2 Samuel 3
David Guzik · Citado em PreceptAustin
2 Samuel 3
Guzik - The increasing strength of David and increasing weakness of Saul’s house did not begin when Saul died. It began when God first chose David and withdrew His Spirit from Saul (1 Samuel 16:13-14). Warren
2 Samuel 3
Guzik - During David’s seven-year reign in Hebron, his six different wives gave birth to six sons. This shows that David went against God’s commandment that Israel’s king should not multiply wives to himself.. David was wrong to have more than one wife. His many wives went against God’s command to kings (Deuteronomy 17:17) and against God’s heart for marriage (Genesis 2:24, Matthew 19:4-6). David’s polygamy was common. Adding many wives was one way great men and especially kings expressed their power and status.i. David was troubled because of his many wives. Some wonder why the Bible doesn’t expressly condemn David’s polygamy here, but as is often the case, the Scripture simply states the fact and later records how David reaped the penalty for this sort of sin in regard to his family. We must say that God used and blessed David despite his many wives. Yet his family life and these sons were obviously not blessed. Ryrie - Although David's six marriages helped forge alliances with other states, the law forbade this (Dt 17:17). Amnon's miserable end is described in 2Sa 13, Absalom's history in 2Sa 13-18, Adonijah's rebellion in 1Ki 1. Henry
2 Samuel 3
Guzik - Adonijah tried to seize the throne from David and David’s appointed successor – then he tried to take one of David’s concubines and was executed for his arrogance. 2 Samuel 3:5 and the sixth, Ithream, by David's wife Eglah. These were born to David at Hebron. DAVID'S SIXTH SON and the sixth, Ithream, by David's wife Eglah. These were born to David at Hebron
2 Samuel 3
Guzik - Abner is a good example of those of us who know things to be true, but we don’t live as if they are true. ESV Study Bible- As Saul’s general, Abner must have known about Saul’s recognition of David as his successor (1Sa 24:20). People in general also seem to have had knowledge about a promise of God to David (2 Sam. 3:18; see also 1 Sam. 24:4; 25:30). Walton on may God do so to Abner - This formula is common in curses in Samuel and Kings and is usually found in the mouth of royal figures. An exception is Ruth’s use of this same formula in Ruth 1:17. The formula is also known from Alalakh and Mari. Abner has not specified what it is that God will do. Since this oath is sometimes associated with rituals in which animals are mutilated, it is assumed that the speaker calls down similar mutilation on himself. (see page 325 IVP Background Commentary-OT) 2 Samuel 3:10 to transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul and to establish the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba." BGT 2 Samuel 3:10 περιελεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου Σαουλ καὶ τοῦ ἀναστῆσαι τὸν θρόνον Δαυιδ ἐπὶ Ισραηλ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Ιουδαν ἀπὸ Δαν ἕως Βηρσαβεε LXE 2 Samuel 3:10 to take away the kingdom from the house of Saul, and to raise up the throne of David over Israel and over Juda from Dan to Bersabee. KJV 2 Samuel 3:10 To translate the kingdom from the house of Saul, and to set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba. NET 2 Samuel 3:10 namely, to transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul and to establish the throne of David over Israel and over Judah all the way from Dan to Beer Sheba!" CSB 2 Samuel 3:10 to transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul and establish the throne of David over Israel and Judah from Dan to Beer-sheba." ESV 2 Samuel 3:10 to transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul and set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah, from Dan to Beersheba." NIV 2 Samuel 3:10 and transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul and establish David's throne over Israel and Judah from Dan to Beersheba." NLT 2 Samuel 3:10 I'm going to take Saul's kingdom and give it to David. I will establish the throne of David over Israel as well as Judah, all the way from Dan in the north to Beersheba in the