:37; Lu 23:46; Jn 19:30). Metaphorical Pictures of Jesus' Death in Gospel of John Lamb of God - John 1:29 Temple torn down - John 2:19 Serpent suspended - John 3:14 Shepherd dying for sheep - John 10:11 Seed planted and dying to bear fruit - John 12:24 Norman Geisler —Did Jesus die on the cross or just swoon? - When Cultists Ask - page 310 PROBLEM: Many skeptics, as well as Muslims, believe that Jesus did not die on the cross. Some say that He took a drug that put Him in a comalike state and that He later revived in the tomb. Yet the Bible says repeatedly that Christ died on the cross (cf. Rom. 5:8 ; 1 Cor. 15:3 ; 1 Thes. 4:14 ). SOLUTION: Jesus never fainted or swooned, nor was He drugged on the cross. In fact, He refused the drug customarily offered to the victim before crucifixion to help deaden pain ( Matt. 27:34 ), and He accepted only “vinegar” later (v. 48 ) to quench His thirst. Jesus’ actual physical death on the cross is supported by overwhelming evidence. First of all, the OT predicted that Christ would die ( Isa. 53:5–10 ; Ps. 22:16 ; Dan. 9:26 ; Zech. 12:10 ). And Jesus fulfilled the OT prophecies about the Messiah (cf. Matt. 4:14–16 ; 5:17–18 ; 8:17 ; John 4:25–26 ; 5:39 ). Second, Jesus announced many times during His ministry that He was going to die ( John 2:19–21 ; 10:10–11 ; Matt. 12:40 ; Mark 8:31 ). Typical is Matthew 17:22– 23 that says, “The Son of Man is about to be betrayed into the hands of men and they will kill Him, and the third day He will be raised up.” Third, all the predictions of His resurrection, both in the OT (cf. Ps. 16:10 ; Isa. 26:19 ; Dan. 12:2 ) and in the NT (cf. John 2:19–21 ; Matt. 12:40 ; 17:22–23 ), are based on the fact that He would die. Only a dead body can be resurrected. Fourth, the nature and extent of Jesus’ injuries indicate that He must have died. He had no sleep the night before He was crucified. He was beaten several times and whipped. And He collapsed on the way to His crucifixion carrying His cross. This in itself, to say nothing of the crucifixion to follow, was totally exhausting and lifedraining. Fifth, the nature of the crucifixion assures death. Jesus was on the cross from 9 o’clock in the morning until just before sunset. He bled from wounded hands and feet plus from the thorns that pierced His head. There would be a tremendous loss of blood from doing this for more than six hours. Plus, crucifixion demands that one constantly pull himself up in order to breathe, thus sending excruciating pain from the nails. Doing this all day would kill nearly anyone even if they were previously in good health. Sixth, the piercing of Jesus’ side with the spear, from which came “blood and water” ( John 19:34 ), is proof that He had physically died before the piercing. When this has happened, it is a medical proof that the person has already died (see point eleven below). Seventh, Jesus said He was in the act of dying on the cross when He declared “Father, into Your hands I commend My spirit” ( Luke 23:46 ). And “having said this, He breathed His last” (v. 46 ). John renders this, “He gave up His spirit” ( John 19:30 ). His death cry was heard by those who stood by (vv. 47–49 ). Eighth, the Roman soldiers, accustomed to crucifixion and death, pronounced Jesus dead. Although it was a common practice to break the legs of the victim to speed death (so that the person can no longer lift himself and breathe), they did not even break Jesus’ legs ( John 19:33 ). Ninth, Pilate double-checked to make sure Jesus was dead before he gave the corpse to Joseph to be buried. “Summoning the centurion, he asked him if He had been dead for some time. And when he found out from the centurion, he granted the body to Joseph” ( Mark 15:44–45 ). Tenth, Jesus was wrapped in about 75 pounds of cloth and spices and placed in a sealed tomb for three days ( John 19:39–40 ; Matt. 27:60 ). If He was not dead by then, which He clearly was, He would have died from lack of food, water, and medical treatment. Eleventh, medical authorities who have examined the circumstances and nature of Christ’s death have concluded that He actually died on the cross. