2 Coríntios 4

John MacArthur · Citado em PreceptAustin

2 Coríntios 4

MacArthur explains the point Paul is "making is creation and redemption are each works of God. God commanded the light to shine out of darkness at the creation. And the light which shined in a creative way has now begun to shine in a redemptive way. The light of creation has become the light of salvation. The light placed in the heavens has now become a light placed in the heart. The light which was material has become moral. The physical light of the sun, s-u-n, has become the spiritual light of the Son, s-o-n. The universal light has become the personal light. A sovereign God shines the gospel light into the human heart when the truth is preached and God designs to save....What is the light? It is to know who Christ is, that He is God incarnate, that He is the clearest revelation of God. He is the illumination of the truth about God revealed in Christ. (Looking at the Face of Jesus, Part 5) 2 Corinthians 4:7 But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, so that the surpassing greatness of the power will be of God and not from ourselves; this: 2Co 4:1 6:10 Mt 13:44,52 Eph 3:8 Col 1:27 2:3 in: 2Co 5:1 10:10 Jud 7:13,14,16-20 La 4:2 1Co 1:28 4:9-13 Ga 4:13,14 2Ti 2:20 that: 2Co 3:5,6 12:7-9 13:4 1Co 2:3-5 Eph 1:19,20 2:5,8,9 Col 2:12 1Th 1:5 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:7 But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, so that the surpassing greatness of the power will be of God and not from ourselves 2 Corinthians 4:8 we are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not despairing; troubled: 2Co 1:8-10 6:4 7:5 11:23-30 yet: 2Co 4:16,17 12:10 1Sa 28:15 30:6 Ps 56:2,3 Pr 14:26 18:10 Ro 5:3-5 Ro 8:35-37 Jas 1:2-4 1Pe 1:6,7 4:12-14 not in despair: or, not altogether without help, or means, 1Sa 31:4 Job 2:9,10 Ps 37:33 Joh 14:18 1Co 10:13 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:8 we are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not despairing 2 Corinthians 4:9 persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed; but: Ps 9:10 22:1 37:25,28 Isa 62:4 Heb 13:5 cast: 2Co 7:6 Job 5:17-19 22:29 Ps 37:24 42:5,11 Isa 43:2 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:9 persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed; 2 Corinthians 4:10 always carrying about in the body the dying of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus also may be manifested in our body. bearing: 2Co 1:5,9 Ro 8:17,18 Ga 6:17 Php 3:10,11 Col 1:24 that: 2Co 13:4 Joh 14:19 Ac 18:9,10 Ro 8:17 2Ti 2:11 1Pe 4:13 Rev 1:17 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:10 always carrying about in the body the dying of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus also may be manifested in our body. 2 Corinthians 4:11 For we who live are constantly being delivered over to death for Jesus' sake, so that the life of Jesus also may be manifested in our mortal flesh. are alway: Ps 44:22 141:7 Ro 8:36 1Co 15:31,49 our: 2Co 5:4 Ro 8:11 1Co 15:53,54 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:11 For we who live are constantly being delivered over to death for Jesus' sake, so that the life of Jesus also may be manifested in our mortal flesh 2 Corinthians 4:12 So death works in us, but life in you. death: 2Co 12:15 13:9 Ac 20:24 1Co 4:10 Php 2:17,30 1Jn 3:16 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:12 So death works in us, but life in you. 2 Corinthians 4:13 But having the same spirit of faith, according to what is written, "I BELIEVED, THEREFORE I SPOKE," we also believe, therefore we also speak, the same spirit of faith: Ac 15:11 Ro 1:12 1Co 12:9 Heb 11:1-40 2Pe 1:1 I believed: Ps 116:10 (= "I believed when I said, “I am greatly afflicted.”) we also believe: 2Co 3:12, Pr 21:28 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:13 But having the same spirit of faith, according to what is written Kruse - Paul is saying that despite death being at work in us we still operate in the same spirit of faith as the psalmist....There has been debate whether “spirit of faith” refers to a human disposition, as indicated when the initial letter is rendered as lowercase (“spirit”—so Augustine, ACCSC, 234; Thrall 1:339) or to the Holy Spirit in which case the initial letter would be uppercase (“Spirit”—so Hafemann 187, Seifrid 209; Barnett 240 n. 7). The former is the better option as Paul is saying that like the psalmist, his faith in God persists despite the sufferings he encounters. He is not making a point about the Holy Spirit being the one who inspires faith. (2 Cor-EGGNT) "I BELIEVED, THEREFORE I SPOKE," we also believe, therefore we also speak, Kruse - Paul quotes Ps. 116:10 (LXX Ps 115:1) to say that despite the difficulties of his ministry he operates with the same “spirit of faith” as the psalmist did in the midst of his distress, and in this faith Paul goes on speaking, either when (like the psalmist) he poured out his heart to the Lord or as he proclaimed God’s word. (2 Cor-EGGNT) THOUGHT - Paul was in great distress and affliction. Notice what Paul relied on when in dire straits. Paul held fast to the Scripture! And the Scripture held him fast. In this case it encouraged him to keep on believing and keep on speaking! Scripture will (or can) do the same in your life beloved when you are in dire straits! Try it! 2 Corinthians 4:14 knowing that He who raised the Lord Jesus will raise us also with Jesus and will present us with you. that: 2Co 5:1-4 Isa 26:19 Joh 11:25,26 Ro 8:11 1Co 6:14 15:20-22 1Th 4:14 shall present: 2Co 11:2 Eph 5:27 Col 1:22,28 Jude 1:24 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:14 knowing that He who raised the Lord Jesus will raise us also with Jesus and will present us with you. 2 Corinthians 4:15 For all things are for your sakes, so that the grace which is spreading to more and more people may cause the giving of thanks to abound to the glory of God. all: 2Co 1:4-6 Ro 8:28 1Co 3:21-23 Col 1:24 2Ti 2:10 the abundant: 2Co 1:11 8:19 9:11,12 Ps 50:14,23 Ga 1:24 Eph 3:20,21 Col 3:16,17 Heb 13:15,16 1Pe 2:9 4:11 Rev 4:8-11 5:8-14 19:4-6 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:15 For all things are for your sakes, so that the grace which is spreading to more and more people may cause the giving of thanks to abound to the glory of God. 2 Corinthians 4:16 Therefore we do not lose heart, but though our outer man is decaying, yet our inner man is being renewed day by day. we: 2Co 4:1 Ps 27:13 119:81 Isa 40:29 1Co 15:58 though: 2Co 12:15 Job 19:26,27 Ps 73:26 Isa 57:1,2 Mt 5:29,30 the: Ro 7:22 Eph 3:16 1Pe 3:4 is: Ps 51:10 Isa 40:31 Ro 12:2 Eph 4:23 Col 3:10 Tit 3:5 day by: Lu 11:3 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:16 Therefore we do not lose heart, but though our outer man is decaying, yet our inner man is being renewed day by day 2 Corinthians 4:17 For momentary, light affliction is producing for us an eternal weight of glory far beyond all comparison, our: 2Co 11:23-28 Ps 30:5 Isa 54:8 Ac 20:23 Ro 8:18,34,37 1Pe 1:6 4:7 1Pe 5:10 worketh: Ps 119:67,71 Mt 5:12 Ro 5:3-5 Php 1:19 2Th 1:4,6 Heb 12:10,11 Jas 1:3,4,12 far: 2Co 3:18 Ge 15:1 Ps 31:19 73:24 Isa 64:4 Lu 6:23 Ro 2:7 1Co 2:9 1Pe 1:7,8 5:10 1Jn 3:2 Jude 1:24 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2 Corinthians 4:17 "The pessimist sees a difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees an opportunity in every difficulty." For momentary, light affliction is producing for us an eternal weight of glory far beyond all comparison, 2 Corinthians 4:18 while we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen; for the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal. we: 2Co 5:7 Ro 8:24,25 Heb 11:1,25-27 12:2,3 for: Mt 25:46 Lev 16:25,26 2Th 2:16 1Jn 2:16,17,25 2 Corinthians 4 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries FOR IN DEPTH COMMENT ON THIS VERSE CLICK 2Corinthians 4:18 while we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen; for the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal. A Prayer for Eternal Weight O Eternal God, Who measures time with mercy and weighs suffering with glory, I come burdened by what is seen, pressed by frailty, wearied by the ache of a fallen world— yet I confess that these troubles, though real and piercing, are but light and momentary when held against the scale of eternity. Teach my soul to see rightly. When affliction lingers, remind me it is not purposeless. When sorrow deepens, remind me it is not wasted. When weakness humbles me, remind me it is not the end, but the shaping hand of grace preparing an eternal weight of glory beyond all comparison. Lord, lift my eyes from what is temporary and fading to what is unseen and everlasting. Train my heart to value heaven more than comfort, character more than relief, Your presence more than ease. Let every trial refine faith, every tear polish hope, every burden anchor me more firmly in the promise of glory to come. I thank You that my suffering is measured, not infinite; brief, not eternal; designed, not random; and held within the covenant love of a faithful God. Prepare me quietly for glory while making me faithful here. Make me willing to endure what You ordain, joyful in what You promise, and steadfast in what You are accomplishing. Until the day when faith becomes sight and the unseen becomes eternal joy, keep me walking by trust, living by hope, and longing for the glory You are preparing for me in Christ. Through Jesus— the Man of Sorrows, now crowned with everlasting glory. Amen. Henrietta Mears - Paul could sing as he suffered for he knew the wonderful grace of God. He was always conscious of the presence of the Lord Jesus Christ. He knew that the greater the suffering in this present world, the greater the glory of eternity (2 Cor. 4:8-18). Paul lived with his eye on the future! Christ nowhere promises that a Christian will be free from suffering or sorrow. Rather do we hear that "In this world you will have trouble" (John 16:33). Christ allows us to get into trouble that He may deliver us. He allowed Daniel to be put into the den of lions that He might pull him out. He allowed Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to go into the fiery furnace that He might deliver them. He allowed Paul to be shipwrecked that He might save him. Our God is able to deliver! THOUGHT - Wear are your eyes? On the present, passaging pagan world or on the perfect eternal world to come? It makes all the difference in how you meet adversity and difficulty in this present life. See Vertical Vision. May we resolve enabled by the Spirit to emulate Jonathan Edwards who wrote... Where will all of our worldly enjoyments be, when we are laid in the silent grave? Resolved, to live as I shall wish I had done, when I come to die. Resolved, to live as I shall wish I had done, ten thousand ages hence. Lord, stamp eternity on my eyeballs!

