Deuteronômio 9
John Trapp · Citado em PreceptAustin
Deuteronômio 9
Trapp - Nothing is so hard as to be humbled; for man is a proud, cross creature, that would be something at home, whatever he is abroad; and comes not down without a great deal of difficulty. Hence it is, that Moses so sets it on here, and with one knock after another drives this nail home to the head, that he might cripple their iron sinews, bring their stiff necks to the yoke of God’s obedience, and make them know that he was Jehovah, when he had "wrought with them for his name’s sake, not according to their wicked ways, nor according to their corrupt doings." {Eze 20:43-44; Eze 36:31-32} (Deuteronomy 9) How you provoked the LORD your God to wrath in the wilderness - This verse summarizes Dt 9:8-25 in which Moses rehearses the history of the Israelites from the time of their deliverance from Egypt to underscore the fact that they had no righteousness of their own to boast about! To the contrary they had continually angered the Lord over the 40 years after He had graciously delivered them from bondage. Moses is making a clear case against Israel showing how absurd it would be for them to ever think that the Promised Land was given to them from God as a reward for their righteousness! And so in Dt 9:8-25 Moses emphasizes that Israel had no intrinsic righteousness! From the day that you left the land of Egypt until you arrived at this place, you have been rebellious against the LORD - Israel had continually rebelled against the good and gracious hand of the LORD! Rebellious (marah) is translated in the Septuagint with the verb apeitheo meaning to refuse to believe or disobey (if you disbelieve you manifest it by disobeying). Even before Israel was completely delivered from Egypt, they began to complain and this would prove a harbinger of things to come! Moses records their first faith failure in Exodus 14... When the king of Egypt was told that the people had fled, Pharaoh and his servants had a change of heart toward the people, and they said, “What is this we have done, that we have let Israel go from serving us?” 6So he made his chariot ready and took his people with him; 7 and he took six hundred select chariots, and all the other chariots of Egypt with officers over all of them. 8The LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and he chased after the sons of Israel as the sons of Israel were going out boldly. 9 Then the Egyptians chased after them with all the horses and chariots of Pharaoh, his horsemen and his army, and they overtook them camping by the sea, beside Pi-hahiroth, in front of Baal-zephon. 10 As Pharaoh drew near, the sons of Israel looked, and behold, the Egyptians were marching after them, and they became very frightened; so the sons of Israel cried out to the LORD. 11 Then they said to Moses, “Is it because there were no graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? Why have you dealt with us in this way, bringing us out of Egypt? 12 “Is this not the word that we spoke to you in Egypt, saying, ‘Leave us alone that we may serve the Egyptians’? For it would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the wilderness.” 13 But Moses said to the people, “Do not fear! Stand by and see the salvation of the LORD which He will accomplish for you today; for the Egyptians whom you have seen today, you will never see them again forever. 14“The LORD will fight for you while you keep silent.” (Exodus 14:5-14+). Rebellious (04784)(marah) means to be contentious, refractory, disobedient, , contrary, rebellious, and openly defiant to an authority by not obeying commands. Most of the uses of marah refer to rebellion by Israel or Judah against Jehovah. Marah signifies an opposition to someone motivated by pride: (Dt. 21:18). Marah is used with similar descriptive words - stubborn (Dt 21:18, 20, Jer 5:23, Ps 78:8), to grieve (Isa 63:10, Ps 78:40), to refuse (Isa 1:20, Neh 9:17), to transgress (Lam 3:42), to sin (Ps 78:17), to test (Ps 78:56), to rebel (marad in Neh 9:26), to reject or profane (Ezek 20:13). Marah