Deuteronômio 14
David Guzik · Citado em PreceptAustin
Deuteronômio 14
Guzik points out that "Among Christians today, there is something wrong if our burial customs are just as the rituals of the ungodly."Paul wrote in 1 Thessalonians 4:13: But I do not want you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning those who have fallen asleep, lest you sorrow as others who have no hope. We may certainly mourn the passing of our loved ones, but as those who have eternal hope in Jesus, we should be different in our mourning. (ED: IN FACT WE SHOULD HAVE REJOICING - YES WE ARE SAD THEY ARE GONE, BUT YES WE ARE FILLED WITH JOY THAT THEY ARE WITH JESUS - THE LOST WORLD IS WATCHING AND THIS PARADOXICAL BEHAVIOR WILL THROW THEM FOR A LOOP SO TO SPEAK. SOME MAY BE STIMULATED TO INQUIRE FURTHER AS TO THE SOURCE OF OUR JOY WHICH IS IN FACT A PERSON, JESUS!)
Deuteronômio 14
Guzik - Among these animals, they fall into one of three categories: predators (unclean because they ate both the flesh and the blood of animals), scavengers (unclean because they were carriers of disease, and they regularly contacted dead bodies), or potentially poisonous or dangerous foods such as shellfish and the like. Eliminating these from the diet of Israel no doubt had a healthy effect, and one of the reasons for the dietary laws of Israel was to keep Israel healthy! Deere - the unclean birds are birds of prey that eat flesh without draining the blood and/or are carrion eaters, whereas clean birds are presumably those that eat grain Deuteronomy 14:12 "But these are the ones which you shall not eat: the eagle and the vulture and the buzzard, Deuteronomy 14 Resources Related Passages: Leviticus 11:13-19+ ‘These, moreover, you shall detest among the birds; they are abhorrent, not to be eaten: the eagle and the vulture and the buzzard, 14 and the kite and the falcon in its kind, 15 every raven in its kind, 16 and the ostrich and the owl and the sea gull and the hawk in its kind, 1 7and the little owl and the cormorant and the great owl, 18 and the white owl and the pelican and the carrion vulture, 19 and the stork, the heron in its kinds, and the hoopoe, and the bat. BIRDS OF A FEATHER TO FLY FROM But these are the ones which you shall not eat: the eagle and the vulture and the buzzard, NET NOTE - vulture - The Hebrew term פֶּרֶס (peres) describes a large vulture otherwise known as the ossifrage (cf. KJV). This largest of the vultures takes its name from its habit of dropping skeletal remains from a great height so as to break the bones apart. Deuteronomy 14:13 and the red kite, the falcon, and the kite in their kinds, the glede: {Raah,} probably the same as {daah,} rendered vulture in Lev 11:14, where six of Dr. Kennicott's codices read some animal of the hawk or vulture kind: LXX. [gupa,] vulture. De 14:13 Deuteronomy 14 Resources BIRDS OF PREY OFF LIMITS and the red kite, the falcon, and the kite in their kinds, Deuteronomy 14:14 and every raven in its kind, Deuteronomy 14 Resources NO RAVEN STEW and every raven in its kind Deuteronomy 14:15 and the ostrich, the owl, the sea gull, and the hawk in their kinds, Deuteronomy 14 Resources MORE FORBIDDEN FEATHERED FRIENDS and the ostrich, the owl, the sea gull, and the hawk in their kinds, Deuteronomy 14:16 the little owl, the great owl, the white owl, the swan: {Tinshemeth,} probably, as Michaelis supposes, the goose. De 14:16 Deuteronomy 14 Resources WISE NOT TO EAT WISE OWLS the little owl, the great owl, the white owl, Deuteronomy 14:17 the pelican, the carrion vulture, the cormorant, gier: {Rachamah,} probably a species of vulture, still called in Arabic by the same name. the cormorant: {Shalach,} probably the cataract, or plungeon, a sea fowl. De 14:17 Deuteronomy 14 Resources MORE FORBIDDEN BIRDS the pelican, the carrion vulture, the cormorant, Deuteronomy 14:18 the stork, and the heron in their kinds, and the hoopoe and the bat. the lapwing: {Doocheephath,} the {upupa,} or hoop, a beautiful but very unclean bird. De 14:18 Deuteronomy 14 Resources STAY AWAY FROM THIS MENAGERIE the stork, and the heron in their kinds, and the hoopoe and the bat.