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Society (March 21, 1986) concluded: Clearly, the weight of historical and medical evidence indicates that Jesus was dead before the wound to his side was inflicted and supports the traditional view that the spear, thrust between his right rib, probably perforated not only the right lung but also the pericardium and heart and thereby ensured his death. Accordingly, interpretations based on the assumption that Jesus did not die on the cross appear to be at odds with modern medical knowledge (See William Edwards Death of Jesus). QUESTION - What is the Swoon Theory? Did Jesus survive the crucifixion? ANSWER - The Swoon Theory is the belief that Jesus didn’t really die at His crucifixion, but was merely unconscious when He was laid in the tomb and there He resuscitated. Accordingly, His appearances after three days in the tomb were merely perceived to be resurrection appearances. There are several reasons why this theory is invalid and can be easily proven as false, and there were at least three different persons or groups involved in Jesus’ crucifixion who were all satisfied concerning the fact of His death on the cross. They are the Roman guards, Pilate, and the Sanhedrin. The Roman Guards - There were two separate groups of Roman soldiers given the task of ensuring the death of Jesus: the executioners and the tomb guards. The soldiers in charge of execution were specialists in capital punishment, and crucifixion was one of the most brutal forms of execution in history. Jesus was nailed to a cross after enduring horrible beatings at the hands of these professional death merchants, and every person put to death by way of crucifixion was dealt with by these soldiers. Their job was to ensure the task was completed. Jesus could not have survived crucifixion, and these soldiers made certain that Jesus was dead before His body was allowed to be taken from the cross. They were completely satisfied that Jesus was truly dead. The second group of soldiers was given the task of guarding the tomb of Jesus because of the request made to Pilate by the Sanhedrin. Matthew 27:62-66 tells us “On the next day, which followed the Day of Preparation, the chief priests and Pharisees gathered together to Pilate, saying, ’sir, we remember, while He was still alive, how that deceiver said, “After three days I will rise.” Therefore command that the tomb be made secure until the third day, lest His disciples come by night and steal Him away, and say to the people, "He has risen from the dead." So the last deception will be worse than the first.' Pilate said to them, 'You have a guard; go your way, make it as secure as you know how.' So they went and made the tomb secure, sealing the stone and setting the guard" (NKJV). These guards ensured that the tomb was secure, and their lives depended upon completion of their mission. Only the resurrection of the Son of God could have stayed them from their task. Pilate - Pilate gave the order for Jesus to be crucified and entrusted this task to be carried out by a Roman centurion, a trusted and proven commander of 100 Roman soldiers. After the crucifixion, a request for the body of Jesus was made by Joseph of Arimathea, in order that His body could be placed in a tomb. Only after confirmation was given to him by his centurion did Pilate release the body into the care of Joseph. Mark 15:42-45: “Now when evening had come, because it was the Preparation Day, that is, the day before the Sabbath, Joseph of Arimathea, a prominent council member, who was himself waiting for the kingdom of God, coming and taking courage, went in to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Pilate marveled that He was already dead; and summoning the centurion, he asked him if He had been dead for some time. And when he found out from the centurion, he granted the body to Joseph” (NKJV). Pilate was completely satisfied that Jesus was truly dead. The Sanhedrin - The Sanhedrin was the ruling council of the Jewish people, and they requested that the bodies of those crucified, including Jesus, be taken down from the cross after their death because of the ensuing Sabbath day. John 19:31-37: “Therefore, because it was the Preparation Day, that the bodies should not remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath was a high day), the Jews asked Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away. Then the soldiers came and broke the legs of the first and of the other who was crucified with Him. But when they came to Jesus and saw that He was already dead, they did not break His legs. But one of the soldiers pierced His side with a spear, and immediately blood and water came out. And he who has seen has testified, and his testimony is true; and he knows that he is telling the truth, so that you may believe. For these things were done that the Scripture should be fulfilled, 'Not one of His bones shall be broken.' And again another Scripture says, ‘They shall look on Him whom they pierced.’” These Jews who demanded that Jesus be crucified, and even going so far as to suggest an insurrection had He not been crucified, would never have allowed Jesus’ body to be removed from the cross were He not already dead. These men were completely satisfied that Jesus was truly dead. There is other evidence that the Swoon Theory is invalid, such as the condition of Jesus’ body after the resurrection. At every appearance, Jesus’ body was shown to be in a