in Deuteronomy - Dt. 1:26 = "rebelled against the command of the LORD"; Dt. 1:43 = 'you rebelled against the command of the LORD,"; Dt. 9:7; Dt. 9:23; Deut. 9:24; Deut. 21:18 = "rebellious son"; Dt. 21:20; Dt. 31:27 "you have been rebellious against the LORD." Brian Bell - Why this book? - Because of memory lost. Ever hear of the story about the 3 absent-minded sisters who lived together, Anabelle, Mabel, & Gladys? Anabelle announced she was going upstairs to take a bubble bath. She filled the tub, got one leg in & forgot if she was getting in or getting out. She called Mabel to help. Mabel started up the stairs, making it to the landing, & then couldn’t remember if she was going up or coming down. It was Gladys’ time to help. Gladys shaking her head lamented, “those 2 sisters of mine, if they didn't have me to help them remember they wouldn’t make it through the day. I’m glad I’m not like that, knock on wood.” She wrapped twice on the coffee table, then responded looking in the direction of the front door, “Come in!” We all forget at times. Sometimes it can paralyze us and keep us from moving ahead. To get where we need to go, we need to remember where we’ve been. *That’s why the Israelites needed the Book of Deut. It reminded them of their past & prepared them for their future. This second generation of desert wanderers were about to enter the Promise Land. But before they could move ahead, they needed to recall & emblazon on their minds & hearts the precious heritage God had given them (ED: History is HIS-story) As they would reflect on God’s Faithfulness they would build faith for the future. Ps.103:1-5 And forget none of His benefits Deuteronomy 9:8 "Even at Horeb you provoked the LORD to wrath, and the LORD was so angry with you that He would have destroyed you. Horeb (Mt Sinai): Ex 32:16 Ps 106:19-22 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Psalm 106:19-22+ They made a calf in Horeb And worshiped a molten image. 20 Thus they exchanged their glory For the image of an ox that eats grass. 21 They forgot God their Savior (VERY QUICKLY FORGOT! SEE COMMENTS BELOW.), Who had done great things in Egypt, 22 Wonders in the land of Ham And awesome things by the Red Sea. HOT WRATH AT HOREB Deere points out that "This (GOLDEN CALF) incident (Ex. 32), perhaps more than any other until that time, illustrates Israel's sinfulness on the one hand and God's grace on the other. (Bible Knowledge Commentary) Even at Horeb you provoked the LORD to wrath - Horeb is Mt Sinai and this refers to the episode of the Golden calf as described in Exodus 32:1-7+. Recall the context -- Earlier God had Himself spoken the words of the "10 Commandments" (Ex 20:1-17+) directly to Israel and they were so frightened by the sight and sounds coming from the mountain (Ex 20:18+) that they ask Moses "Speak to us yourself and we will listen; but let not God speak to us, or we will die. 20 Moses said to the people, “Do not be afraid; for God has come in order to test you (BY THE FRIGHTENING SCENE ON MT SINAI), and in order (PURPOSE) that the fear of Him may remain with you, so that you may not sin." (Ex 20:19-20+) Clearly, the fear of God did not remain with Aaron or the Israelites and they quickly forgot and broke the first commandments they had just heard from God Himself in Ex 20:3-5+ “You shall have no other gods before Me. 4 “You shall not make for yourself an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the water under the earth. 5 “You shall not worship them or serve them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and the fourth generations of those who hate Me." Provoked to wrath (07107)(qatsaph) means a strong emotional outburst of anger, especially when man is the subject of the reaction, the first us describing Pharaoh who "was furious." Most of the seventeen passages which speak of God becoming angry are descriptions of his wrath at Israel because of their disobedience (e.g., Lev. 10:6) and sin (Num. 16:22; Lam. 5:22) And so 23x qatsaph is said that God was wroth, whether against the heathen or against his covenant people. As in the present passage it can refer to God being angry or provoked (Deut. 9:7, 8, 22; Zech. 1:2; 8:14). Jehovah's anger at the "strange fire" offered by Nadab and Abihu resulted in their death (just as it dis for all of the first generation out of Egypt, except for Joshua and Caleb). In Isa 47:6 qatsaph speaks of Yahweh's anger that resulted in Judah's exile to Babylon. 