2 Coríntios 4:1-2

MacArthur adds that...All people, even those who have not heard the gospel, have an innate (though limited) knowledge of God’s law. The preaching of the gospel activates the conscience, which bears witness to the truth of the message even in those who reject it. (2Corinthians Commentary) UBS Handbook adds that...Normally in the New Testament the word conscience refers to one’s ability to know that one has done something wrong. Here and in 2Co 5.11 conscience is used of one’s ability to decide on the rightness or wrongness of someone else’s behavior. (Ibid) The Disciples Study Bible writes that...The authority of any leader in the church derives from the leader's own devotion to live out God's Word. Leaders must plainly teach God's truth rather than human theories. Teaching must be backed by noble character. Christ gave us the example to follow (Jn 13:1-17). First, the leader must know the Word. Second, the leader must apply it to my own life. Third, the leader must diligently study it in order to teach it. Fourth, the leader must teach it correctly so that others will understand it. (cp Ezra 7:10-+) Paul's ministry is carried out Coram Deo. The phrase in the sight of (enopion from en = in + ops = face) vividly pictures one serving in the face of God or in front of Him, doing what one does as if it is ever in His presence (which it is because of His omniscience cf 2 Chr 16:9). Coram Deo - before the face of God R C Sproul discussion of What Does Coram Deo Mean? Paul's Coram Deo mindset reminds me of Peter's exhortation to us as believers that.. if you address as Father the One who impartially judges according to each man's work, conduct (aorist imperative = Command to do this effectively. Don't delay. It is important, even urgent) yourselves in fear (reverential awe, shrinking from anything that might grieve your Father) during the time of your stay upon earth (Which in the perspective of eternity is barely a "blip on the screen" so to speak but it yields profit [1Ti 4:7, 8+] or loss [1Co 3:12-15+] for every believer throughout eternity. May God teach us how to number our days wisely [Ps 90:12+, cp Ep 5:16+] and give us the strength to conduct ourselves circumspectly in Christ. Amen) (1Pe 1:17+) Paul's ministry is "clear and clean" not only before the saints at Corinth but before the Omniscient God of the universe, an "Audience of One"! God is the "Onlooker". The One Who discerns, searches and tests our heart (Study - 1Sa 16:7 Jer 17:10 1Ki 8:39 1Chr 28:9 Ps 7:9 44:21 139:23,24 Pr 17:3 Jer 11:20 20:12 Ro 8:27 Rev 2:23).

2 Coríntios 4:3-4

MacArthur notes that "Unregenerate people cannot think properly about spiritual truth (1Co 2:14+) because they have a “depraved mind” (Ro 1:28+; 1Ti 6:5; 2Ti 3:8+). No matter how slick the presentation is, it will not persuade a depraved mind to respond favorably to the gospel. Only God can turn on the light in the human heart (cf. 2Co 4:6+; Lk 24:45+; Acts 26:18+) so that it can respond in saving faith to the gospel of the glory of Christ. (2Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press) Unbelieving (571) (apistos from a = without + pistos = believing, faithful) means lacking in faith, without faith, disbelieving, unbelieving - in this context apistos is one who does not believe the Good News about Jesus Christ (1Ti 5:8, Titus 1:15, Rev 21:8). It is used once to describe that which is incredible (Acts 26:8+), but most NT uses describe those without faith, not trusting, unfaithfulIn secular Greek use apistos described reports, etc as incredible. BDAG gives a example of an ancient secular use of apistos in the description of "a patient (who) sneers in disbelief at healings recorded in a shrine of Asclepius and subsequently receives the sobriquet (a descriptive name) : "Apistos"" Gilbrant - Classical Greek - Apistos is an adjective meaning “unbelievable” or in another sense “faithless” (from an alpha [1] privative plus the adjective pistos [3964], “faithful”). Among classical writers it was used in both the active (e.g., of a person who is “mistrusting”) and passive (e.g., of a person “not to be trusted”). Its range of definition spans from “incredible, unbelievable” to “untrusting, untrustworthy.” Septuagint Usage- Although there are four instances of apistos in the Septuagint, none have a certain Hebrew original, despite the fact they occur in canonical books (Proverbs 17:6 [LXX 17:6a]; 28:25 [variant]; Isaiah 17:10 [twice]). In the context of having forgotten God, the city of Damascus will plant “unbelieving” plants and “faithless” seeds (Isaiah 17:10). On the Day of Judgment the harvest will be as nothing (17:11); “the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow.” New Testament Usage - In the Synoptic Gospels apistos describes the “unbelieving” or “faithless” generation that lacks faith in God; this group included both the father of the boy with an evil spirit and some of those who followed Jesus. (Luke and Matthew’s reading of “crooked” or “perverse” may echo Deuteronomy 32:5,20.) Acts 26:8 uses it in an almost secular sense of “incredible.” A second major usage of apistos is as a substantive: “unbeliever(s)”. The “unbelievers” contrast the faithful (John 20:27; 1 Corinthians 14:22ff.); as such they stand in danger of God’s judgment (Luke 12:46; Revelation 21:8). Paul equated their condition with “blinded minds” (2 Corinthians 4:4), an image reminiscent of Isaiah 6:9,10, a passage frequently appearing in the New Testament (e.g., Matthew 13:13ff.; Acts 28:26). “Unbelievers” actively deny God and reject the truth (Titus 1:15,16). (Complete Biblical Library) Apistos - 23x in 20v in NAS - Mt 17:17; Mk 9:19; Lk 9:41; 12:46; Jn 20:27; Acts 26:8; 1Co 6:6; 7:12,13,14; 10:27; 14:22, 23 24; 2Cor 4:4; 6:14 15; 1Ti 5:8; Titus 1:15; Rev 21:8. NAS = incredible(1), unbeliever(4), unbelievers(7), unbelieving(10), unbelieving one(1). Used twice in Lxx - Pr 17:6, Is 17:10. Paul repeatedly used apistos in his letters to the church at Corinth because of their great need to understand how to interact with unbelievers (1Co 6:6; 7:12,13,14; 10:27; 14:22, 23 24; 2Co 6:14 15). For example, Paul commanded the believers at Corinth... Do not be bound together with unbelievers; for what partnership have righteousness and lawlessness, or what fellowship has light with darkness? (2Co 6:14, 15+) Henry

