Gênesis 14
Leon Morris · Citado em PreceptAustin
Gênesis 14
Morris - Shinar probably refers to Sumeria, and Elam to early Persia. Ellasar was the leading tribe in southern Babylonia and "nations" (Hebrew Goiim) was probably a tribe of northeastern Babylonia. Chedorlaomer seems to have been the chief leader of this confederacy (Genesis 14:4). Many critics of the Bible refuse to accept Sodom and Gomorrah as real places that were really destroyed, but that puts them at odds with Jesus Who clearly accepted it as a real event declaring... “And just as it happened in the days of Noah, so it will be also in the days of the Son of Man: 27 they were eating, they were drinking, they were marrying, they were being given in marriage, until the day that Noah entered the ark, and the flood came and destroyed them all. 28 “It was the same as happened in the days of Lot: they were eating, they were drinking, they were buying, they were selling, they were planting, they were building; 29 but on the day that Lot went out from Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven and destroyed them all. 30 “It will be just the same on the day that the Son of Man is revealed. 31 “On that day, the one who is on the housetop and whose goods are in the house must not go down to take them out; and likewise the one who is in the field must not turn back. 32 “Remember Lot’s wife.(Luke 17:26-32+) Genesis 14:2 that they made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar). Sodom: Ge 10:19 13:10 19:24 Isa 1:9,10 Admah: De 29:23 Ho 11:8 Zeboiim: 1Sa 13:18 Ne 11:34 Zoar: Ge 19:20-30 De 34:3 Isa 15:5 Jer 48:34 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries FOUR KINGS COME AGAINST FIVE KINGS that they made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar) - The reason for the war becomes clear in Ge 14:4, where we learn that these 5 kings had been paying tribute to Chedorlaomer for 12 years and finally conspired to rebel against him thus inciting his wrath. NET NOTE - Went to war. The conflict here reflects international warfare in the Early and Middle Bronze periods. The countries operated with overlords and vassals. Kings ruled over city states, or sometimes a number of city states (i.e., nations). Due to their treaties, when one went to war, those confederate with him joined him in battle. It appears here that it is Kedorlaomer’s war, because the western city states have rebelled against him (meaning they did not send products as tribute to keep him from invading them). Related Resources: What was the sin of Sodom and Gomorrah? | GotQuestions.org Have the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah been found along with evidence they were destroyed by a meteor? | GotQuestions.org Genesis 14:3 All these came as allies to the valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea). salt sea: Ge 19:24 Nu 34:12 De 3:17 Jos 3:16 Ps 107:34 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries Related Passages: Genesis 14:10 Now the valley of Siddim was full of tar pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell into them. But those who survived fled to the hill country. THE BATTLE OF SIDDIM All these (5 rebel kings) came as allies to the valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea).- Who are all these? These refers to the last 5 kings mentioned in Ge 14:2. The "Valley of Siddim" historically is thought to have yielded much asphalt as one one surmise from the allusion to the tar pits (cf. Ge 14:10). Came as allies (chabar) means they joined forces, the Hebrew verb meaning to join together, unite or be allied and thus stresses associations, especially of friendships, marriages, or treaties. The Septuagint translates chabar with sumphoneo which literally means to "sound together" but comes to mean when speaking of persons that they are of one mind or in agreement. Chedorlaomer king of Elam was able to enlist the aid of three other kings to join him in the battle. Henry Morris - "Siddim" meant "cultivated fields," and the vale of Siddim at this time was extremely fertile, supporting the five cities of the plain. The reference to "the salt sea" was probably a later editorial insertion by Moses. At the time of Abram, what is now the Dead Sea was still a freshwater remnant of the great flood, and the whole region was "well watered everywhere" (Genesis 13:10). The exact location of Sodom and her four sister cities is uncertain, although most authorities believe their remains are now submerged beneath the waters of the shallow southern arm of the Dead Sea. There is also the possibility that the actual cities were located on higher elevations overlooking five ephemeral streams emptying into the lake, with the inhabitants working the fields below during the daytime, then living in the cooler heights above at night. Genesis 14:4 Twelve years they had served Chedorlaomer, but the thirteenth year they rebelled. they served: Ge 9:25,26 they rebelled: Eze 17:15 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries REBELLION AFTER 12 YEARS OF SUBJECTION Twelve years they (the five