32v - Gen. 40:2; Gen. 41:10; Exod. 16:20; Lev. 10:6; Lev. 10:16; Num. 16:22; Num. 31:14; Deut. 1:34; Deut. 9:7; Deut. 9:8; Deut. 9:19; Deut. 9:22; Jos. 22:18; 1 Sam. 29:4; 2 Ki. 5:11; 2 Ki. 13:19; Est. 1:12; Est. 2:21; Ps. 106:32; Eccl. 5:6; Isa. 8:21; Isa. 47:6; Isa. 54:9; Isa. 57:16; Isa. 57:17; Isa. 64:5; Isa. 64:9; Jer. 37:15; Lam. 5:22; Zech. 1:2; Zech. 1:15; Zech. 8:14 And the LORD was so angry with you that He would have destroyed (shamad) you - This is described in Ex 32:9-14+ "The LORD said to Moses, “I have seen this people, and behold, they are an obstinate (qasheh) people (THIS IS AT THE VERY BEGINNING OF THE NATION OF ISRAEL!). 10 “Now then let Me alone, that My anger may burn against them and that I may destroy them; and I will make of you a great nation.” (THIS WAS GOD'S "PLAN B"!) 11 (MOSES APPEALS TO HIS POWER, HIS DELIVERANCE) Then Moses entreated the LORD his God, and said, “O LORD, why does Your anger burn against Your people whom You have brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand? 12 (MOSES APPEALS TO HIS REPUTATION, HIS HONOR) “Why should the Egyptians speak, saying, ‘With evil intent He brought them out to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from the face of the earth’? Turn from Your burning anger and change Your mind about doing harm to Your people. 13 (MOSES APPEALS TO THE COVENANT) “Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, Your servants to whom You swore by Yourself, and said to them, ‘I will multiply your descendants as the stars of the heavens, and all this land of which I have spoken I will give to your descendants, and they shall inherit it forever.’” 14 So (GOD RELENTS) the LORD changed His mind about the harm which He said He would do to His people." Angry (0599)(anaph) means to be angry, enraged, or to breathe through the nose (see note on aph). The word derives its meaning from the heavy breathing and snorting typical of anger. Anaph is only of God's anger or displeasure with His people: Moses (Dt. 1:37; 4:21); Aaron (Dt. 9:20); Solomon (1 Ki. 11:9); and Israel (Dt. 9:8; 1 Ki. 8:46; 2 Ki. 17:18; Ps. 60:1; Ps 79:5). Each of these men (and the nation) provoked God's anger. Psalm 2:12, refers to the anger of Messiah. Anaph - 14x in 14v - Deut. 1:37; Deut. 4:21; Deut. 9:8; Deut. 9:20; 1 Ki. 8:46; 1 Ki. 11:9; 2 Ki. 17:18; 2 Chr. 6:36; Ezr. 9:14; Ps. 2:12; Ps. 60:1; Ps. 79:5; Ps. 85:5; Isa. 12:1 Deuteronomy 9:9 "When I went up to the mountain to receive the tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant which the LORD had made with you, then I remained on the mountain forty days and nights; I neither ate bread nor drank water. When I went up to the mountain: Ex 24:12,15,18 to receive the tablets of stone: De 9:15 Ex 31:18 34:28 Jer 31:31,32 Ga 4:24 then I: Ex 24:18 34:28 1Ki 19:8 Mt 4:2 I neither: De 9:18 1Ki 13:8,9 2Ki 6:22 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: Exodus 24:12-20+ Now the LORD said to Moses, “Come up to Me on the mountain and remain there, and I will give you the stone tablets with the law and the commandment which I have written for their instruction.” 13 So Moses arose with Joshua his servant, and Moses went up to the mountain of God. 14 But to the elders he said, “Wait here for us until we return to you. And behold, Aaron and Hur are with you; whoever has a legal matter, let him approach them.” 15 Then Moses went up to the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain. 16 The glory of the LORD rested on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it for six days; and on the seventh day He called to Moses from the midst of the cloud. 