2 Coríntios 4:3-4

MacArthur comments that "The privilege of seeing God’s glory revealed in Christ is granted only to those to whom God in His mercy grants spiritual sight." (2Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press) The apostle John wrote of the glory of Christ... And the Word (Jn 1:1+) became flesh, and dwelt (tabernacled) among us, and we beheld His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth. (Jn 1:14+) When did John, Peter and James behold the glory of Christ? Matthew records that... And He was transfigured before them (Mt 17;1); and His face shone like the sun, and His garments became as white as light. (Mt 17:2, Mk 9:2, 3, Lk 9:28) Years later Peter testified to having seen having witnessed the glory of Christ... For we did not follow cleverly devised tales when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of His majesty. (2Pe 1:14+) In his letter to Titus Paul pictures saints now as exhibiting a "lifestyle of looking", of looking with anticipation and expectation for the appearing of the glory of Christ and as a consequence living in the light of God's sure promised of this future event (See Table comparing Rapture vs Second Coming). (Those who have been saved by grace [Titus 2:11+] and are daily being instructed by grace [Titus 2:12+] are continually [present tense]) looking (see prosdechomai) for the Blessed Hope and the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Christ Jesus (Titus 2:13+) One day future all men will see the glory of Christ... Therefore (because of His perfect obedience - Php 2:7, 8-+) also God highly exalted Him (see Jn 17:4, 5 - "glorify Thou Me together with Thyself, Father, with the glory which I had with Thee before the world was"), and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus EVERY KNEE SHOULD BOW, of those who are in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Php 2:9, 10, 11-+) BEHOLD, HE IS COMING (in glory - see below) WITH THE CLOUDS, and every eye will see Him, even those who pierced Him; and all the tribes of the earth will mourn over Him. Even so. Amen. (Rev 1:7-+) But immediately after the tribulation (referring to the last 3.5 years = Great Tribulation) of those days THE SUN WILL BE DARKENED, AND THE MOON WILL NOT GIVE ITS LIGHT, AND THE STARS WILL FALL from the sky, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken, and then the sign of the Son of Man (Note = No need to speculate! "He" Himself is the sign!) will appear in the sky, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the SON OF MAN COMING ON THE CLOUDS OF THE SKY with power and great glory. (Mt 24:29, 30) But when the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the angels with Him, then He will sit on His glorious throne (On the earth - when He sets up His Millennial Kingdom) (Mt 25:31) And throughout eternity we will join the chorus with all the saints and angels to praise Him for His great glory... saying with a loud voice "Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power and riches and wisdom and might and honor and glory and blessing." And every created thing which is in heaven and on the earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all things in them, I heard saying, " To Him who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb, be blessing and honor and glory and dominion forever and ever." (Re 5:12+, Re 5:13+) Our "Hallelujah Chorus" will testify to the glory of Christ... After these things I heard, as it were, a loud voice of a great multitude in heaven, saying, "Hallelujah! Salvation and glory and power belong to our God (Rev 19:1+, cp Re 19:6+, Re 19:7+) Indeed His glory shall be our Light forever... And the city has no need of the sun or of the moon to shine upon it, for the glory of God has illumined it, and its lamp is the Lamb. (Re 21:23+) A. T. Robertson has this description of the glory of Christ... Many persons had looked on the face of Jesus while in the flesh who did not understand Him. There was beyond doubt a wondrous fascination in the face of Jesus that no artist has succeeded in putting upon canvas. The pictures of Jesus are either too effeminate or too crude. No face has ever so haunted and baffled the greatest artists. This face was really human but free from the taint of sin and disease. No specter of the past looked through those eyes, no shadows of forbidden secrets flitted past. Pity, unutterable compassion looked out of the depths of purity and unsullied strength. Untarnished truth looked out on a world of lies. The noblest impulses of man met the shock of hate and envy. The clear light of heaven's love gazed longingly at the suffering and the sinning. Those eyes could flash with terrific power upon hypocrites who used the livery of heaven to serve the devil in. Before His wrath, men slunk away like cowed beasts guilty and condemned. But the penitent and the contrite saw a new hope as they looked in the face of Jesus. There were some who could never forget the thrill of joy which came to their hearts as they gazed into that face. At moments they could be amazed at the struggling emotions in His countenance. There were three who beheld His majestic glory on the mount. But not all men could see all this in the face of Jesus. The rabbis were angered to desperation as they saw that calm and powerful face. Its very innocence enraged them (The Glory of the Ministry) George Matheson who himself was blind wrote these words about Paul's vision of the glory of Christ... Remember the Christ whom Paul first saw was the Christ of heaven. He never gazed upon the man of Galilee. His earliest vision was the vision of a Jesus glorified, not on the road to the cross did Christ meet him. He came to him panoplied in heavenly splendor. What his inner eye beheld was the Christ of the future, a Christ of majesty, a Christ if power, a Christ who came clothed in the lightning and wreathed in the conqueror's robe. That was the first Christ Paul's soul saw. It is wonderful that it should have been the first Christian image in his writings. JESUS THE IMAGE OF GOD: THE RADIANCE & EXACT REPRESENTATION Image (1504)(eikon) expresses two ideas (1) likeness, as in the image on a coin or the reflection in a mirror and (2) manifestation with the sense that God is fully revealed in Jesus. Eikon does not denote mere likeness or resemblance. Eikon conveys the meaning that Christ is whatever God is--spiritual, omnipotent, omniscient, holy--all the attributes of the eternal God. The Lord Jesus is the image of God in the sense that "He who has seen Me has seen the Father" (John 14:9). Earlier Jesus had emphasized His intrinsic unity with His Father declaring "I and the Father are one." (Jn 10:30) Henry Morris rightly says that: Such a claim, if not that of a madman (and this is unthinkable in view of the age-long influence of the incomparable teachings of Jesus), can only be understood in terms of the doctrine of the "hypostatic union"--the indissoluble union of eternal God and perfect Man in the person of Jesus Christ. (Defender's Study Bible) The writer of Hebrews says that Christ... is the radiance (see comment below) of His (the Father's) glory and the exact representation of His nature (hupostasis), and upholds all things by the word of His power. When He had made purification of sins, He sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high (Heb 1:3) Comment: It is notable that the word radiance is related to the same word Paul used above for "see" (augazo). Thus radiance is apaugasma (from apaugázo = emit light or splendor in turn derived from apó = from + augazo = shine) and literally means "off-flashing" and then the brightness beamed forth which describes the effulgence (from Latin effulgere = to shine forth and thus radiant splendor or brilliance emanating from an original light body), splendor or light emitted or issuing from a luminous body. It is not preceded by the definite article, which makes the term highly descriptive of character or nature. Exact representation is the Greek word charakter (derived from charasso = to engrave and source of our English word character which describes one of the attributes or features that make up and distinguish an individual) was used in classical Greek of an engraver who mints coins or an engraving tool, a die, a stamp, a branding iron, a mark engraved, an impress or a stamp on coins and seals. Later it came to mean the impression itself, usually engraved, cut in, or stamped on in the form of a character, a letter, a mark or a sign. This impression or mark with its particular features was considered to be the exact representation of the object whose image it bore. As a figure of speech charakter described a distinctive mark "impressed" on a person, by which he is distinguished from others. It is thus a characteristic of that person and was a Greek idiom for a person’s features. The author is saying that whatever the Divine essence is, Jesus is the perfect expression and thus affirms the deity of Jesus Christ and alludes to the the plurality of God. Jesus is distinct from God the Father and yet identical with Him. Charakter conveys the idea of exact correspondence as when Jesus said that "He who has seen Me has seen the Father" (Jn 14:9) He who had seen Jesus had seen the Father because Jesus is the exact representation, the exact expression of the Father's attributes, nature, etc so that all that God is, Jesus is, and yet two distinct Persons of the Godhood. Jesus is all that God is, not has been given what He is! God hasn't given Jesus something. He already is! Paul explains that And He is the image (eikon) of the invisible God, the first-born (pre-eminent) of all creation. (Col 1:15) Henry