glorified state, and the only marks remaining as proof of His crucifixion were the nail prints He asked Thomas to touch as proof of who He was. Anyone who had experienced what Jesus experienced would have needed months to recover physically. Jesus’ body bore only the marks of the nails in His hands and feet. The way in which Jesus’ body was prepared after the crucifixion is further evidence to refute the theory. Had Jesus only been unconscious, the linens He was wrapped in would have been impossible for Him to escape from, had He been merely a man. The way in which the women attended to Jesus’ body is further evidence of his death. They came to the tomb on the first day of the week to further anoint His body with embalming ointments as they had little time to prepare His body prior to the beginning of the Sabbath after His crucifixion. Had He been merely unconscious as the theory supposes, they would have brought medicinal tools to help in His resuscitation. The purpose for the Swoon Theory is not to dispute His death, but rather, it seeks to disprove His resurrection. If Jesus didn’t resurrect, then He’s not God. If Jesus truly died and rose from the dead, His power over death proves that He is the Son of God. The evidence demands the verdict: Jesus truly died on the cross, and Jesus truly rose from the dead. F B
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Morris - Joseph of Arimathaea "Joseph of Arimathaea, an honorable counselor, which also waited for the kingdom of God, came, and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus" (Mark 15:43). The unique service of Joseph, in giving Jesus an honorable burial after His execution as a criminal, is noted in all four gospels. He was a disciple of Jesus, as well as a rich man (Matt. 27:57). Although his home was in Arimathaea, he buried Jesus "in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out in the rock" (Matt. 27:60) on the side of Mount Calvary just outside Jerusalem—evidently built specifically for Jesus. Joseph "was a good man, and a just" man—a member of the Sanhedrin, who "had not consented to the counsel and deed of them" as they condemned Jesus to die (Luke 23:50-51). These actions of Joseph soon would cost him his riches and his position. The same was true of his colleague on the council, Nicodemus, who had also become a disciple of Jesus, and who worked together with Joseph to plan the burial of their Lord, "secretly for fear of the Jews" (John 19:38). Once Christ had died, Joseph went to Pilate to request the body—so quickly that "Pilate marveled if He were already dead" (Mark 15:44). After checking this, "he gave the body to Joseph" (verse 45), and the two friends proceeded to prepare it for burial. Nicodemus "brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight" (John 19:39), evidently from a cache in the tomb, and they wound Jesus' body in linen clothes with the spices and quickly buried Him, before sundown. This loving ministry was performed to fulfill an ancient prophecy: "He made His grave... with the rich in His death" (Isa. 53:9). Somehow, Joseph and Nicodemus realized that God had called them to play this particular role in its fulfillment, enabling Jesus' body to rest in dignity until that morning when "He shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand" (verse 10). ILLUSTRATION OF THE TOTAL COMMITMENT OF JOSEPH - A hen and a pig saw a church sign announcing the sermon: “What Can We Do to Help the Poor?” The hen suggested that they feed them bacon and eggs. The pig thought about it and replied, “There’s one thing wrong with your idea: for you it requires only a contribution, but for me it requires total commitment!” Steven
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Morris - The Remarkable Ministry of Nicodemus "There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews" (John 3:1). The man named Nicodemus appears only on three occasions in the New Testament, but these three reveal a most remarkable character. In a way, he has become a "type" of all those who come to Christ for salvation. This was not easy for him, both because he was a member of the Pharisees who vigorously opposed Jesus, and also because he was a member of the Sanhedrin, the governing council which would eventually vote to have Jesus executed. First, Nicodemus was an interested inquirer, coming to seek an understanding of Jesus and His mission. Similarly, those who come to Christ today must come with an open mind and heart, willing to take the time to learn of Christ and of their own need of salvation. The Lord told Nicodemus his need of regeneration and then of God's gift of eternal life to those who would receive Christ and His sacrificial death. Nicodemus evidently believed, for we next see Him as a confessing convert, defending Christ in the midst of his own peers as they were seeking to arrest and imprison Him. "Nicodemus saith unto them.... Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and know what he doeth?" (John 7:50-51). This was perhaps a weak defense, but Nicodemus was a new convert, and even this stand was resented, and identified him with Christ in the minds of these powerful adversaries. Finally, we see him as a devoted disciple, along with his friend Joseph, who also was on the council, willing to suffer the loss of position and riches for Christ's sake—for this is undoubtedly what their actions at the cross entailed. "And there came also Nicodemus.... and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight. Then took they the body of Jesus.... for the sepulcher was nigh at hand" (John 19:39-42). John 19:40 So they took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen wrappings with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews. bound it in linen wrappings: John 11:44 John 20:5-7 Ac 5:6 Related Passages: Matthew 27:59 And Joseph took the body and wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, Mark 15:46 Joseph bought a linen cloth, took Him down, wrapped Him in the linen cloth and laid Him in a tomb which had been hewn out in the rock; and he rolled a stone against the entrance of the tomb. Luke 23:53 And he took it down and wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid Him in a tomb cut into the rock, where no one had ever lain. John 20:5-7 and stooping and looking in, he *saw the linen wrappings lying there; but he did not go in. 6 And so Simon Peter also *came, following him, and entered the tomb; and he *saw the linen wrappings lying there, 7 and the face-cloth which had been on His head, not lying with the linen wrappings, but rolled up in a place by itself. JESUS BOUND FOR BURIAL So they took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen wrappings with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews - Joseph and Nicodemus had to move fast. Assuming Jesus died at 3 PM and Sabbath began at 6 PM, they only had 3 hours to make all the proper burial arrangements. As an aside, had Joseph and Nicodemus understood that Jesus' body would not suffer decay (Acts 2:27, 31+), they could have saved a lot of money on 100 pounds of spices! NET NOTE - The Jews did not practice embalming, so these materials were used to cover the stench of decay and slow decomposition. The Fourth Gospel uses ὀθονίοις (othoniois) to describe the wrappings, and this has caused a good deal of debate, since it appears to contradict the synoptic accounts which mention a σινδών (sindōn), a large single piece of linen cloth. If one understands ὀθονίοις to refer to smaller strips of cloth, like bandages, there would be a difference, but diminutive forms have often lost their diminutive force in Koine Greek (BDF §111.3), so there may not be any difference. Spurgeon's expository comments - note there may be some repetition as this is simply a collection of all his thoughts on a given passage or section. John 19:40-42. And wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury. Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulcher, wherein was never man yet laid. There laid they Jesus therefore because of the Jews’ preparation day; for the sepulcher was nigh at hand. John’s Gospel contains some particulars not mentioned by Mark; and the same may be said of Matthew’s account, and Luke’s. Read them all when you are at home, and ponder the wonderful story. The apostle Paul, speaking of our Lord’s resurrection, mentions his burial. We will now read in his first Epistle to the Corinthians, just a few verses from the fifteenth chapter. QUESTION - Where was Jesus for the three days between His death and resurrection? (WATCH VIDEO) ANSWER - After Jesus said, “It is finished,” on the cross, “he bowed his head and gave up his spirit” (John 19:30). His dead body remained on the cross until it was taken down and placed in a nearby tomb (John 19:40–42). His spirit, however, was elsewhere. Three days later, His body and spirit were reunited, and He rose from the dead (John 20). There is some speculation about where Jesus was—that is, where His spirit was—for the three days between His death and resurrection. The clearest indication we have in Scripture of where Jesus was between His death and resurrection comes in His conversation on the cross with one of the thieves crucified next to Him. The believing thief asks to be remembered when Jesus comes into His kingdom (Luke 23:42), and Jesus replies, “Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise” (Luke 23:43). So, after His death, Jesus went to the place of blessing where God is—heaven. And that’s where the believing thief went, too. In the discussion of where Jesus was for the three days between His death and resurrection, another passage is often mentioned. 