Deuteronômio 14
Guzik says "It was important to bleed animals before eating them, because the blood represented the life principle of the animal (Leviticus 17:11), and the life principle belonged to God and God alone. Another reason for the dietary laws was to project an important symbolism to Israel regarding blood and the sanctity of the life principle." Animals that died could be eaten by aliens (non-Israelites, not holy people) or sold. Again the explanation for the prohibitions is that they were set apart from not only the pagans but the non-Israelites among them. This distinction theoretically could have caused the alien or the pagan to ask "Why let us use this meat and you cannot?" This would give them an opportunity to explain that they were holy and served the holy and living God!
Deuteronômio 14
Guzik has an interesting note that "This law, because of strange rabbinical interpretations, became the reason why one cannot have a kosher cheeseburger. Observant Jews today will not eat milk and meat at the same meal (or even on the same plates with the same utensils cooked in the same pots), because the rabbis insist that the meat in the hamburger may have come from the calf of the cow that gave the milk for the cheese, and the cheese and the meat would “boil” together in one’s stomach, and be a violation of this command." Coakley on mother's milk - The next command, You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk (v. 21, cf. Ex 23:19+; Ex 34:26+) is puzzling. The typical explanation is that such an injunction reflects a Canaanite fertility practice. The scant evidence supporting this interpretation is based on a likely incorrect reconstruction of a thirteenth-century Ugaritic inscription that never mentions boiling the kid in the milk (Jacob Milgrom, “You Shall Not Boil a Kid in its Mother’s Milk,” Bible Review 1 [October 1985]: 48–55). This view, however, would fit the context here with its emphasis on purity and abstaining from practices associated with pagans. Another possible interpretation is to render the sentence, “You shall not boil a young goat on its mother’s milk.” In other words a baby kid was not to be eaten while still nursing. Respect for young animals is reflected elsewhere in the Pentateuch (Lv 22:27–28; Dt 22:6), so that is a possibility here. Possibly also the command expresses concern for the mother of the animal whose distress at the slaughter of her baby would be intolerable. But this does not seem to fit the subject of purity. Another interpretation, which goes back as far as Philo (De Virtute 143), is that this is a prohibition against mingling life with death: “You shall not take a goat and season it after its death with what brought it life.” Just as other “separations” have been noted in this section (clean and unclean) here is another distinction that ought not to be crossed (life and death). In 14:1 Israelites were forbidden to show any symbol of death on their bodies while they were alive, so this view seems to fit the context and is the preferred view. The injunction is probably not related to the avoidance of eating milk with meat, a common Jewish understanding of the verse. (Moody Bible Commentary) NET NOTE - Do not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk. This strange prohibition—one whose rationale is unclear but probably related to pagan ritual—may seem out of place here but actually is not for the following reasons: (1) the passage as a whole opens with a prohibition against heathen mourning rites (i.e., death, vv. 1–2) and closes with what appear to be birth and infancy rites. (2) In the other two places where the stipulation occurs (Exod 23:19 and Exod 34:26) it similarly concludes major sections. (3) Whatever the practice signified it clearly was abhorrent to the LORD and fittingly concludes the topic of various breaches of purity and holiness as represented by the ingestion of unclean animals (vv. 3–21). See C. M. Carmichael, “On Separating Life and Death: An Explanation of Some Biblical Laws,” HTR 69 (1976): 1–7; J. Milgrom, “You Shall Not Boil a Kid In Its Mother’s Milk,” BRev 1 (1985): 48–55; R. J. Ratner and B. Zuckerman, “In Rereading the ‘Kid in Milk’ Inscriptions,” BRev 1 (1985): 56–58; and M. Haran, “Seething a Kid in