kings in Ge 14:2) had served Chedorlaomer, but the thirteenth year they rebelled - This fact explains the invasion of the 4 kings described in Ge 14:1-2. NET NOTE - The story serves as a foreshadowing of the plight of the kingdom of Israel later. Eastern powers came and forced the western kingdoms into submission. Each year, then, they would send tribute east—to keep them away. Here, in the thirteenth year, they refused to send the tribute (just as later Hezekiah rebelled against Assyria). And so in the fourteenth year the eastern powers came to put them down again. This account from Abram’s life taught future generations that God can give victory over such threats—that people did not have to live in servitude to tyrants from the east. Genesis 14:5 In the fourteenth year Chedorlaomer and the kings that were with him, came and defeated the Rephaim in Ashteroth-karnaim and the Zuzim in Ham and the Emim in Shaveh-kiriathaim, Rephaims: Ge 15:20 De 3:11,20,22 2Sa 5:18,22 23:13 1Ch 11:15 14:9 Isa 17:5 Ashteroth: The same as Ashteroth, a city of Bashan, where Og afterwards reigned. De 1:4 Jos 12:4 13:12,31 Zuzims: De 2:20-23 1Ch 4:40 Ps 78:51 105:23,27 106:22 Emims: De 2:10,11 Shaveh Kiriathaim: or, the plains of Kiriathaim, Kiriathaim was beyond Jordan, 10 miles west-ward from Medeba, and afterwards belonged to Sihon, king of Heshbon. Jos 13:19 Jer 48:1,23 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries In the fourteenth year Chedorlaomer and the kings that were with him, came and defeated (nakah) the Rephaim in Ashteroth-karnaim and the Zuzim in Ham and the Emim in Shaveh-kiriathaim - Defeated (nakah) means to attack and in this context the strike was successful which accounts for the translation as "defeated." The Septuagint translates defeated (nakah) with katakopto which means to break or cut in pieces and thus to cut down, slay or destroy, a picturesque description of the defeat of the 5 rebellious kings. Warren
Gênesis 14
Morris - Some of these Canaanite tribes actually seem to have been demon-possessed, in the same manner as the demon-energized population before the Flood (see notes on Genesis 6:1-4). The Rephaim ("strong ones") and the Zamzummim ("powerful ones," probably the same as the Zuzim) along with the Emim, all seem to have been of the sons of Anak, or the Anakim, and all seem to have been giants (Deuteronomy 2:10,20; Joshua 15:13). In Numbers 13:33, these Anakim are actually said to have been "giants" (Hebrew nephilim, the same word as used in Genesis 6:4). Furthermore, the term rephaim is also used to refer to some of the spirits of the wicked dead in Hades (Job 26:5; Proverbs 2:18; 9:18; 21:16; Isaiah 14:9; 26:14). All of this suggests another irruption of demonic spirits after the Flood, possibly at the rebellion at Babel, with giant progeny again being produced through demon-possessed parents. Their descendants inhabited Canaan. Genesis 14:6 and the Horites in their Mount Seir, as far as El-paran, which is by the wilderness. Horites: Ge 36:8,20-30 De 2:12,22 1Ch 1:38-42 Elparan: or, the plain of Paran, Ge 16:7 21:21 Nu 12:16 13:3 Hab 3:3 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries and the Horites in their Mount Seir, as far as El-paran, which is by the wilderness - "The line of attack ran down the eastern side of the Jordan Valley into the desert, and then turned and came up the valley to the cities of the plain." (NET NOTE) Henry Morris - The Horites are known to archaeologists as the Hurrians, a leading tribe of the ancient Middle East. QUESTION - Who were the Horites in the Bible? ANSWER - The Horites were an ancient people group who had some dealings with Abraham’s family and the Edomites. The little we know of the Horites comes completely from Scripture. The Horites are first mentioned in Genesis 14:6. They were defeated by the alliance of kings that also defeated the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and took Lot and his family captive. The Horites are mentioned as living in Mt. Seir at that time. The Horites are next mentioned in Genesis 36 where Esau’s descendants are listed. Esau settled in the hill country of Seir, which was also the territory of the descendants of Seir the Horite. It would make sense that, if Seir was the leader of the clan, he would name the mountain area where he and his clan settled as Mt. Seir. The descendants of Seir are given in some detail in verses 20–30, and they are noted as Horite chieftains. Deuteronomy 2:12 tells us that Esau’s descendants displaced and destroyed the Horites. Deuteronomy 2:22 tells us that the Lord destroyed the Horites so that Esau’s descendants could inhabit their territory, also called Edom. Beyond this, there is no more information about the Horites. They are last mentioned in Deuteronomy 2, except for 1 Chronicles 1, which simply reiterates the information found in the Pentateuch. While Genesis does provide some detailed information about the descendants of Seir the Horite, we know very little about the larger group of Horites or even if there was a larger group. The etymology of the term