1 Peter 3:18–20 says, “Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit, in which he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison because they formerly did not obey, when God’s patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared” (ESV). Some take this to mean that Jesus, sometime between His death and resurrection, went to hell/Hades and made an announcement of some type to the “spirits” imprisoned there. Within this interpretation, the spirits Jesus addressed could be either demonic or human. If the spirits mentioned in 1 Peter 3:19 are fallen angels, then those spirits were probably imprisoned because they were involved in a grievous sin before the flood in Noah’s time—Peter mentions Noah’s flood in verse 20. Peter does not tell us what Jesus proclaimed to the imprisoned spirits, but it could not have been a message of redemption, since angels cannot be saved (Hebrews 2:16). If these were fallen angels, what Jesus proclaimed was probably a declaration of His victory over Satan and his hosts (1 Peter 3:22; Colossians 2:15). But there is another interpretation of the 1 Peter passage. In this interpretation, the “spirits” are people currently in hell, but Peter is not saying Jesus made a special trip to Hades/hell to preach or proclaim anything. Rather, Peter is giving parenthetical information about something Jesus had done previously in history, namely, that He had “in spirit” preached to the people of Noah’s day while they were still living on earth. That wicked generation heard the message, rejected it, perished in the flood, and are now in prison. The word now in 1 Peter 3:19 is provided for clarity in the Amplified Bible and the New American Standard Bibles of 1977 and 1995, and it contrasts with the “long ago” (NIV) and “formerly” (ESV) of 1 Peter 3:20. According to this alternate interpretation, Christ was in Noah (spiritually) when Noah preached to his doomed neighbors. To better explain, here is a paraphrase of 1 Peter 3:18–20: “Jesus was put to death in the flesh, but He was made alive in the Spirit (it was through this same Spirit that Jesus long ago preached to those who are right now in prison—those souls who disobeyed during the time of God’s great patience when Noah was building the ark).” According to this view, Jesus preached spiritually to the people of Noah’s time, and He did this through the prophet Noah, in much the same way that God speaks through us today when we proclaim God’s Word. Ephesians 4:8–10 is another passage used in the discussion regarding Jesus’ activities in the three days between His death and resurrection. Quoting Psalm 68:18, Paul says about Christ, “When he ascended on high, he took many captives” (Ephesians 4:8). The ESV puts it that Christ “led a host of captives.” Some say this refers to an event not elsewhere described in Scripture, namely, that Jesus gathered all the redeemed who were in paradise and took them to their permanent dwelling in heaven. That is, after securing their salvation on the cross, Jesus brought Abraham, David, Joshua, Daniel, the beggar Lazarus, the thief on the cross, and everyone else who had previously been justified by faith, and led them from Hades (the abode of the dead in general) to their new spiritual home. Another view of Ephesians 4 is that ascended on high is a straightforward reference to Jesus’ ascension. Christ returned to heaven victoriously, as God. In His triumph, Jesus had defeated and taken captive our spiritual enemies: the devil, death, and the curse of sin. the Bible gives scant information about what exactly Christ did for the three days between His death and resurrection. All of this is to say that the Bible gives scant information about what exactly Christ did for the three days between His death and resurrection. The only thing we know for sure is that, according to Jesus’ own words on the cross, He went to paradise. We can also say with confidence that, His work of redemption finished, Jesus did not have to suffer in hell. Related Resource: What was the significance of Jesus being dead for three days? QUESTION - Is the Shroud of Turin authentic? | GotQuestions.org ANSWER - The Shroud of Turin is a linen cloth that some believe to have been the cloth that Jesus Christ was buried in. Each of the three Synoptic Gospels mentions Jesus being wrapped in a cloth when He was taken down from the cross (Matthew 27:59; Mark 15:46; Luke 23:53). The Shroud of Turin was “discovered,” or at least made public, in the 14th century AD. The Shroud of Turin is named for the city where it is kept, Turin, Italy. Here is a web page that contains some pictures / images of the Shroud of Turin: http://www.shroud.com/examine.htm. Upon examination, the Shroud