17 And to the eyes of the sons of Israel the appearance of the glory of the LORD was like a consuming fire on the mountain top. 18 Moses entered the midst of the cloud as he went up to the mountain; and Moses was on the mountain forty days and forty nights. Mt Sinai - Yahweh Like a Consuming Fire MOSES WAS FASTING WHILE ISRAEL WAS FEASTING! When I went up to the mountain to receive the tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant which the LORD had made with you, then I remained on the mountain forty days and nights - Remember Moses is speaking to the second generation and he refers to this as the covenant which the LORD had made with YOU. He does not say THEM. And yet undoubtedly some of those now listening were not even born. The point is that the nation is bound to the Mosaic Covenant originally cut with the first generation. Note the striking irony, for while Moses was receiving the tablets of the covenant, Israel was breaking several of the commandments on the tablets! Tablets of the covenant - used only 3x all in this chapter Dt 9:9 Dt 9:11 Dt 9:15 I neither ate bread nor drank water - This is the first of two 40 day fasts (Dt 9:18). While Moses was fasting, rebellious Israel was feasting, Exodus 32:6+ recording "So the next day they rose early and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play (MANY INTERPRET "PLAY" AS ENGAGE IN IMMORAL ACTIVITIES)." McIntosh makes an excellent point - These stone tablets were given to Moses at the end of a period of forty days and forty nights when he ate no bread and drank no water. He found from personal experience the reality that the presence of God is more satisfying than food (cp. Deut. 8:3). (Holman Old Testament Commentary) Deuteronomy 9:9-16 Fast Freeze Thanks to Internet technology, I can watch ice building up on Lake Michigan from my warm office 30 miles away. The changing angle of the sun's rays in winter chills the earth. Frigid temperatures turn surging water into rock-hard ice in a surprisingly short time. Witnessing this rapid transition reminds me of how quickly our hearts can turn cool toward God. That happened to the ancient Israelites. After God miraculously rescued them from slavery, they became impatient when Moses climbed Mt. Sinai to meet God and didn't return according to their timetable. So they got together and created their own god (Exodus 32:1). The Lord told Moses to hurry back down the mountain because the people had so quickly turned away (Deuteronomy 9:12). When situations don't unfold according to our timetable, we might assume that God has lost interest in us. When we no longer feel close to Him, our hearts may grow cold. But God is always with us. As the psalmist wrote, "Where can I go from Your Spirit? Or where can I flee from Your presence?" (Psalm 139:7). Come, Holy Spirit, heavenly Dove, With all Thy quickening powers; Kindle a flame of sacred love In these cold hearts of ours. —Watts The question is not where is God, but where isn't He Deuteronomy 9:10 "The LORD gave me the two tablets of stone written by the finger of God; and on them were all the words which the LORD had spoken with you at the mountain from the midst of the fire on the day of the assembly. Written by the finger of God: De 10:4 Mt 12:28 Lu 11:20 2Co 3:3 Heb 8:10 All the words De 4:10-15 5:6-21 18:16 Ex 19:17-19 20:1-18 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: THE FINGER OF GOD... Exodus 8:18-19+ The magicians tried with their secret arts to bring forth gnats, but they could not; so there were gnats on man and beast. 