2 Coríntios 4:3-4

MacArthur adds that "Although God predestined such judgment, it was not apart from human responsibility and culpability (see Jn 8:24)."

2 Coríntios 4:5-6

MacArthur notes that "The heart of New Covenant preaching is communicating the truth about Jesus Christ, since “faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of [lit., “about,” or “concerning”] Christ” (Ro 10:17-+). True preaching about Christ includes the truth that He is both Savior and Lord. Its goal is to get people to understand Who Jesus is, why He came, and what He accomplished. God, in His sovereign grace, then uses that truth to bring salvation to the human heart. (2Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press) Warren

2 Coríntios 4:5-6

MacArthur: The coming of the Messiah is synonymous with the coming of light to remove the darkness of captivity (Is 42:16; 49:6; 58:8; 60:1,19,20). Lamentations 4:7 Her consecrated ones were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk; They were more ruddy in body than corals, Their polishing was like lapis lazuli. Comment: Lam 4:8 says these who were the most consecrated, the purest became "dirty", "shriveled" and "withered" - this is what sin can do to the best people in the nation when that nation turns away from God. God save America! Send revival soon Lord! So in this introduction Paul references God's omnipotence in Creation, and specifically His ability to bring forth physical light out of darkness. This literal, historical event serves as a perfect entree to Paul's description of God's ability to spiritually "re-create" (2Co 5:17ESV) by bringing Light to spiritually darkened and dead hearts (Ro 5:12-+, Ep 2:1-+ cp to Ge 2:17 = God's truth, Ge 3:4 = Satan's age old lie [a "half-truth" - they did not immediately die physically but did die spiritually]). DO NOT LOSE HOPE FOR LOST LOVED ONES If God can physically create the universe out of nothingness with nothing but His Word (Heb 11:3-+), He can just as surely, spiritually "re-create" empty souls with nothing but His Incarnate Word (Jn 1:3, 14). Nothing is impossible for God (meditate on Ge 18:14, Jer 32:17 32:27) as Jesus taught His oft doubting disciples (Mt 6:30 8:26 14:30 31 16:8 9 10 11 - cp Mk 9:20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27)... "And again I say to you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God." And when the disciples heard this, they were very astonished and said, "Then who can be saved?" And looking upon them Jesus said to them, "With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible." (Mt 19:24, 25, 26 cp Mk 10:25, 26, 27) Kent Hughes expository comment on this passage encourages all of us who have loved ones who are still lost ones, which sometimes tempts us to lose hope that they are too lost..."There is no one beyond the creative and re-creative power of God. He who spoke the worlds into existence and with a word birthed light and plants and birds and sea creatures and animals and us—this God can illumine us and transform us from glory to glory with a word. No one is beyond his love. No one is beyond his grace. And no one is beyond his creational power. ( 2 Corinthians: Power in Weakness. Preaching the Word THE CREATOR SHINES INTO OUR HEARTS MAKING US NEW CREATIONS The One Who has shone - He Himself as Bengel says is "Not only the Author, but the Source of Light: the Sun itself". (Commentary) John describes God's essence writing that "God is light and in Him there is (absolutely) no darkness at all." (1Jn 1:5). In Creation God brought light out of darkness, but in making us new creations (2Co 5:17), He brought Light into darkness! Hallelujah! Shone in our heart - (see preceding discussion of lampo) Here Paul describes God's supernatural Gospel light penetrating the darkness of the most stubborn, rebellious heart, even a hard, dark heart like that of the apostle Paul (as discerned by his use of the phrase our heart) Beloved - this really applies to all of us who have come to recognize that the Light of the World is Jesus (Jn 8:12) for we were living our life in utter darkness with absolutely no desire to seek God (Ro 3:11-+) and no fear of Him before our eyes. (Ro 3:18-+) So who is it in your sphere of influence whose heart you think is too dark for His omnipotent Gospel light to penetrate? If you think that person is "impenetrable" to the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ then read Jesus' words (camel going thru the eye of a needle) again. His word is true and the writer of these very words you are reading is living proof of the truth and the power (dunamis = inherent power to accomplish God's purpose) of the Gospel to save those who believe (Ro 1:16-+) (Refer to My Personal Testimony) A T

2 Coríntios 4:5-6

MacArthur says "Paul’s disclaimer was both a denial of the false apostles’ charge and an indictment of them." (2Corinthians) Alfred Plummer notes that "God blinded (Paul's) bodily eyes for three days as a means towards healing his spiritual blindness. How could a man who had had these experiences preach himself? (2 Corinthians 4) Paul would have liked the salty saint Vance Havner who once said "It is not the business of the preacher to fill the house. It is his business to fill the pulpit. (Ed: Amen or Oh my! - And to fill his hearer's hearts and souls with the Word of Truth, the bread of life, Christ Jesus, the Incarnate Word! - Mt 4:4 Lk 4:4 Jn 6:35, 41 48 50 51 58 cp Jn 6:63) Kent