of Turin appears to be that of a man who was crucified. There are markings in the hands and feet that are consistent with the wounds inflicted by crucifixion. There also appear to be wounds indicative of torture similar to what is described in the Gospels, around the head, back, and legs. Is the Shroud of Turin truly the cloth Jesus Christ was buried in? There is much debate on the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin. Some are absolutely convinced that it is the burial cloth of Christ. Others believe it to be a fabrication or a work of art. There have been some dating tests that date the Shroud of Turin to the 10th century BC or later. Other tests have found pollen spores that are common to Israel and that could be dated to the 1st century AD. But there is no conclusive date either way. Arguing against the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin is the Bible’s complete lack of evidence for such a burial shroud. As mentioned earlier, the Bible mentions a whole piece of linen that was used to take Jesus’ body from the cross. This linen was probably also used to transport the body to Joseph of Arimathea’s nearby tomb. At the tomb hasty preparations for burial were made; these would have included washing the body and rewrapping it. Luke 24:12 mentions “the strips of linen.” These same strips (plural) are mentioned twice in John 20:5–6. And John 20:7 says there was a “cloth that had been wrapped around Jesus’ head.” This description of the actual burial clothes—“strips” of linen, rather than one large piece; and a separate cloth to cover the head—seems to negate the claim that the Shroud of Turin is the burial shroud of Christ. So, what are we to make of the Shroud of Turin? It might have been the burial shroud for some crucified man, but it is not likely to have any association with the death of Christ. Even if it were the authentic burial cloth of Christ, the Shroud of Turin is not to be worshiped or adored. Because of the doubtful nature of the Shroud of Turin, it cannot be used as proof for the resurrection of Christ. Our faith does not rely on the Shroud of Turin but on the written Word of God. Faith-Stand Taking Jesus’ body, the two of them wrapped it, with the spices, in strips of linen. John 19:40 Today's Scripture & Insight : John 19:38–42 Desmond Doss enlisted to serve in World War II as a non-combatant. Though his religious beliefs prevented him from carrying a gun, Doss ably served as a combat medic. In one battle, he withstood intense and repeated enemy fire to pull seventy-five soldiers in his unit to safety after they had been injured. His story is told in the documentary The Conscientious Objector and dramatized in the film Hacksaw Ridge. A roll call of the heroes of Christian faith includes such courageous characters as Abraham, Moses, David, Elijah, Peter, and Paul. Yet there are some unsung heroes like Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, who risked their standing with the Jewish leaders to take Christ’s crucified body and give Him a decent burial (John 19:40–42). This was a bold move from a fearful, secret disciple of Jesus and another, Nicodemus, who had previously dared to visit Him only at night (vv. 38–39). Even more impressive is that they took their faith-stand before Jesus rose victorious from the grave. Why? In what ways have you lived courageously for your faith in Jesus? What can you do differently that might show your faith to the world? John 19:41 Now in the place where He was crucified there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb in which no one had yet been laid. and in: John 20:15 2Ki 23:30 Isa 22:16 Mt 27:60,64-66 Lu 23:53 Related Passages: Isaiah 53:9+ His grave was assigned with wicked men, Yet He was with a rich man in His death, Because He had done no violence, Nor was there any deceit in His mouth. THE SAVIOR'S GARDEN TOMB Now in the place where He was crucified (stauroo) there was a garden - In the place indicates the garden was very near Calvary which was convenient because Joseph and Nicodemus had only 3 hours to carry out all the burial arrangements. And in the garden a new (kainos) tomb (mnemeion) in which no one had yet been laid - (See depiction of where the tomb may have been located) The fact that this new tomb was owned by the rich man Joseph of "Arimathea is a fulfillment of Isaiah 53:9+. It is interesting to ponder the word garden for it was in a garden in Eden where the agony of sin began (cf Ge 3:3+) and we see Jesus move from His agony in a garden named Gethsemane (Mt 26:36) to His repose in this garden tomb near the cross in Jn 19:41. Henry Morris has an interesting note - The area had been purchased and specially constructed by Joseph, including even a garden, evidently as a special act of devotion to Christ. Since