its Mother’s Milk,” JJS 30 (1979): 23–35. Jack Deere - In conclusion, all these food laws would have reminded Israel of her unique status before God. No Israelite could eat without realizing that in every area of his life he was to be consecrated to God. Likewise an Israelite’s diet served as a testimony of his relationship to the Lord in the presence of Gentiles. As stated earlier, in the New Testament God abolished the food laws of the Old Testament (Mark 7:14–23; Acts 10:9–23). However, Christians should demonstrate their unique relationship to God by the purity of their lives. Christians may demonstrate their faith and unique relationship with the Lord by offering sincere thanks at mealtimes to God, the Creator and Provider of all food (1 Tim. 4:3–5). Deuteronomy 14:22 "You shall surely tithe all the produce from what you sow, which comes out of the field every year. De 12:6,17 26:12-15 Lev 27:30-33 Nu 18:21 Ne 10:37 Deuteronomy 14 Resources GIVE BOUNTY TO THE LORD OF THE HARVENT You shall surely tithe all the produce from what you sow, which comes out of the field every year - From kosher food Moses moves to "kosher" tithing, which also deals with food in a sense ("shall eat in the presence of the LORD your God" - Dt 14:23, 26) The word "surely" is actually the verb for "tithe" repeated, which clearly lends emphasis to this practice. In other words the "tithe" must really be a "tithe" and not some permutation of a tithe, which would discourage the Israelites from looking for "loopholes" to try to give less than a true tithe thinking that they were still meeting the Lord's commandment. It would be like a Christian today looking for loopholes in his tax return, not a godly practice! Guzik comments on the KJV rendering "All the increase of thy seed" (Dt 14:22KJV): Seemingly, this meant the grain left over after the seed-grain was taken out. This meant that the tithe was assessed on the income, not on the total assets. Keil - As the Israelites were to sanctify their food, on the one hand, positively by abstinence from everything unclean, so were they, on the other hand, to do so negatively by delivering the tithes and firstlings at the place where the Lord would cause His name to dwell, and by holding festal meals on the occasion, and rejoicing there before Jehovah their God. Ryrie on tithe - The tithe had to be taken to the central sanctuary. This referred to what was known as the second tithe. Two tithes were required: an annual tithe for the maintenance of the Levites (Lev. 27:30; Nu. 18:21) and a second tithe brought to Jerusalem for the Lord's feast (Dt. 14:22). Every third year, however, the second tithe was kept at home and used for the poor (Dt. 14:28). One's use of money is often a barometer of his spirituality (cf. 1 John 3:17). This command was considered by Jewish interpreters to be for a second tithe (see Lev. 27:30+ and Num. 18:21 for the first; also Mal. 3:8+), which was brought to the central sanctuary either in kind or in money. Apparently the offerer could use a part of this tithe for a feast at the sanctuary (Dt 14:26-27). Believer's Study Bible - The tithe was a reminder to the people that their prosperity was a gift of God, who Himself is the divine Creator and Owner of all (cf. Lev. 27:30-33+; Mal. 3:8-10+; Luke 11:42+). Then you and your household shall eat there in the presence of the Lord your God and rejoice. - Deuteronomy 14:26 TODAY IN THE WORD For some of the best food in America, just head for … a Navy submarine? That’s right. Because submarine duty is one of the most demanding assignments in the military, professionally trained Navy chefs serve such delicacies as steak, prime rib, stuffed lobster tails, and fresh-baked bread in generous portions to the sailors. On one submarine known for its chicken dishes, a week’s menu once included Sichuan chicken, Jamaican chicken, chicken cordeon bleu, savory baked chicken, chicken cacciatore, Southern fried chicken, and chicken noodle soup. Sounds like a five-star underwater feast! Feasting before the Lord was a key element in the leisure-and-worship life of Israel. In today’s reading, we see in action the principles mentioned yesterday--rest, worship, and celebration. The physical pleasures of good food and drink, the