Isaías 1
John MacArthur · Citado em PreceptAustin
Isaías 1:1
MacArthur explains that "A prophet is one who speaks to men for God; a priest is one who speaks to God for men. The priest takes man’s problems to God; the prophet takes God’s message to men. Both, if they are true, are commissioned by God, but their ministries are quite different. The book of Hebrews has a great deal to say about priests, but its opening verse speaks of prophets. The Holy Spirit establishes the divine authorship of the Old Testament, its accuracy and its authority, through the fact that it was given to and delivered by God’s prophets." For example the "LORD said to Moses, "See, I make you as God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron shall be your prophet." (Ex 7:1) (MacArthur, John: Hebrews. Moody Press) The OT prophets like Isaiah were the mouthpieces of God and their words were not the production of their own spirit, but came from the Holy Spirit as emphasized by Peter who wrote that no prophecy was ever made by an act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God. (2Pe 1:21-note) The prophet John the Baptist quoting the prophet Isaiah explained that he was but a voice of One who is crying out in the wilderness (Jn 1:23) The One giving the message was God, John being His voice, a vessel for honor, sanctified, useful to the Master, prepared for every good work. (2Ti 2:21-note) OT SYNONYMS FOR PROPHET The OT prophets were known by a several synonyms including Man of God (70 times) Deut. 33:1; Jos. 14:6; Jdg. 13:6; Jdg. 13:8; 1 Sam. 2:27; 1 Sam. 9:6; 1 Sam. 9:7; 1 Sam. 9:8; 1 Sam. 9:10; 1 Ki. 12:22; 1 Ki. 13:1; 1 Ki. 13:4; 1 Ki. 13:5; 1 Ki. 13:6; 1 Ki. 13:7; 1 Ki. 13:8; 1 Ki. 13:11; 1 Ki. 13:12; 1 Ki. 13:14; 1 Ki. 13:21; 1 Ki. 13:26; 1 Ki. 13:29; 1 Ki. 13:31; 1 Ki. 17:18; 1 Ki. 17:24; 1 Ki. 20:28; 2 Ki. 1:9; 2 Ki. 1:10; 2 Ki. 1:11; 2 Ki. 1:12; 2 Ki. 1:13; 2 Ki. 4:7; 2 Ki. 4:9; 2 Ki. 4:16; 2 Ki. 4:21; 2 Ki. 4:22; 2 Ki. 4:25; 2 Ki. 4:27; 2 Ki. 4:40; 2 Ki. 4:42; 2 Ki. 5:8; 2 Ki. 5:14; 2 Ki. 5:15; 2 Ki. 5:20; 2 Ki. 6:6; 2 Ki. 6:9; 2 Ki. 6:10; 2 Ki. 6:15; 2 Ki. 7:2; 2 Ki. 7:17; 2 Ki. 7:18; 2 Ki. 7:19; 2 Ki. 8:2; 2 Ki. 8:4; 2 Ki. 8:7; 2 Ki. 8:8; 2 Ki. 8:11; 2 Ki. 13:19; 2 Ki. 23:16; 2 Ki. 23:17; 1 Chr. 23:14; 2 Chr. 8:14; 2 Chr. 11:2; 2 Chr. 25:7; 2 Chr. 25:9; 2 Chr. 30:16; Ezr. 3:2; Neh. 12:24; Neh. 12:36; Ps. 90:1; Jer. 35:4; 1 Tim. 6:11; 2 Tim. 3:17 Seer (roeh) (20 times) 1 Sam. 9:9; 1 Sam. 9:11; 1 Sam. 9:18; 1 Sam. 9:19; 2 Sam. 15:27; 2 Sam. 24:11; 2 Ki. 17:13; 1 Chr. 9:22; 1 Chr. 21:9; 1 Chr. 25:5; 1 Chr. 26:28; 1 Chr. 29:29; 2 Chr. 9:29; 2 Chr. 12:15; 2 Chr. 16:7; 2 Chr. 16:10; 2 Chr. 19:2; 2 Chr. 29:25; 2 Chr. 29:30; 2 Chr. 33:18; 2 Chr. 35:15; Isa. 29:10; Isa. 30:10; Amos 7:12; Mic. 3:7 Servant of Jehovah (esp used of Moses and David Dt 34:5, Josh 1:1, 13, 15, 8:31, 33, 11:12, 12:6, 13:8, 14:7, 18:7, 22:2, 4, 5, 24:29, Jdg 2:8, 2Ki 18:12, 2Chr 1:3, 24:6, Ps 18:1, 36:1, Isa 42:19) Messenger of Jehovah (Hag 1:13) The prophets received their call or appointment directly from God, and some like Jeremiah (Jer 1:5) or John the Baptist (Jn 1:13, 14, 15), were called before birth. Although not all that God had spoken through the prophets was predictive prophecy, this aspect of God's revelation is one of the strongest evidences that the Bible is divinely inspired. The prophets were generally divided into those with an oral ministry only () and others who had both an oral and written ministry. J
Isaías 1:1