his home was in Arimathaea, not Jerusalem, he would hardly have prepared such a place for himself or any members of his family, especially within sight and sound of dying criminals. The only reasonable inference is that he--possibly with Nicodemus--had prepared the tomb and the graveclothes well in advance of the time they would be needed, precisely for this very temporary but eternally significant ministry. Tomb (3419) mnemeion from mneme = memory, remembrance) literally means a memorial and then a monument to commemorate the dead (Mt 23:29), but most often referred to a tomb, grave or sepulcher. Most uses refer to the tomb in which Jesus' dead body was laid - Mt 27:60; Mt 28:8; Mk 15:46; 16:2, 3, 5, 8; Lk 23:55; 24:1, 2, 9, 12, 22, 24; John 19:42; 20:1-4, 6, 8, 11 Acts 13:29. The first NT use describes "demon-possessed met Him as they were coming out of the tombs" (Mt 8:28), the second Jesus' rebuke of the Jewish religious leaders who were "hypocrites" building "the tombs of the prophets and adorn the monuments of the righteous" who they would have willingly murdered,(Mt 23:29, 30), the third describes the tombs opened and dead rising when Jesus died (Mt 27:52, 53), the fourth describes Jesus' burial tomb (Mt 27:60). F B
João 19:30
Morris comments This is not the moan of the defeated, nor the sigh of patient resignation. It is the triumphant recognition that He has now fully accomplished the work He came to do. S Lewis Johnson has succinctly said that Christ’s resurrection… "… is God’s ‘Amen’ to Christ’s ‘It is Finished.’ Looking at the cross we see justification completed; looking at the open tomb we see it accepted.” Scofield… "It is finished" was the shout of victory. See Jn 4:34; 17:4; Ro 10:4; Gal 3:13; Heb 10:5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. William Harris… commenting on the completeness of the Cross observes It really has been completed, hasn’t it? Everything for which John has been preparing us in this Gospel has now been accomplished by our Lord. John 1 declares that Jesus is the eternal Son of God, who called the world into being (Jn 1:1, 2, 3). He is the One sent to earth by the Father, in order to reveal Him to men (Jn 6:46, 14:9). He is the One who “came unto His own place and to His own people,” and yet those who were “His own”—the Jews—rejected Him (Jn 1:11). He was “lifted up” so that He could draw all men unto Himself (Jn 3:13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18). He came to do His Father’s will (Jn 4:34) and has now completed it. He came to declare His Father’s Word, and He has proclaimed it (Jn 8:26, 27, 28, 38; 12:49, 50; Jn 14:10). He came to glorify the Father, and on the Cross, He has done that (Jn 12:23, 28, 41; Jn 13:32; Jn 17:1, Jn 17:4). It truly is finished; His task has been completed. (Exegetical Commentary on John 19) Explore the Bible… This language confirms what Jesus had declared earlier concerning the nature of His death—“The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep” (Jn 10:11). (Explore the Bible) S Lewis Johnson… It's possible to understand the subject as the prophecies (Acts 13:29). The finally reached their culmination in the death of our Lord. There is a sense, of course, in which that is involved. Others have suggested that it is the passion, that is his sufferings of the atoning death. And of course, that too is included. Many commentators feel, I rather tend to think that more truth lies with them, that the absence of a definite subject forces the reader to call up all of the aspects of our Lord's work that is now brought to an end. And there are many suggestions that perhaps that is what our Lord has in mind. In other words, the whole of the atoning work, in so far as it has to do with prophecy and so far as it has to do with his sufferings, it has been finished, consumatum est the Latin text reads. It is consummated… That (Ed: Because "It is finished") is why it is so important in our concept of eternal salvation to be sure that we understand the nature of the finished work of the Lord Jesus Christ. He has accomplished the saving work by which he has made it possible for men to receive the forgiveness of sins. And the only requirement is to receive the benefits as a free gift. That's faith. That's man's responsibility, and it is a responsibility to believe. But when we believe we discover in the word of God that the capacity to respond is itself also a gift of God. And our salvation is of the Lord. For example, when we believe that we are saved by grace but we have to keep working in order to stay saved we are in effect saying Jesus did not do it all. He did sufficient to get us started but we must also add our works thereafter in order to stay saved. We are actually taking away from the glory of our Lord to teach that a man