2 Coríntios 4:5-6

MacArthur comments that "The same God who created physical light in the universe is the same God who must create supernatural light in the soul and usher believers from the kingdom of darkness to His kingdom of light (Col 1:13-+). The light is expressed as “the knowledge of the glory of God.” That means to know that Christ is God incarnate. To be saved, one must understand that the glory of God shone in Jesus Christ. That is the theme of John’s gospel (Jn 1:4+). (2Corinthians) The light (5462) (photismos from photizo from phos = light <> from phao = to shine) the giving of light, illumination in the physical sense. Figuratively, as used here photismos describes an moral/ethical enlightenment in spiritually darkened hearts so that the truth about Jesus is made fully known and clearly revealed -- the spiritual illumination in the Gospel. Knowledge (1108) (gnosis root word gnos - see below) in simple terms is the possession of information of what is known. Gnosis describes the comprehension or intellectual grasp of something. Gnosis refers to knowledge gained by experience in contrast to intuitive knowledge. Gnosis is an “experiential knowledge,” and not a mere passing acquaintance. The English dictionary definition states that knowledge is the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association. It describes an acquaintance with or understanding of something (the NT uses of gnosis most often referring to spiritual/divine knowledge). Knowledge is the clear and certain perception of that which exists. Knowledge describes information and/or skills acquired through experience. Knowledge is that which is or can be known and applies to facts or ideas acquired by study, investigation, observation, or experience. Gnosis can also stand for the content of what is known or what one knows (as in Ro 2:20, Ro 15:14, 1Co 1:5, 8:1, 7, 10, 11, 2Co 11:6). Some say that gnosis is "fragmentary knowledge" as contrasted with epignosis [word study] (which reflects a fuller participation of the learner in acquiring and "experiencing" the knowledge or gnosis). The Greek root word is reflected in the basic English word "know" (which is an English form of the root word, gnos). More clearly this root gnos is seen in such words as "ignorance" (of knowing), "agnostic" (one who claims that God is unknowable), and the word Gnosticism which Webster defines as "the the thought and practice especially of various cults of late pre-Christian and early Christian centuries distinguished by the conviction that matter is evil and that emancipation comes through gnosis." The current "New Age Movement" manifests many of the characteristics of ancient Gnosticism. The difference between knowledge and wisdom is said to be that knowledge is the understanding of truth, whereas wisdom is the ability to apply what truth has been learned. COMPARISON 2Co 4:4 and 2Co 4:6 2Co 4:4 2Co 4:6 Satan blinds to God creates the light the light of the Gospel of the knowledge of the glory of the glory of Christ of God Who is the image of God In the face of Christ From John Piper's Book - God Is the Gospel Glory (1391)(doxa from dokeo = to think) in simple terms means to give a proper opinion or estimate of something and thus the glory of God expresses all that He is in His Being and in His nature, character, power and acts. He is glorified when He is allowed to be seen as He really is. To be where God is will be glory. To be what God intended will be glory. To do what God purposed will be glory.

2 Coríntios 4:7-9

MacArthur adds that "The vessels Paul describes here were just common pots: cheap, breakable, easily replaceable, and virtually valueless. Occasionally they were used to hide valuables, such as gold, silver, and jewelry. The pots containing such valuable items would often be buried in the ground. In fact, the man in Jesus’ parable who found the treasure hidden in a field (Mt. 13:44) might have discovered it when his plow broke a buried pot. Clay pots were also used to store valuable documents; the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered stored in clay pots in a cave near Qumran." (2Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press) Adam

2 Coríntios 4:7-9

MacArthur: A person’s heart is the treasury of his thoughts, ambitions, desires, loves, attitudes, and loyalties. It is the reservoir from which the mouth draws its expressions. It is axiomatic that a good treasure brings forth what is good and an evil treasure brings forth what is evil. “Does a fountain send out from the same opening both fresh and bitter water?” James asked (Jas 3:11). A common expression in the computer world is GIGO, which stands for “Garbage in, garbage out.” In other words, the quality of data entered determines the quality of the results produced from that data. In exactly the same way, the quality of what is in a person’s heart determines the quality of speech his mouth produces. (Matthew 8-15, Matthew 16-23, Matthew 24-28 or Logos or Wordsearch) Matthew 13:44 "The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure hidden in the field, which a man found and hid again; and from joy over it he goes and sells all that he has and buys that field. Matthew 13:52 And Jesus said to them, "Therefore every scribe who has become a disciple of the kingdom of heaven is like a head of a household, who brings out of his treasure things new and old." MacArthur explains: The disciples were not to spurn the old for the sake of the new. Rather the new insights they gleaned from Jesus’ parables were to be understood in light of the old truths, and vice versa. Matthew 19:21 Jesus said to him, "If you wish to be complete, go and sell your possessions and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow Me." Mark 10:21 Looking at him, Jesus felt a love for him and said to him, "One thing you lack: go and sell all you possess and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow Me." Luke 6:45 "The good man out of the good treasure of his heart brings forth what is good; and the evil man out of the evil treasure brings forth what is evil; for his mouth speaks from that which fills his heart. Luke 12:33 "Sell your possessions and give to charity; make yourselves money belts which do not wear out, an unfailing treasure in heaven, where no thief comes near nor moth destroys. 34 "For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. Luke 18:22 When Jesus heard this, He said to him, "One thing you still lack; sell all that you possess and distribute it to the poor, and you shall have treasure in heaven; and come, follow Me." 2 Corinthians 4:7 But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, so that the surpassing greatness of the power will be of God and not from ourselves; Colossians 2:3-+ in Whom (Christ) are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. (Why does Paul tell us this? Col 2:4-+) Comment: Observe the clear contrast (calling for a clear choice) between the treasures in Colossians 2:3 and the treasures in Hebrews 11:26! Can they even be compared when viewed in the light of eternity? I think not! So why do we (I) weary ourselves (myself) with accumulation of the passing pleasures of temporally gratifying "tinkling trinkets and trifles" (trinket & trifle = both something of little value/significance) to the neglect of "accumulation" of that which satisfies and endures eternally! Veritable "spiritual insanity" methinks! Hebrews 11:26-+ (Context = Heb 11:25-+) considering the reproach of Christ greater riches (~"treasure") than the treasures of Egypt; for he was looking to the reward (~the "treasure" that remains!) Thesauros - 77x in 69v in the non-apocryphal Septuagint (LXX) - Ge 43:23; Dt 28:12; 32:34; Josh 6:19, 24; Jdg 18:7; 1 Kgs 7:37; 14:26; 15:18; 2 Kgs 12:19; 14:14; 16:8; 18:15; 20:13, 15; 24:13; 1 Chr 9:26; 26:20, 22, 24, 26; 27:25, 27f; 2 Chr 5:1; 8:15; 12:9; 16:2; 25:24; 32:27; 36:18; Ezra 2:69; 5:14; Neh 7:70f; 10:40; 12:44; 13:12; Ps 32:7; 134:7; Pr 2:4; 3:14; 8:21; 10:2; 15:16; 21:20; Job 3:21; 38:22; Amos 8:5; Mic 6:10; Joel 1:17; Mal 3:10; Isa 2:7; 33:6; 39:2, 4; 45:3; Jer 10:13; 15:13; 20:5; 27:25, 37; 28:13, 16; 30:20; 48:8; Ezek 27:24; 28:4, 13 THE GOSPEL IS GOLD WE ARE BUT JARS OF CLAY JONI EARECKSON TADA - God is a Master Artist. And there are aspects of your life and character—good, quality things—he wants others to notice. So without using blatant tricks or obvious gimmicks, God brings the cool, dark contrast of suffering into your life. That contrast, laid up against the golden character of Christ within you, will draw attention … to him. Light against darkness. Beauty against affliction. Joy against sorrow. A sweet, patient spirit against pain and disappointment—major contrasts that have a way of attracting notice. You are the canvas on which he paints glorious truths, sharing beauty, and inspiring others. So that people might see him. Doug Goins - In 1989, I helped lead a number of our college and university students on a 3-week study tour of Egypt and Israel. There was one event that at the time seemed relatively insignificant, yet it came back to me while working on this sermon. Our tour guide, a Christian Armenian man named Diko, and I were walking together around the base of the wall of the old city. While we were talking and walking, he kept watching the ground. We got down around the low point of the wall, near an excavation. Diko kept watching the ground and then ran up a little hill and grabbed something to bring back down to me. It was a small handle for a rough earthen clay cup. Diko, an amateur archeologist, told me that there are a lot of those around, probably from the first or second century. He said this one looked like it was Roman, probably from a Roman soldiers' camp. I was thrilled and still have the artifact. The fact that these kinds of pottery shards are everywhere is absolutely true. In virtually every archeological dig in the Middle East, there are innumerable pieces of clay pottery from the earliest civilizations. Clay pottery was the material of the common people. It was used to make everything from pitchers and oil jars and bowls, to griddles and washbasins and pots. Items of value like money or jewelry were often hidden in them. Clay jars were used to store liquids because the clay didn't let the liquid evaporate and it tended to stay cool. Broken pieces of pottery or shards were used for writing material for notes or receipts… Earthen vessels are a very good description of basic humanity. God is the potter, and we are the clay. He shapes us and molds us into any kind of utensil or implement that he desires. The noun, "vessel," refers to a container serving a very specific purpose like a jug, cup, pot or pan. And again, when it's used of people in the Bible, there is always a sense that we are an implement that God can use; an instrument to live out a lifestyle of ministry, loving people. Before we continue on, don't miss the marvel of Paul's definition of our humanity. As people of a new covenant lifestyle, as vessels that are created for God's use, all of us are made from the same basic stuff. We are made of earthen, common, run of the mill clay, fragile and easily broken. No matter how sophisticated, how physically healthy and robust, how financially secure we are, underneath we are all just ordinary people. (EXERCISING THE POWER OF GOD) John