MacArthur adds that… Through a literary device called “prophetic foreshortening,” Isaiah predicted future events without delineating exact sequences of the events or time intervals separating them. For example, nothing in Isaiah reveals the extended period separating the two comings of the Messiah. Also, he does not provide as clear a distinction between the future temporal kingdom and the eternal kingdom as John does in Revelation 20:1-10+; Rev 21:1-22:5+. In God’s program of progressive revelation, details of these relationships awaited a prophetic spokesman of a later time. Interpretive challenges in a long and significant book such as Isaiah are numerous. The most critical of them focuses on whether Isaiah’s prophecies will receive literal fulfillment or not. (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) MacArthur also argues against the frequently espoused interpretation that God has abandoned national Israel and permanently replaced them with the church, defending his position by noting that there are numerous portions of Isaiah support the position that God has not replaced ethnic Israel with an alleged “new Israel.” (see Israel of God) Isaiah has too much to say about God’s faithfulness to Israel, that He would not reject the people whom He has created and chosen (Isa 43:1). The nation is on the palms of His hands, and Jerusalem’s walls are ever before His eyes (Isa 49:16). He is bound by His own Word to fulfill the promises He has made to bring them back to Himself and bless them in that future day (Isa 55:10, 11, 12)… The kingdom promised to David belongs to Israel, not the church. The future exaltation of Jerusalem will be on earth, not in heaven. Christ will reign personally on this earth as we know it, as well as in the new heavens and new earth (Re 22:1,3). (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) (Bolding added) SON OF AMOZ The son of Amoz - Amoz means "strong". See the 13 occurrences of Amoz in the OT - 2Ki. 19:2, 20; 20:1; 2Chr. 26:22; 32:20, 32; "son of Amoz" recurs in Isa. 1:1; 2:1; 13:1; 20:2; 37:2, 21; 38:1
Isaías 1:1
MacArthur writes that… During Uzziah’s prosperous 52 year reign (ca. 790-739BC), Judah developed into a strong commercial and military state with a port for commerce on the Red Sea and the construction of walls, towers, and fortifications (2Chr 26:3, 4, 5,8, 9, 10,13, 14, 15). Yet the period witnessed a decline in Judah’s spiritual status. (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) Skinner writes that… Under Uzziah, Judah appears to have been… prosperous. The conquest of Edom and the restoration of the Red Sea port of Elath (2Ki 14:22) secured the control of the caravan trade with Southern Arabia; and the revenue obtained from this source seems to have been wisely applied to develop the resources of the country and perfect its military efficiency (see 2Chr 26:1-15). The result was that when Isaiah began his public work Judah had attained a degree of wealth, power and civilisation which must have placed it, along with Israel (Ed: Despite having 18 evil kings and no godly kings, God did allow the Northern Kingdom to prosper, but it was a deceptive prosperity as shown by their fall to Assyria in 722BC), in the front rank of the petty principalities that now separated Egypt from Assyria. "The land was full of silver and gold and there was no end of its treasures ; the land was full of horses and there was no end of their chariots" (Isa 2:7). JOTHAM 759-743BC (750-731)** (752-736)** (2) Jotham (Jehovah is perfect or upright - Dictionary Articles) was the son of Uzziah (2Ki 15:32-38; 2Ch 27:1-9) and when he was 25 his father King Uzziah was struck with leprosy, at which time Jotham assumed active rule (2Ki 15:5; 2Ch 26:21, 22, 23, 27:1). Jotham administered over Judah for seven years in his father's stead. After his father's death he became sole monarch, and reigned for sixteen years (759-743BC) (2Ki 15:33; 2Ch 27:1). Jotham ruled in the fear of God, and not surprisingly his reign was prosperous. He was contemporary with the prophets Isaiah, Hosea, and Micah, by whose ministrations he profited. He was buried in the sepulchre of the kings and greatly lamented by the people (2Ki 15:38; 2Chr. 27:7, 8, 