Horite may have to do with those who dwell in a “cave” or “hole.” It is possible that the Horites were cave-dwellers or that Seir himself was a cave-dweller so that the name “Seir the Horite” simply means “Seir the cave dweller.” If this is true, then Seir may have been the first of the line, and, as his family/clan grew, the description eventually took the force of a proper noun—much the same way that last names developed in English usage during the Middle Ages. The fact that the Horites are mentioned in Scripture with no introduction or explanation would indicate that the original hearers/readers of Genesis were familiar with them and the location of Mt. Seir. There are many things in Scripture that we wonder about because we are separated by so many years. For the original audience, the accounts of the Horites would have been rather recent history and required no further explanation. GotQuestions.org Genesis 14:7 Then they turned back and came to En-mishpat (that is, Kadesh), and conquered all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, who lived in Hazazon-tamar. En-mishpat or Kadesh, was about 8 leagues south of Hebron. Ge 16:14 20:1 Nu 20:1 De 1:19,46 Amalekites: Ge 36:12,16 Ex 17:8-16 Nu 14:43,45 24:20 1Sa 15:1-35 27:1-12 1Sa 30:1-31 Hazezon-tamar: Called by the Chaldee, "En-gaddi," a town on the western shore of the Dead Sea. Jos 15:62 2Ch 20:2 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries Then they turned back and came to En-mishpat (that is, Kadesh), and conquered all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, who lived in Hazazon-tamar. Henry Morris - The Amalekites were descended from Amalek, a grandson of Esau, and later inhabited a region west of the Dead Sea. This note was evidently inserted by Moses in his editing of Genesis. The Amorites were probably the dominant tribe in Canaan at this time. Genesis 14:8 And the king of Sodom and the king of Gomorrah and the king of Admah and the king of Zeboiim and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar) came out; and they arrayed for battle against them in the valley of Siddim, same: Ge 14:2 13:10 19:20,22 in: Ge 14:3,10 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries And the king of Sodom and the king of Gomorrah and the king of Admah and the king of Zeboiim and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar) came out; and they arrayed for battle against them in the valley of Siddim - They are coming out against an army that had been battle tested and experienced repeated victories. Genesis 14:9 against Chedorlaomer king of Elam and Tidal king of Goiim and Amraphel king of Shinar and Arioch king of Ellasar–four kings against five. Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries FOUR FIGHT FIVE against Chedorlaomer king of Elam and Tidal king of Goiim and Amraphel king of Shinar and Arioch king of Ellasar–four kings against five. QUESTION - Who was Chedorlaomer / Kedorlaomer? ANSWER - Chedorlaomer (also spelled Kedorlaomer) was a king who was a contemporary of Abraham and Lot. Chedorlaomer is mentioned in Genesis 14:9 as the king of Elam, which was an ancient civilization in the region that is now Iran. Elam was also called Susiana, a name associated with its capital, Susa, the location of the palace of King Ahasuerus, a later king of that same region (Esther 1:2). In biblical accounts, Chedorlaomer was a fierce and formidable king. He had formed an alliance with a group of other kings (Genesis 14:1–3), and it appears he was their leader (verse 4). After some time, some of those kings rebelled against Chedorlaomer, but he was still able to go to war and defeat the Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, and Horites; he also conquered the people who lived in the future land of the Amalekites and Amorites (verses 6–7). At that point, the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and a few other regional kings went out to fight against Chedorlaomer’s coalition (verse 9); they were apparently unable to withstand Chedorlaomer’s armies, and, as they fled to the hills, some of them fell into the “bitumen pits” or tar pits in the Valley of Siddim (verse 10). Chedorlaomer was clearly an able general and a shrewd, clever enemy. As he raided Sodom and Gomorrah, he “carried off Abram’s nephew Lot and his possessions, since he was living in Sodom” (verse 12). One of Lot’s company escaped and ran to tell Abram of Lot’s plight. In response, Abram took 318 of his own men and gave chase. Abram and his men caught up with Chedorlaomer and the other kings at Dan (Genesis 14:14). “During the night Abram divided his men to attack them and he routed them. . . . He recovered all the goods and brought back his relative Lot and his possessions, together with the women and the other people” (verses 15–16). How did Abram accomplish this, with only 318 men, against several kings and their armies led by Chedorlaomer, who was fierce and mighty in battle? The answer appears in verse 20. Melchizedek, the king and priest of Salem, indicated that it was “God Most High” who had delivered