19 Then the magicians said to Pharaoh, “This is the finger of God.” But Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he did not listen to them, as the LORD had said. Exodus 31:18+ (Fulfillment of the promise of Ex 24:12+ When He had finished speaking with him upon Mount Sinai, He gave Moses the two tablets of the testimony, tablets of stone, written by the finger of God. FROM THE MIDST OF THE FIRE.... Deuteronomy 4:12 “Then the LORD spoke to you from the midst of the fire; you heard the sound of words, but you saw no form–only a voice. Deuteronomy 4:15 “So watch yourselves carefully, since you did not see any form on the day the LORD spoke to you at Horeb from the midst of the fire, Deuteronomy 4:33 “Has any people heard the voice of God speaking from the midst of the fire, as you have heard it, and survived? Deuteronomy 4:36 “Out of the heavens He let you hear His voice to discipline you; and on earth He let you see His great fire, and you heard His words from the midst of the fire. Deuteronomy 5:5 while I was standing between the LORD and you at that time, to declare to you the word of the LORD; for you were afraid because of the fire and did not go up the mountain. He said, (THE TEN COMMANDMENTS) Deuteronomy 5:22 “These words the LORD spoke to all your assembly at the mountain from the midst of the fire, of the cloud and of the thick gloom, with a great voice, and He added no more. He wrote them on two tablets of stone and gave them to me. Deuteronomy 5:24 “You said, ‘Behold, the LORD our God has shown us His glory and His greatness, and we have heard His voice from the midst of the fire; we have seen today that God speaks with man, yet he lives. Deuteronomy 5:26 ‘For who is there of all flesh who has heard the voice of the living God speaking from the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived? Deuteronomy 9:10 “The LORD gave me the two tablets of stone written by the finger of God; and on them were all the words which the LORD had spoken with you at the mountain from the midst of the fire on the day of the assembly. Deuteronomy 10:4 “He wrote on the tablets, like the former writing, the Ten Commandments which the LORD had spoken to you on the mountain from the midst of the fire on the day of the assembly; and the LORD gave them to me. DIVINE COMMANDMENTS WRITTEN IN STONE The LORD gave me the two tablets of stone written by the finger of God - As indicated by Ex 8:18-19+ above one meaning of the finger of God is that it is a reflection of the power of God. Sadly Moses would end up breaking these precious tablets in righteous indignation against Israel's sin of the golden calf. The finger of God emphasizes how personal and intimate Yahweh's association was with the covenant He had declared to the people. NET Note on finger of God - The expression “the finger of God” has come up before in the book, in the plagues (Exod 8:15) to express that it was a demonstration of the power and authority of God. So here too the commandments given to Moses on stone tablets came from God. It too is a bold anthropomorphism; to attribute such a material action to Yahweh would have been thought provoking to say the least. But by using “God” and by stating it in an obviously figurative way, balance is maintained. Since no one writes with one finger, the expression simply says that the Law came directly from God. This is a double figure of speech (1) in which God is ascribed human features (anthropomorphism) and (2) in which a part stands for the whole (synecdoche). That is, God, as Spirit, has no literal finger nor, if he had, would he write with his finger. Rather, the sense is that God himself – not Moses in any way – was responsible for the composition of the Ten Commandments (cf. Ex 31:18; Ex 32:16; 34:1). (See also Utley's topic - Anthropomorphic Language to describe God) NET Note- The very finger of God. This is a double figure of speech (1) in which God is ascribed human features (anthropomorphism) and (2) in which a part stands for the whole (synecdoche). That is, God, as Spirit, has no literal finger nor, if he had, would he write with his finger. Rather, the sense is that God himself—not Moses in any way—was responsible for the composition of the Ten Commandments (cf. Exod 31:18; 32:16; 34:1). And on them were all the words which the LORD had spoken with you at the mountain from the midst of the fire on the day of the assembly - So Yahweh spoke these words in Exodus 20:1-18. Now He records them, written in stone! And as discussed below, it appears that the mountain was burning with fire (cf Dt 9:15) for 40 days and 40 nights (even as Israel made the golden calf!)