9). Jotham's name appears in the royal list of 1Chr 3:12, and in the genealogy of Jesus (Mt 1:9). It is notable that Assyria began to emerge as a new international power under Tiglath-Pileser (745-727BC) while Jotham was king (2Ki 15:19). MacArthur observes that… Judah also began to incur opposition from Israel and Syria to her north during his reign (2Ki 15:37). Jotham was a builder and a fighter like his father, but spiritual corruption still existed in the Land (2Ki 15:34,35; 2Chr 27:1,2). (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) AHAZ 741-726BC (735-715)** (736-720)** (3) Ahaz (possessor - Dictionary Articles) the son of Jotham became king at age 25 and reigned 16 years (2Chr 28:1, 8), but did not do what was right in the sight of Jehovah (2Ki 16:2) instead sadly walking (conducting) in the way (conduct) of the kings of Israel, and even made his son pass through the fire, according to the abominations of the nations whom the LORD had driven out from before the sons of Israel.4 And he sacrificed and burned incense on the high places and on the hills and under every green tree. (2Ki 16:3,4) MacArthur summarizes Ahaz's rule noting that "Israel and Syria formed an alliance to combat the rising Assyrian threat from the East, but Ahaz refused to bring Judah into the alliance (2Ki 16:5; Isa 7:6). For this, the northern neighbors threatened to dethrone him, and war resulted (734 BC). In panic, Ahaz sent to the Assyrian king for help (2Ki 16:7) and the Assyrian king gladly responded, sacking Gaza, carrying all of Galilee and Gilead into captivity, and finally capturing Damascus (732 BC). Ahaz’s alliance with Assyria led to his introduction of a heathen altar, which he set up in Solomon’s temple (2Ki 16:10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; 2Chr 28:3). During his reign (722 bc), Assyria captured Samaria, capital of the northern kingdom, and carried many of Israel’s most capable people into captivity (2 Kin. 17:6,24). (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) Nave's Topical summary of Ahaz's life… King of Judah, son and successor of Jotham, 2Ki 15:38; 16:1; 2Chr 27:9; 28:1. Idolatrous abominations of, 2Ki 16:3, 4; 2Chr 28:2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 24, 25. Kingdom of, invaded by the kings of Syria and Samaria, 2Ki 16:5, 6; 2Chr 28:5, 6, 7, 8. Robs the temple to purchase aid from the king of Assyria, 2Ki 16:7, 8, 9, 17, 18; 2Chr 28:21. Visits Damascus, obtains a novel pattern of an altar, substitutes for altar in God's temple in Jerusalem and perverts the form of worship, 2Ki 16:10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Sundial of Ahaz, 2Ki 20:11; Isa 38:8. Prophets in the reign of, Isa 1:1; Ho 1:1; Mic 1:1 Prophecies concerning, Isa 7:13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Succeeded by Hezekiah, 2Ki 16:20. HEZEKIAH 730-686BC (729-699)** (715-686)** (4) Hezekiah (the might of Jehovah or whom Jehovah has strengthened - Dictionary Articles) the son of the evil king Ahaz (who sacrificed Hezekiah's brothers to the idol Molech!) was one of the finest kings of the southern kingdom of Judah (see 2Chr 29:1) who made spiritual reformation a priority (cp see Passover - 2Chr 30:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, esp 2Chr 30:20). When Hezekiah… was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned 29 years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Abi the daughter of Zechariah. 3 And he did right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his father David had done (2Chr 29:27). 4 He removed the high places and broke down the sacred pillars and cut down the Asherah (cp 2Ki 8:22, 2Chr 29:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19). He also broke in pieces the bronze serpent that Moses had made, for until those days the sons of Israel burned incense to it; and it was called Nehushtan (see Nehushtan a thing of brass) (cp with Nu 21:4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 = "serpent of brass" [nachash = serpent; nechosheth = brass] which became an idol). 