2 Coríntios 4:7-9

MacArthur - He was at his wit’s end, but there was still a way out; he was at the brink of defeat but not defeated. (2Corinthians) Stedman on Perplexities: This refers to all the pressing calls for decisions, when we don't know what to decide. We are at a loss, we can't see the end, we don't know how it is going to turn out. We are afflicted with fears, anxieties, worries, and uncertainties, all gathered up in this word "perplexities." (2 Corinthians 4:7-15 Your Pot--His Power) Spurgeon's exposition - We are perplexed, but not in despair;- We scarcely know what to do, but we have not given way to despair. We are perplexed, but hope has not gone from us. Dum spiro spero, was the old Latin proverb,-”While I live I hope;” but the Christian proverb is a still better one, Dum expiro spero,- “Even while I die I still have hope,” for “the righteous hath hope in his death.” Hodge - Constantly doubtful what way to take, and yet always finding some way open. The root of the Greek word translated perplexed means, “to be at a loss as to what to say or do”; the intensive used here (exaporeomai) means to be absolutely shut up so as to have no way or means available. (2 Corinthians Commentary) Robert Morgan has the following humorous illustration to encourage us to emulate Paul and "never despair" - I read about a man whose route to work every day took him through a particular park in the city, and every day he saw an old fellow sitting on the park bench. This fellow was an illegal bookie, but the businessman didn’t know that. The old fellow always looked forlorn, and the businessman thought he was homeless. One day en route to work, the businessman felt a surge of compassion for the fellow and as he passed by he handed him an envelope containing ten dollars and a note saying “Never Despair.” The next as he passed by the old man handed the businessman an envelope containing sixty dollars. The old codger explained: “Never Despair was in the money paying six to one in the second race.” Well, we always win when we make up our minds to Never Despair. That was Paul’s attitude. He rode that horse in every race, and it never failed him. And it’s a message that we still need in life and in our labor for the Lord. (Read full sermon below - Jars of Clay) Perplexed (639)(aporeo/aporeomai always in the middle voice) means literally to be without a way or path (Vine - "a" = negative + "poros" = a way, a transit, a ford, revenue, resource). Thus not to know which way to turn, to be at a loss, to be uncertain, to be "dazed and confused", to be in doubt, to be disturbed. To be without resources, to be embarrassed, to be in perplexity.Vine says aporeomai is literally “to be without a way in which to go,” and so to be puzzled, to be at a loss as to what to think or what to do as Jacob was about his brother Esau (Genesis 32:7 = Lxx use of aporeomai which renders "distressed") The noun aporia is used once in the NT in the context of perplexity of the signs in the sky in the days preceding the return of the Messiah (Lk 21:25). Aporeo - 6x in 6v in the NAS - am perplexed(1), being at a loss(1), loss(1), perplexed(3). 8x in the non-apocryphal Septuagint - Ge 32:7; Lev 25:47; Pr 31:11; Isa 9:1; 24:19; 51:20; Jer 8:18; Hos 13:8 Mark 6:20+ for Herod was afraid of John, knowing that he was a righteous and holy man, and he kept him safe. And when he heard him, he was very perplexed; but he used to enjoy listening to him. Comment: Herod’s interaction with John left him in great internal conflict because he had a moral struggle between his strong (evil) desire for Herodias and the pricking of his guilty conscience. Luke 24:4+ While they were perplexed about this (absence of Jesus' body from the tomb - Lk 24:1-3+), behold, two men (angelic beings) suddenly stood near them in dazzling clothing; John 13:22 (Context = Jn 13:21 when Jesus predicts His betrayal) The disciples began looking at one another, at a loss to know of which one He was speaking. Acts 25:20+ (Festus - this narrative begins in Acts 25:1-19) Being at a loss how to investigate such matters, I asked whether he was willing to go to Jerusalem and there stand trial on these matters. Comment: Festus was a pagan Roman ruler and was new in Judea, explaining why he was "at a loss" to understand the differences between Judaism and Christianity> 2 Corinthians 4:8 we are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not despairing; Galatians 4:20+ but I could wish to be present with you now and to change my tone, for I am perplexed (at wits end) about you. Vine comments: Apostle though he was, Paul was not exempt from the trials that attend the servants of Christ, and this was equally true of external experiences, persecutions and the like, and of experiences of the mind and heart, perplexities included; see 2Co 11:28. Paul was perplexed because he felt their spiritual development was being arrested. He had a deep desire to be with them so that he could speak with them personally (and with a gentler tone) regarding his concerns over their spiritual well being. John MacArthur: This verb (aporeomai) means to be at one’s wits’ end. He could not understand how they could have been taught the gospel so well, believed it so genuinely, and then appeared to have forsaken it so quickly (cf. Gal 1:6). Every Christian worker experiences times when he comes to an impasse and finds his own resources are completely exhausted. After saying and doing everything he knows to say and do, those he is trying to help-sometimes unbelievers, sometimes believers-remain completely out of reach and even turn against him. (Galatians. Chicago: Moody Press)

2 Coríntios 4:10-12

MacArthur - The phrase death works in us refers back to the reality of 1Co 4:10, 11 that Paul faced death every day. He literally looked death in the face regularly so he could bring the message of eternal life to the Corinthians; he was even willing to die physically so that they could live spiritually....It was Paul’s joyous privilege to suffer in bringing the gospel to others, who then became the fruit of his courageous endurance. (2 Corinthians Commentary) P. E.