combination of happiness and order, and the freedom and spiritual blessing of being in God’s presence fuse together into a beautiful picture of community pleasure. This special covenant meal took place in the context of tithing, and so was an acknowledgment that our well-being and all that we have ultimately belongs to the Lord (v. 23). As God’s ministers, the Levites received the bulk of the tithe for their daily needs, but first the whole nation was to have a feast with it. The poor were also to be provided for, showing that a spirit of compassion is exactly in line with godly holidays. What a contrast this was to comparable Canaanite events where feasting would be accompanied by sexual immorality and drunkenness. Celebration was such an essential part of this regulation that it included a “Plan B.” If the distance was too far, the worshipers could buy the feast fixings, “anything you wish,” and organize the worship meal somewhere else. The point was to eat together and rejoice in the Lord’s presence (v. 26). TODAY ALONG THE WAY Why not organize your own “festival” to the Lord? Plan a special meal for your family or small group which includes rest, food, fellowship, and worship--a “celebration dinner” along lines similar to those in today’s passage. Scripture readings, spontaneous testimonies, or candlelight prayers might help add the worship dimension. If a meal sounds like too much work, make it a potluck or go to a restaurant. Deuteronomy 14:23 "You shall eat in the presence of the LORD your God, at the place where He chooses to establish His name, the tithe of your grain, your new wine, your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and your flock, so that you may learn to fear the LORD your God always. eat : De 12:5-7,17,18 firstborn De 15:19,20 Deuteronomy 14 Resources DIVINE DINING DECREE You shall eat in the presence of the LORD your God - " This refers to the peace offering whereby God and the offerrer and his family symbolically ate together. In the ancient East, eating together was the sign of covenant." (Utley) Deere - Eating the tithes in the Lord’s presence was another way in which the Israelites were to express their unique relationship to and dependence on the Lord in reference to their food. Related Resource: What is a peace offering / fellowship offering? | GotQuestions.org At the place where He chooses (see bahar/bachar) to establish His name, the tithe of your grain, your new wine, your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and your flock - So that you may learn to fear the LORD your God always - Living Bible - "The purpose of tithing is to teach you always to put God first in your lives." Note that fear of Yahweh is learned. Imagine eating in His presence! Would this not generate a holy and reverential awe in one's heart? I think so! THOUGHT - This regulation reminds me of the NT believer who in a sense also eats "in the presence of the LORD," every time he or she partakes of communion! (1 Cor 11:23-26+) Do we all not do so with a sense of reverential awe? I think we do. So it follows that to regularly partake of communion is one of the ways we energize (so to speak) our fear of the Lord, thinking back to His awesome sacrifice as our Substitute and forward to His glorious return to triumph over all evil. (1 Cor 11:26 "For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death [PAST] until He comes [FUTURE].") The problem with the godless world is they have not learned this holy, reverential fear which Paul sums up with the declaration that "THERE IS NO FEAR OF GOD BEFORE THEIR EYES.” (Ro 3:18) Deuteronomy 14:24 "If the distance is so great for you that you are not able to bring the tithe, since the place where the LORD your God chooses to set His name is too far away from you when the LORD your God blesses you, if the: De 11:24 12:21 Ex 23:31 which: De 12:5 Deuteronomy 14 Resources FLEXIBILITY BECAUSE OF DISTANCE FROM TABERNACLE If the distance is so great for you that you are not able to bring the tithe, since the place where the LORD your God chooses (see bahar/bachar) to set His name is too far away from you when the LORD your God blesses you - Guzik calls this "long distance" tithing. The point is that while one might easily transport money to