5 He trusted in the LORD, the God of Israel; so that after him there was none like him among all the kings of Judah, nor among those who were before him. 6 For he clung to the LORD; he did not depart from following Him, but kept His commandments, which the LORD had commanded Moses. 7 And the LORD was with him; wherever he went he prospered. And he rebelled against the king of Assyria and did not serve him. 8 He defeated the Philistines as far as Gaza and its territory, from watchtower to fortified city. (2Ki 18:2-8) Isaiah's most influential ministry was under King Hezekiah, who led the nation in its greatest spiritual revival since the days of David and Solomon. MacArthur adds that "In 701BC Hezekiah became very ill with a life-threatening disease, but he prayed and God graciously extended his life for 15 years (2Ki 20:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Isa 38:1f) until 686 BC. The ruler of Babylon used the opportunity of his illness and recovery to send congratulations to him, probably seeking to form an alliance with Judah against Assyria at the same time (2Ki 20:12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; Isa 39:1f). When Assyria became weak through internal strife, Hezekiah refused to pay any further tribute to that power (2Ki 18:7). So in 701 BC Sennacherib, the Assyrian king, invaded the coastal areas of Israel, marching toward Egypt on Israel’s southern flank. In the process he overran many Judean towns, looting and carrying many people back to Assyria. While besieging Lachish, he sent a contingent of forces to besiege Jerusalem (2Ki 18:17-19:8; Isa 36:2-37:8). The side-expedition failed, however, so in a second attempt he sent messengers to Jerusalem demanding an immediate surrender of the city (2Ki 19:9f.; Isa 37:9f.). With Isaiah’s encouragement, Hezekiah refused to surrender, and when Sennacherib’s army fell prey to a sudden disaster, he returned to Nineveh and never threatened Judah again. (Borrow The MacArthur Study Bible) Nave's Topical summary of Hezekiah… King of Judah, 2Ki 16:20; 18:1, 2; 1Chr. 3:13; 2Chr. 29:1; Mt 1:9. Religious zeal of, 2 Chr. 29; 30; 31. Purges the nation of idolatry, 2Ki 18:4; 2Chr 31:1; 33:3. Restores the true forms of worship, 2 Chr. 31:2-21. His piety, 2Ki 18:3, 5, 6; 2 Chr 29:2; 31:20, 21; 32:32; Je 26:19. Military operations of, 2Ki 18:19; 1Chr. 4:39-43; 2Chr. 32; Isa. 36:37. Sickness and restoration of, 2Ki 20:1-11; 2Chr 32:24; Isa 38:1-8. His psalm of thanksgiving, Isa 38:9-22. His lack of wisdom in showing his resources to commissioners of Babylon, 2 Kin. 20:12-19; 2 Chr. 32:25, 26, 31; Isa. 39. Prospered of God, 2Ki 18:7; 2Chr 32:27, 28, 29, 30. Conducts the brook Gihon into Jerusalem, 2Ki 18:17; 20:20; 2Chr. 32:4, 30; 33:14; Neh. 2:13-15; 3:13, 16; Isa 7:3; 22:9, 1011; 36:2. Scribes of, Pr 25:1. Death and burial of, 2Ki 20:21; 2Chr 32:33. Prophecies concerning, 2Ki 19:20-34; 20:5, 6, 16, 17, 18; Isa. 38:5, 6, 7, 8; 39:5, 6, 7; Jer. 26:18, 19. Message From God - Isaiah 1:1-18 REBELLION THAT WEAKENS THE NATION - Isa 1:1-8 REMNANT THAT PREVENTS DESTRUCTION - Isa 1:9 RELIGION THAT SICKENS GOD - Isa 1:10-15 REPENTANCE THAT PLEASES GOD - Isa 1:16-18 ** Note that most of these dates are approximations and not indisputable facts. They are listed to help give the reader have a general idea of the relationship of historical events in Isaiah's time. The alternate dates for the reigns of the kings of Judah reflect the opinions of various conservative resources. Clearly there is not a consensus on the dates of their reigns, so it is wise to avoid dogmatism and to treat these dates as approximations.