may lose his salvation after he has been saved. That is why we are so adamant about the fact that the Scriptures teach that salvation is of the Lord. He says, "It is finished," or literally, "It has been finished." No repetition of it can be allowed at all… J. Hudson Taylor (Biography) had a very interesting early experience. He was from a Christian home. His mother prayed for him constantly. She prayed that he might come to salvation. For a long time he resisted and finally one day someone put in his hand a little tract and in that tract was the expression, "It is finished." It troubled him a great deal. He didn't understand exactly what that meant. In fact, he went up into a hay loft and there with the tract he mediated upon it. "It is finished," and finally out of that experience came his conviction of his own salvation. And he puts it this way, Then there dawned upon me the joyous conviction that since the whole work was finished and the whole debt was paid upon the cross there was nothing for me to do but to fall upon my knees, accept the Savior and praise him forevermore. That's what it is to be saved, to realize that Christ has paid it all. Upon a life I did not live, upon a death I did not die, another's life, another's death, I stake my whole eternity. And Hudson Taylor rested himself for time and eternity upon the merits of the blood of Christ and God used him to the salvation of many thousands of people. (The Messiah Dying) Alan Carr on It is Finished… I believe that these are the greatest words Jesus Christ ever spoke and I would like to tell you why this morning. For years, liberals and unbelievers have declared that this cry of Jesus from the cross is a cry of defeat. They say that it is the word of a man who has lost everything. However, they are a million miles from the truth of the matter. This English phrase is from a word that is very expressive and filled with meaning. In fact, it is a word that was used in many areas of society. Some of which were: 1. A Servant's Word - Used when a task had been completed. 2. A Priest's Word - Used when a sacrificial animal was found to be worthy. 3. A Farmer's Word - Used when a perfect specimen had been born into the flock. 4. An Artist's Word - Used when the final touches had been applied to a masterpiece. 5. A Merchant's Word - Used when a deal had been struck and all the haggling had ended. Its usage meant that both parties were satisfied. Therefore, it is plain to see that this word is not the cry of a defeated man, but it is instead, the shout of a victor! This is the exultant cry of one who has just won a great victory. We need to understand that when Jesus Christ said these three little words, He was telling the world that something great had been accomplished. In fact, there were three great matters that were forever settled the day Jesus died on the Cross. (Click to Read the rest of Pastor Carr's discussion of why these are the greatest words ever spoken) John Butler sums up "It is finished"… • It speaks of suffering… Christ's sufferings on earth for sin were finished. "What tongue or pen can describe the sufferings of the Savior?" (Pink). • It speaks of salvation… on the cross. Salvation requires that there be a blood sacrifice for the sinners. The Old Testament had many sacrifices, but they never completed the job… (He 10:11, 12-note, He 11:14-note). Calvary was the sacrifice that finished all sacrifices for sin which made salvation possible. • It speaks of success. … of the success over Satan. Satan had opposed Christ going to the cross and dying in the way heaven had planned. Satan had tried numerous times to stop Calvary's plan. But he failed and Christ conquered victoriously as "It is finished" signified. • It speaks of service. … Christ had completed His service, He completed the work assigned to Him (Ed: cp Jn 4:34, Jn 5:36, Jn 17:4). It is not how many projects we start that count but how many we finish. Many say "I quit" instead of "It is finished."
João 19:30
Morris has an interesting comment on "bowed his head" observing that The first of the eighty times Jesus called Himself "the Son of man" was when He said, The Son of man has no where to lay (klino) his head (Mt 8:20). In the Old Testament (but see also Lk 24:5), the term "bow the head" is equivalent to "worship," that is, to "bow down to the will of God" (see Ge 22:5). During His earthly ministry, we never read of Jesus worshipping God, though He taught others to do so. He had nowhere to "bow[ed] his head," to "worship." He had come to do the will of God and to finish His work and that was still unfinished until He went to the cross. But now the work was accomplished; He had perfectly finished the will of God so at last He could "bow(ed) his head;" He finally had a place to worship the Father. (Morris,