Deuteronômio 9
Trapp - Arise] From off thy knees; the petitioner’s posture. St James, they say, {a} had knees as hard as camels’ knees, with continual kneeling: and Hilarion was found dead in his oratory with knees bent, eyes and hands lifted up. {b} Father Latimer, during his imprisonment, was so constant and instant in prayer, that ofttimes he was not able to rise without help (Deuteronomy 9) NET Note on your people - By giving the people to Moses in this way, God is saying that they have no longer any right to claim him as their God, since they have shared his honor with another. This is God's talionic response to their "These are your gods who brought you up." The use of these pronoun changes also would form an appeal to Moses to respond, since Moses knew that God had brought them up from Egypt. McIntosh has an interesting thought on God using the phrase your people - These words contained an implied test: would Moses be willing to shoulder the responsibility of being an intercessor? Would he, like his countryman Jesus, stand between his people and divine judgment? (Holman Old Testament Commentary) Bush - Thy people. A tone of indignation breathes through this language, as if the offending people had forfeited all right to be longer considered God’s people, and he had utterly cast them off; ‘for thy people have corrupted themselves.’ Have acted corrupted (07843)(shachath) means to decay, to go to ruin, to corrupt, to destroy (Sodom and Gomorrah = Ge 13:10, Ge 18:28, 31-32), to lay waste (Egypt from swarms of flies -Ex 8:24). Shachath is used of Israelites who worshiped the golden calf (Ex 32:7; Dt 9:12; 32:5, Hos 9:9). God warned He would destroy Israel if they were turned away from following Him (Nu 32:15). Shachath describes Israel's behavior as more corrupt after a judge died (Jdg 2:19). The verb is used literally to describe a girdle irreparably damaged by water (Jer. 13:7), a spoiled piece of clay pottery that it is thrown aeay (Jer. 18:4), and a well whose water is polluted (Pr 25:26). It is used figuratively to describe human actions so morally corrupt that God always responds in destruction' Shachath in Deuteronomy - Deut. 4:16; Deut. 4:25; Deut. 4:31; Deut. 9:12; Deut. 9:26; Deut. 10:10; Deut. 20:19; Deut. 20:20; Deut. 31:29; Deut. 32:5; They have quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them - Remember how quick Israel was to enter the covenant "Then Moses came and recounted to the people all the words of the LORD and all the ordinances; and all the people answered with one voice and said, “All the words which the LORD has spoken we will do!” (Ex 24 3+) "Then he took the book of the covenant and read it in the hearing of the people; and they said, “All that the LORD has spoken we will do, and we will be obedient!” (Ex 24:7+) NET Note on turned aside - The verb is a perfect tense, reflecting the present perfect nuance: “they have turned aside” and are still disobedient. But the verb is modified with the adverb “quickly” (actually a Piel infinitive absolute). It has been only a matter of weeks since they heard the voice of God prohibiting this. Note God's adverb quickly! This is a veritable understatement! The Hebrew word for quickly (maher) has the sense always of doing something in a hurry, hastily, even rashly because of being in haste. What a picture of Israel! Israel directly disobeyed the second commandment Ex 20:4+ (Ex 20:23+), which should have been one of the foremost in their mind. But you can forget a lot in 40 days if you are not careful! Turned aside (05493)(sur) basically means to change direction, to turn away, to go away, to desert, to quit, to keep far away, to stop, to take away, to remove, to be removed, to make depart. Literally of turning aside or departing from the road a person is traveling (Jdg 18:3, 15) or departing from a road or path by turning aside from the original course (Ex 3:3; Dt. 2:27; Jdg. 18:3; 19:15; Ru 4:1; 1 Sam. 6:12; 1 Ki 22:32; Jer.5:23); to step out of line militarily (1 Ki 20:39); to retreat from a path (Ge 49:10; Ex 8:27; Nu 12:10; 14:9; Dt. 4:9; Jdg. 16:19; 1 Sa 6:3; 16:14)' Used figuratively, it has to do with the moral direction someone is taking; turning from the right road. Israel turned aside from the way of their ancestors walked (Jdg. 2:17) and away from God's commands (Mal 3:7). Israel's leaders exhorted them not to turn aside from the right way (Dt.77:20; Josh. 23:6; 1 Sa 12:20, 21). To stay on course is to turn neither to the right or to the left (Dt. 2:27; 5:32: Josh 1:7; 2 Ki 22:2). Sur in Deuteronomy - Deut. 2:27; Deut. 4:9; Deut. 5:32; Deut. 7:4; Deut. 7:15; Deut. 9:12; Deut. 9:16; Deut. 11:16; Deut. 11:28; Deut. 17:11; Deut. 17:17; Deut. 17:20; Deut. 21:13; Deut. 28:14; Deut. 31:29; They have made a molten image for themselves - The golden calf was made in direct disobedience to the command given about 40 days earlier clearly stating "‘You shall not make other gods besides Me; gods of silver or gods of gold, you shall not make for yourselves." (Ex 20:23+) In Dt 9:13 they are called obstinate or stiff-necked and desired a calf to represent God, which is ironic as the calf/bull is a beast of burden, which is well known to stiffen its neck!