the location of God's residence, that would not be as easy with products from the harvest or animals. Keil - In the land of Canaan, however, where the people would be scattered over a great extent of country, there would be many for whom the fulfilment of this command would be very difficult—would, in fact, appear almost impossible. To meet this difficulty, permission was given for those who lived at a great distance from the sanctuary to sell the tithes at home, provided they could not convey them in kind, and then to spend the money so obtained in the purchase of the things required for the sacrificial meals at the place of the sanctuary. Deuteronomy 14:24 F. B. Meyer Our Daily Homily GOD'S pitifulness is very manifest here. If the pious Jew found it impossible to transport all his tithes in kind, he might change them into money, and bind it in his hand. It was for from God's thought that His service should become irksome, or the soul faint in performing it. An alleviation was suggested, of which the worshipper might take advantage, if he would. This principle may be applied in several directions. We are not to make God's service a toil, but esteem it a delight. "Thou shalt rejoice, and thine household." The Lord's Day should be the gladdest of the week; full of love and joy and holy song. We should carefully guard against anything approaching to slavish observance: and be very careful that our children and servants should look forward to it with delight. Christian work should not be carried to the point of exhaustion. There is a mistake somewhere if it so breaks down the health and spirits that the worker is not able to carry it. At such a time, we need to avail ourselves of any assistance or alleviation that may be possible. Acts of devotion, also, should be for our enjoyment and refreshment. It seems sometimes as though God's children relied more on length than strength, in their prayers. They are not at ease or natural in the Father's presence. The forms of their devotion are so numerous and prolonged. that they are not able to carry them. By all means maintain the salutary form, but not for form's sake. Let the joy of the Lord, taking pleasure in His presence and in communion with Him, be always the first thought. Deuteronomy 14:25 then you shall exchange it for money, and bind the money in your hand and go to the place which the LORD your God chooses. Deuteronomy 14 Resources EXCHANGE GOODS FOR LIGHTER LOAD ($) then you shall exchange it for money, and bind the money in your hand and go to the place which the LORD your God chooses (bahar/bachar) - "Laws like this show us that God is a common-sense God. He does not place unreasonable demands on His people. He made a way for them to more conveniently tithe." (Guzik) Deuteronomy 14:26 "You may spend the money for whatever your heart desires: for oxen, or sheep, or wine, or strong drink, or whatever your heart desires; and there you shall eat in the presence of the LORD your God and rejoice, you and your household. bestow: Ezr 7:15-17,22 Mt 21:12 Mk 11:15 Joh 2:14-16 thy soul: De 12:15,20,21 Ps 106:14 1Co 6:12,13 10:6 eat: De 12:7,12,18 Dt 26:11 rejoice: Ec 9:7 Deuteronomy 14 Resources Related Passages: Deuteronomy 12:7 “There also you and your households shall eat before the LORD your God, and rejoice in all your undertakings in which the LORD your God has blessed you. Deuteronomy 12:12 “And you shall rejoice before the LORD your God, you and your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, and the Levite who is within your gates, since he has no portion or inheritance with you. Deuteronomy 12:18 “But you shall eat them before the LORD your God in the place which the LORD your God will choose, you and your son and daughter, and your male and female servants, and the Levite who is within your gates; and you shall rejoice before the LORD your God in all your undertakings. TYPE OF OFFERING TO YAHWEH IS PERSONAL CHOICE You may spend the money for whatever your heart desires: for oxen, or sheep, or wine, or strong drink, or whatever your heart desires; and there you shall eat in the presence of the LORD your God and rejoice, you and your household - In the presence of the LORD was first to the Tabernacle (before the Temple was built).