2 Coríntios 4:10-12

MacArthur explains that "The apostle’s courageous, faithful, patient enduring of suffering manifested the power of the living Christ in his life… there was no explanation for the impact of Paul’s ministry except that God’s power flowed through him. (2Corinthians Commentary) Henry Alford interprets this to indicate "that in our bodies, holding up against such troubles and preserved in such dangers, may be shown forth that mighty power of God which is a testimony that Jesus lives and is exalted to be a Prince and a Savior (The New Testament for English Readers) Life (2222) (zoe) in Scripture is used (1) to refer to physical life (Ro 8:38-+, 1Co 3:22, Php 1:20-+, James 4:14, etc) but more often to (2) to supernatural life in contrast to a life subject to eternal death (Jn 3:36, see all 43 uses of "eternal life" below). This quality of life speaks of fullness of life which alone belongs to God the Giver of life and is available to His children now (Ro 6:4-+, Ep 4:18-+) as well as in eternity future (Mk 10:30+, Titus 1:2+ on Eternal Life). Manifested (5319) (phaneroo from phanerós = manifest, visible, conspicuous in turn from phaino = give light; become visible in turn from phos = light) is literally "to bring to light" and primarily means "to make visible" or to cause to become visible. To clearly reveal, to cause to be seen or to make clear and/or known. And so the root idea of phaneroo is that there is an external manifestation to the senses which is clearly visible. For example, in Ro 1:19 God has made it known to all men through His creation that He exists (see Ro 1:20). Thayer adds the thought that phaneroo means "to make manifest or visible or known what has been hidden or unknown, to manifest, whether by words, or deeds, or in any other way." In the context of 2Co 4:10, it follows that if we try to avoid "the dying of Jesus" in our bodies (i.e., shy away from being willing to suffer for His Name's sake), the One Who is in us (Col 1:27-+) will remain hidden from those we encounter, especially those who have never received Christ and are still dead in their trespasses and sins (Ep 2:1-+). Vine notes that "To be manifested, in the Scriptural sense of the word, is more than to “appear.” A person may “appear” in a false guise or without a disclosure of what he truly is; to be manifested is to be revealed in one’s true character; this is especially the meaning of phaneroo, see, e.g., John 3:21; 1Co 4:5; 2Co 5:10, 11-+ ; Ep 5:13-+. (Vine's Expository Dictionary of Old Testament and New Testament Words) (Bolding added) It is notable that almost 1/4 of the 44 NT uses of phaneroo are in the Corinthian epistles - 1Co4:5 2Co2:14 3:3 4:10,11 5:10,11 7:12 11:6 In our body - This envisions Paul's body functioning as a platform or stage for the resurrection life of Christ to be displayed as "the main act" to a dying world. This truth should put a new perspective on the suffering you are currently experiencing for the sake of His Name (and remember that Paul will cap off this chapter with the additional encouraging promise of 2Co 4:17-+, 2Co 4:18-+). Earlier Paul described himself as a "jar of clay" that contained a priceless treasure. In the present passage it is as if the clay pot must be broken for that treasure to be most clearly presented. Adam Clarke on that the life of Jesus also may be manifested "That in our preservation, the success of our ministry, and the miracles we work, we might be able to give the fullest demonstration that Jesus is risen again from the dead; and that we are strengthened by him to do all these mighty works. Dying Daily - Are you in a situation where you are often misunderstood for your faith in Christ? Are you surrounded by people with a carping, critical spirit? Do you get little or no credit for the work you do in your church or for your family? The proper response is a willingness to have a humble and submissive spirit—to die as Jesus did throughout His life. Yes, our Lord died once on the cross; but in another sense He also died every day. The cross was the culmination of an entire lifetime of dying. He was willing to be misunderstood and maligned, to give up home and comforts, to take the role of a servant. That was His “death.” We must be willing to die in that way as well. When we die with Him, God’s gift to us is “the life of Jesus” (2Corinthians 4:10), the most attractive life ever lived. His beauty will gradually grow in us and become our beauty as well. Dear Jesus, take my heart and hand, And grant me this, I pray: That I through Your sweet love may grow More like You day by day. —Garrison 2 Corinthians 4:11 For we who live are constantly being delivered over to death for Jesus' sake, so that the life of Jesus also may be manifested in our mortal flesh. (NASB: Lockman) Greek : aei gar hemeis oi zontes (PAPMPN) eis thanaton paradidometha (1PPPI) dia Iesoun, ina kai e zoe tou Iesou phanerothe (3SAPS) en te thnete sarki hemon. Amplified: For we who live are constantly [experiencing] being handed over to death for Jesus’ sake, that the [resurrection] life of Jesus also may be evidenced through our flesh which is liable to death. (Lockman)

2 Coríntios 4:10-12

MacArthur - The truth that Paul was continually carrying about in his body the dying of Jesus was a powerful rebuttal to the allegations of the false apostles. They argued that Paul suffered because God was chastening him for his secret life of sin. But in reality Paul suffered at the hands of evil men because of his identification with Jesus Christ. Those who hate the Lord persecute His people. Therefore Paul’s trials, far from being a sign of God’s displeasure, were actually a badge of honor (cf. 2 Cor. 1:5; Gal. 6:17; Phil. 3:10; Col. 1:24). Suffering for the cause of Christ should not surprise any Christian, since Jesus Himself predicted it (Jn 15:18-21) (2Corinthians Commentary) Homer Kent - Here Paul begins an explanation of the preceding paradoxes. The sufferings that the apostolic party experienced, along with the successful accomplishment of its mission in spite of impending disaster, must be interpreted as Paul indicates. Their sufferings were actually a “carrying about in the body the dying of Jesus.” The next verse is parallel in thought and makes it clear that Paul was considering Christ’s physical sufferings and death. Paul and the other apostles were constantly under threat of physical death just as Jesus was. Now the hatred of men for the Son of God was being directed against Paul and others as they attempted to carry out their Christian ministry. The word “dying” (nekrōsin) does not mean simply death but the process of dying. Paul chooses this term to emphasize not just one act, but the repeated sufferings that were directed against his life in order to put him to death. (A Heart Opened Wide - Studies in 2 Corinthians; see also 2 Corinthians 2:14-4:18 The Glory of Christian Ministry - An Analysis) Pain has purpose for Christ followers. So that (hina = term of purpose or result) the life of Jesus also may be manifested in our body - Amplified helps understand Paul's testimony which to a natural man is not only paradoxical but enigmatic - "Always carrying about in the body the liability and exposure to the same putting to death that the Lord Jesus suffered, so that the [resurrection] life of Jesus also may be shown forth by and in our bodies." I have also found the New Living Translation (NLT) helpful in providing interpretative clues, but one must use discretion for it is much more of a paraphrase than the Amplified (see Chart comparing Literalism of Bible Versions) and I do not always agree with their interpretative paraphrase (in this verse I do) "Through suffering, these bodies of ours constantly share in the death of Jesus so that the life of Jesus may also be seen in our bodies." (NLT - Tyndale House) Recall the 4 sets of adversities Paul has just described (2Co 4:8,9+) and how in each antithetical couplet he was (in a sense) victorious. And given that he was but a clay pot (2Co 4:7+), the fact that he was "more than a conqueror" (Ro 8:37) over each of the more intense adversities, clearly indicates that he was only able to do so only by virtue of a power greater than himself. Specifically the resurrection life and power of Christ (~ the life of Christ) via the filling and energizing ministry (Ep 5:18+, Gal 5:16+, et al) of the Holy Spirit (the Spirit of Christ -Ro 8:9+, 1Pe 1:11+) was put on display (manifested) in Paul's body through his "triumph" in each circumstance. Homer Kent - Paul could look beyond the trials to the grander purpose that was being served. God’s suffering servants not only showed their identification with Christ by their willingness to suffer as He did, but they also displayed His life in their bodies. Christ living in them enabled them not to be crushed or despairing, feel forsaken, or be destroyed. They ran the risk of death in order to proclaim the new life in Christ, and they did this by personal demonstration of Christ’s life in their own lives. (A Heart Opened Wide - Studies in 2 Corinthians; see also 2 Corinthians 2:14-4:18 The Glory of Christian Ministry - An Analysis)

2 Coríntios 4:13-15

MacArthur comments that "Those who lack conviction in their preaching do so because they lack conviction in their hearts. Because they have weak confidence in the truth of God, they seek the comfort, prestige, and popularity that come from muting the message. True belief impels strong, consistent, unwavering testimony to the truth. On trial for his faith before the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther defiantly declared, "Unless I can be instructed and convinced with evidence from the Holy Scriptures or with open, clear, and distinct grounds and reasoning—and my conscience is captive to the Word of God—then I cannot and will not recant, because it is neither safe nor wise to act against conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me! Amen. (James M. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer [Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1986] 161)Those who genuinely believe the truth cannot help but speak that truth. (2 Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press) Therefore we also speak - Why speak? Because of the faith just mentioned. Like the Psalmist who believed and spoke, Paul's faith drove him on to proclaim the Gospel. "Continue our preaching of the Gospel, notwithstanding such vast hindrances within and without." (Henry Alford) "Speak without fear, in the midst of affliction and death (2Co 4:17-+)" (Johann Bengel) Warren Wiersbe cuts to chase writing that "True witness for God is based on faith in God, and this faith comes from God’s Word (Ro 10:17). Nothing closes a believer’s mouth like unbelief (see Lk 1:20) (Ed: I would add "or unconfessed sin"). (Bible Exposition Commentary)