Abram’s enemies into his hand. In the book of Hebrews, Melchizedek is revealed as a type of Jesus Christ. His name, Melchizedek, means “king of righteousness,” and his title “king of Salem” means “king of peace.” Of Melchizedek, the writer of Hebrews says, “Without father or mother, without genealogy, without beginning of days or end of life, resembling the Son of God, he remains a priest forever” (Hebrews 7:3). The arrival of Melchizedek just after the defeat of Chedorlaomer was a sign to Abram that God was his salvation and his protection, and the same is true for the followers of Jesus Christ today.GotQuestions.org Genesis 14:10 Now the valley of Siddim was full of tar pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell into them. But those who survived fled to the hill country. tar pit or slime pits, Places where asphalt or bitumen sprung out of the ground Ge 11:3 fell: Jos 8:24 Ps 83:10 Isa 24:18 Jer 48:44 to the hill country: Ge 19:17,30 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries Related Passage: Genesis 11:3+ They said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly.” And they used brick for stone, and they used tar for mortar. THE VALLEY FULL OF TAR PITS Now the valley of Siddim was full of tar pits - This is a parenthetical description of the valley. Tar (chemar) is same word used in Ge 11:3+ where they used "tar for mortar" to make bricks stick together, but here it would make people stick! And the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell into them but those who survived (Heb = "the rest") fled to the hill country - ESV = "as the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, some fell into them, and the rest fled bto the hill country." It seems the kings did not even know the lay of their own land and thus they got stuck in the tar pits! Some of the kings and/or their armies escaped. And later we read that the king of Sodom survived, even though this passage suggests he fell into a pit. Presumably the enemy did not find him stuck in the pit. Henry Morris - These "slime pits" were so extensive that the Dead Sea was called the Asphalt Sea by early writers. They probably represented accumulations of organic debris from the Flood, collecting in the unique basins of the great Rift Valley which traverses the region. Genesis 14:11 Then they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah and all their food supply, and departed. Ge 14:16,21 12:5 De 28:31,35,51 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries FOUR VICTORS TAKE THEIR SPOILS Then they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah and all their food supply, and departed - They refers to the 4 kings in Ge 14:1. Clearly they also took captives including Lot because in Ge 14:21 the king of Sodom requests that Abram give the people to him. Genesis 14:12 They also took Lot, Abram’s nephew, and his possessions and departed, for he was living in Sodom. Lot: Ge 11:27 12:5 who: Ge 13:12,13 Nu 16:26 Job 9:23 Jer 2:17-19 1Ti 6:9-11 Rev 3:19 18:4 Genesis 14 Resources - Multiple sermons and commentaries LOT ENSNARED BY SODOM IS CAPTURED BY THE KINGS They also took Lot, Abram’s nephew, and his possessions and departed, for he was living in Sodom. First Lot "looked" at Sodom, then he "lived near" (NIV) Sodom (Ge 13:12NIV), and finally he lived in Sodom (Ge 14:12). And ultimately Sodom began to live in him so to speak. Tragically by "what he saw and heard that righteous man, while living among them, felt his righteous soul tormented day after day with their lawless deeds" (2Pe 2:8). The sovereign God is always behind the scenes, controlling the events. THOUGHT - Three small prepositions linked with the verbs "looked" and "lived" changed Lot's life - looked AT, lived NEAR, lived IN. What's the takeaway? Be very careful what you LOOK AT! What you LOOK AT may begin a downward spiral in your spiritual life that is difficult to reverse!!! Memorize, practice and pray Psalm 101:3! Recall Paul's words in 1Co 10:6,11+ warning us to remember OT examples like Lot, so that we might walk wisely in this evil, satan controlled world system! And as we look at Lot's backsliding, isn't this the way the world deceptively and slowly and subtly seduces us and eventually ensnares us in its depraved web? Father, by Your Spirit, enable us to have vertical vision, so that we keep setting our mind on the things above and not on the things that are on this passing world (Col 3:2+, 1Jn 2:17+). In Jesus' Name. Amen. And keep in mind that in this case this war was not so much about 5 rebel kings (God could have kept them from rebelling), but about one rebellious righteous man who was now experiencing the Lord's hand of discipline. Hebrews 12:5-6 says "you have forgotten the exhortation which is addressed to you as sons, “MY SON, DO NOT REGARD LIGHTLY THE DISCIPLINE OF THE LORD, NOR FAINT WHEN YOU ARE REPROVED BY HIM; FOR THOSE WHOM THE LORD LOVES HE DISCIPLINES, AND HE SCOURGES EVERY SON WHOM HE RECEIVES (AND THAT INCLUDES LOT!).” If you identify with the world, then expect to suffer what the world suffers. Warren