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Guzik - Some have said this speaks of another tithe (sometimes called the “poor tithe”) to be brought every three years. Yet since it speaks of the tithe, and since it also went to the Levite and not only to the poor, it is best to understand that this was not an additional tithe, but a command that once every three years the tithe also be available to the poor, not only to the Levite. As Kalland points out: “The Jewish rabbis have usually held that there were three tithes: (1) for the priests and Levites, (2) for the communal meals, (3) every third year for the nonlanded (i.e., the Levites, aliens, fatherless, and widows).” Kalland goes on to object to this rabbinic approach, and accurately observes, “So all the designations of tithes speak of one basic tithe to be put to various uses.” Coakley on tithe - The word “tithe” comes from the Old English word tenth and was an early custom in the OT (cf. Ge 14:20; 28:22). Tithing had two main features. It first represented a mandatory token repayment gift to God (Dt 14:22), recognizing that all produce and livestock came from Him. It also was the means to fund the court (1Sa 8:17), as well as priests and the needy. At the end of every third year a second tithe of the people’s produce was to be deposited, not at the sanctuary, but in their hometown (Dt 14:28). It was then to be distributed among the Levites (Nu18:26–32), aliens, orphans, and widows so that they might eat and be satisfied Ryrie on tithe - The tithe had to be taken to the central sanctuary. This referred to what was known as the second tithe. Two tithes were required: an annual tithe for the maintenance of the Levites (Lev. 27:30; Nu. 18:21) and a second tithe brought to Jerusalem for the Lord's feast (Dt. 14:22). Every third year, however, the second tithe was kept at home and used for the poor (Dt. 14:28). One's use of money is often a barometer of his spirituality (cf. 1 John 3:17). Believer's Study Bible on v28-29 - These verses provide a system of tithes whereby those who were prosperous received the reminder from God that He was the source of their blessing and abundance, and that some were not so fortunate. The widows, orphans, and strangers were at the mercy of God, who provided for them through the tithe of the abundance of their neighbors, thus uniquely binding the community together and pointing the people to God (cf. James 1:17). TSK - As the Levites had no inheritance, the Israelites were not to forget them, but truly tithe their increase. For their support, the Levites had, 1. The tenth of all the productions of the land. 2. Forty-eight cities, each forming a square of 4,000 cubits. 3. Two thousand cubits of ground round each city; total of land, 53,000 acres. 4. The first-fruits, and certain parts of all the animals killed in the land. But though this was a very small proportion for a whole tribe that had consented to annihilate its political existence, that it might wait upon the service of God, yet, let it be considered, that what they possessed was the best of the land: and while it was slender remuneration for their services, yet their portion was such as rendered them independent, and kept them comfortable; so that they could wait on God, and labour in his work, without distraction. Related Resource: What does the Bible say about tithing? Deuteronomy 14:29 "The Levite, because he has no portion or inheritance among you, and the alien, the orphan and the widow who are in your town, shall come and eat and be satisfied, in order that the LORD your God may bless you in all the work of your hand which you do. he has no portion De 14:27 12:12 the alien: De 16:11,14 24:19-21 26:12,13 Ex 22:21-24 Lev 19:34 Job 31:16-22 Lu 14:12-14 Heb 13:2 Jas 1:27 that the Lord: De 15:10 Ps 41:1 Pr 3:9,10 11:24 19:17 Isa 58:7-12 Mal 3:10-11 Lu 6:35 11:41 2Co 9:6-11 Deuteronomy 14 Resources PROGRAM FOR NEEDY IN THE LAND The Levite, because he has no portion or inheritance among you, and the alien, the orphan and the widow who are in your town, shall come and eat and be satisfied - This is the Old Testament way of giving aid to those in need, what I would can "divine socialism" (righteous and just!) Guzik - The New Testament nowhere specifically commands tithing, but it certainly does speak of it in a positive light, if it is done with a right heart (Luke 11:42).. It is also important to understand that tithing is not a principle dependent on the Mosaic Law; as Hebrews 7:5–9 explains, tithing was practiced and honored by God before the law of Moses.. What the New Testament does speak with great clarity on is the principle of giving; that giving should be regular, planned, proportional, and private (1 Corinthians 16:1–4); that it must be generous, freely given, and cheerful (2 Corinthians 9).. Since the New Testament doesn’t emphasize tithing, one might not be strict on it for Christians (though some Christians do argue against tithing on the basis of self-interest). Yet since giving is to be proportional, we should be giving some percentage—and ten percent is a good benchmark—and starting place. For some to give ten percent is nowhere near enough; for others, at their present time, five percent may be a massive step of faith.. If our question is, “How little can I give and still be pleasing to God?” our heart isn’t in the right place at all. We should have the attitude of some early Christians, who essentially said: “We’re not under the tithe—we can give more!” Giving and financial management is a spiritual issue, not just a financial one (Luke 16:11). Deere - The aliens were foreigners who lived with the Israelites. Though those foreigners were to be treated fairly, they did not share all the privileges of Israelite citizenship. Widows and their children (the fatherless) were also given special consideration (cf. Dt 24:19–21; 26:12–13).