2 Coríntios 4:13-15

MacArthur reminds us that "Clearly, Paul’s goal was never his own comfort, reputation, or popularity. Nor was it ultimately the salvation of others. The final goal of Paul’s selfless, sacrificial service was that more voices would be added to the hallelujah chorus of praise and worship to God. The Lord’s servants bathe their hearts and souls in the light of God’s glory reflected in the face of Jesus Christ. They then selflessly reflect that majestic glory to others so that they can be saved and worship God. In the words of Daniel 12:3+, "Those who have insight will shine brightly like the brightness of the expanse of heaven, and those who lead the many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever." God’s astounding plan is to use common clay pots (2Co 4:7) to carry the priceless treasure of the glorious gospel to needy sinners. As they humbly, faithfully serve Him, His power flows through them to others. The final result is that more and more people will worship and glorify God, crying out,(2Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press) To Him who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb, Be blessing and honor and glory and dominion forever and ever (Rev 5:13-+). Kruse sums up the purpose of Paul's apostolic labors and sufferings - We see here then both the penultimate (for your sake) and the ultimate (to the glory of God) purposes of Paul’s apostolic ministry (which) are (first) that people should experience the grace of God (penultimate purpose) and that as a result thanksgiving should be increased to the glory of God (ultimate purpose). (Tyndale Commentaries - 2 Corinthians) Phillips paraphrase conveys the heart of Paul (Phillips first phrase from 2Co 4:16-+ is included to help "round out" the picture Paul intends to portray in this very personalized section)… The more grace God gives, The more thanksgiving will redound to His glory. This is the reason why we never collapse.

2 Coríntios 4:16

MacArthur: The external cause of false teaching is satanic deception (cf.. 1Ti 4:1). The internal cause, however, is the depraved or unregenerate mind of the false teacher. “The mind set on the flesh,” writes Paul, “is hostile toward God” (Ro 8:7). Such a mind does not function normally in the spiritual realm; it does not react normally to truth. Being natural men, false teachers cannot understand the things of God, which seem foolish to them (1Co 2:14). As a result, “God gave them over to a depraved mind” (Ro 1:28; cf. Ep 2:1, 2, 3; 4:17, 18, 19). Not having “the mind of Christ” (1Co 2:16), false teachers can produce only error. Revelation 8:9 and a third of the creatures which were in the sea and had life, died; and a third of the ships were destroyed. Revelation 11:18 "And the nations were enraged, and Your wrath came, and the time came for the dead to be judged, and the time to reward Your bond-servants the prophets and the saints and those who fear Your name, the small and the great, and to destroy those who destroy the earth." Comment: Here is God’s assessment of modern environmentalism—which purports to radically care for the earth while denying the Creator behind the creation and creatures which it panders to. At the Second Coming, the condition of the earth has reached the equivalent of the time of the flood where “the earth is filled with violence” (Ge 6:13). This corruption was due to the great wickedness of man in that “every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually” (Ge 6:5). This is the predictable end of unregenerate men once the Restrainer is removed and the mystery of lawlessness reaches full flower (2Th 2:7). (Quoting from Henry

2 Coríntios 4:17

MacArthur writes that "Thlipsis (tribulations) has the underlying meaning of being under pressure and was used of squeezing olives in a press in order to extract the oil and of squeezing grapes to extract the juice… In Scripture the word thlipsis is perhaps most often used of outward difficulties, but it is also used of emotional stress." (Romans 1-8) Figuratively thlipsis pictures one being "crushed" by intense pressure, difficult circumstances, suffering or trouble pressing upon them from without. Thus persecution, affliction, distress, opposition or tribulation, all press hard on one's soul. Thlipsis does not refer to mild discomfort but to great difficulty. In Scripture the thlipsis is most often used of outward difficulties, but it is also used of emotional stress and sorrows which "weighs down" a man’s spirit like the sorrows and burden his heart. Thlipsis then includes the disappointments which can "crush the life" out of the one who is afflicted. The English word "tribulation" is derived from the Latin word tribulum (literally a thing with teeth that tears), which was a heavy piece of timber with spikes in it, used for threshing the corn or grain. The tribulum was drawn over the grain and it separated the wheat from the chaff. As believers experience the "tribulum" of tribulations, and depend on God’s grace, the trials purify us and rid us of the chaff. For every hill I've had to climb, For every stone that bruised my feet, For all the blood and tears and grime, For blinding storms and burning heat, My heart sings but a grateful song These were the things that made me strong!—Anon. Lawrence Richards writes that "thlipsis is used as a technical theological term for the Great Tribulation (see note below) of the end times. Thlipsis is also used in a non-theological, figurative way to convey the idea of the great emotional and spiritual stress that can be caused by external or internal pressures. Of the fifty-five uses of this root (thlipsis and thlibo) in the NT, fifty-three are figurative and correspond closely to the Hebrew words tsarar and tsar." (Richards, L O: Expository Dictionary of Bible Words: Regency) Marvin Vincent has the following note explaining that the root thlibo means "to press or squeeze. Tribulation is perhaps as accurate a rendering as is possible, being derived from tribulum, the threshing-roller of the Romans. In both the idea of pressure is dominant, though thlipsis does not convey the idea of separation (as of corn from husk) which is implied in tribulatio." (Vincent, M. R. Word studies in the New Testament Vol. 1, Page 3-80) Vine writes that thlipsis "primarily means a pressure, that which weighs down the spirit. For the believer who is enabled to endure it, the affliction becomes a means of triumph… “afflictions” are the various forms of injury to body and mind suffered by those who are persecuted… Thlipsis is the suffering which results from what presses hard on the soul." (Vine, W. Collected writings of W. E. Vine. Nashville: Thomas Nelson ) John MacArthur makes an important distinction commenting that…the only suffering that produces the eternal weight of glory is suffering for the sake of Christ, or that honors Him. Whether suffering comes from believers’ faithful, loyal, committed testimony about Jesus Christ, or the patient enduring of life’s normal trials, such as disease, divorce, poverty, and loneliness, if endured with a humble, grateful, God-honoring attitude, it will add to the eternal weight of glory. On the other hand, suffering the consequences of sin does not contribute to our heavenly blessing and could remove some of the reward already gained (2John 1:8). (2Corinthians. Chicago: Moody Press) Peter wrote, “For what credit is there if, when you sin and are harshly treated, you endure it with patience? But if when you do what is right and suffer for it you patiently endure it, this finds favor with God” (1Pe 2:20+), and If you are reviled for the name of Christ, you are blessed, because the Spirit of glory and of God rests on you. Make sure that none of you suffers as a murderer, or thief, or evildoer, or a troublesome meddler; but if anyone suffers as a Christian, he is not to be ashamed, but is to glorify God in this name. (1Pe 4:14, 15, 16+) Unger writes "Respecting the well-known and often quoted passage which begins “For momentary, light affliction is producing for us” (2Cor. 4:17), we quote from Meyer, Com., Notes by American Editor: “The Revision of 1881 gives this weighty and impressive verse in a rendering which is exact, and yet faithful to our English idiom. The verse contains the whole philosophy of the Christian view of affliction. It does not deny the reality of earthly sorrows or underrate their power, as did the Stoics; but after allowing them all their force, calmly says that they dwindle into insignificance when compared with the exceeding and eternal glory to which they lead. But this applies only to believers, as appears by the next verse, ‘while we look,’ etc. Afflictions have a salutary operation, provided that we look at the things which are eternal.” (The New Unger's Bible Dictionary) A W