south." from Dan: 2Sa 17:11 24:2 Jdg 20:1 1Ki 4:25 Dan = North <> Beersheba = South ABNER'S COMMITMENT FOR DAVID TO BE KING to transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul and to establish the throne of David over Israel and over Judah - Abner commits to a shift of power from Saul to David. Winter raises the question, “Why had Abner dared to fight against God’s purpose? Abner evidently knew that God had sworn to David that he would be the next king. He expressed this when he said that he would translate the kingdom from the house of Saul and set up the throne of David over Israel and over Judah from Dan even to Beersheba. Abner had been motivated by personal and selfish reasons. These reasons often caused people to resist God’s will for their lives and for the lives of others. Ish-Bosheth was not able to resist Abner because Abner was stronger than the king himself. He also may have known that this was God’s will and that it was foolhardy for him to attempt to thwart God’s purposes.” Walton - Abner most likely held the reins of power in the provisional government for which Ish-Bosheth was the figurehead. If the military was loyal to Abner, his defection would leave Ish-Bosheth virtually unprotected. Abner would probably likewise succeed in bringing with him the allegiance of most of the northern tribes that had remained faithful to Saul’s family. (see page 325 IVP Background Commentary-OT) from Dan even to Beersheba - Abner commits that David will rule from north (Dan) to south (Beersheba), using this descriptive idiom for all the Promised Land (cf. Jdg 20:1; 1Sa 3:20; 2Sa 17:11; 1Ki 4:25). 2 Samuel 3:11 And he could no longer answer Abner a word, because he was afraid of him. BGT 2 Samuel 3:11 καὶ οὐκ ἠδυνάσθη ἔτι Μεμφιβοσθε ἀποκριθῆναι τῷ Αβεννηρ ῥῆμα ἀπὸ τοῦ φοβεῖσθαι αὐτόν LXE 2 Samuel 3:11 And Jebosthe could not any longer answer Abenner a word, because he feared him. KJV 2 Samuel 3:11 And he could not answer Abner a word again, because he feared him. NET 2 Samuel 3:11 Ish-bosheth was unable to answer Abner with even a single word because he was afraid of him. CSB 2 Samuel 3:11 Ish-bosheth could not answer Abner because he was afraid of him. ESV 2 Samuel 3:11 And Ish-bosheth could not answer Abner another word, because he feared him. NIV 2 Samuel 3:11 Ish-Bosheth did not dare to say another word to Abner, because he was afraid of him. NLT 2 Samuel 3:11 Ishbosheth didn't dare say another word because he was afraid of what Abner might do. 2Sa 3:39 ISH-BOSHETH'S WEAK LEADERSHIP And he (Ishbosheth) could no longer answer Abner a word, because he was afraid of him - NLT = " Ishbosheth didn't dare say another word because he was afraid of what Abner might do." Clearly Ish-bosheth was weak and functioned more like a titular leader with Abner "calling the shots." 2 Samuel 3:12 Then Abner sent messengers to David in his place, saying, "Whose is the land? Make your covenant with me, and behold, my hand shall be with you to bring all Israel over to you." BGT 2 Samuel 3:12 καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Αβεννηρ ἀγγέλους πρὸς Δαυιδ εἰς Θαιλαμ οὗ ἦν παραχρῆμα λέγων διάθου διαθήκην σου μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἰδοὺ ἡ χείρ μου μετὰ σοῦ τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι πρὸς σὲ πάντα τὸν οἶκον Ισραηλ LXE 2 Samuel 3:12 And Abenner sent messengers to David to Thaelam where he was, immediately, saying, Make thy covenant with me, and, behold, my hand is with thee to bring back to thee all the house of Israel. KJV 2 Samuel 3:12 And Abner sent messengers to David on his behalf, saying, Whose is the land? saying also, Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring about all Israel unto thee. NET 2 Samuel 3:12 Then Abner sent messengers to David saying, "To whom does the land belong? Make an agreement with me, and I will do whatever I can to cause all Israel to turn to you." CSB 2 Samuel 3:12 Abner sent messengers as his representatives to say to David, "Whose land is it? Make your covenant with me, and you can be certain I am on your side to hand all Israel over to you." ESV 2 Samuel 3:12 And Abner sent messengers to David on his behalf, saying, "To whom does the land belong? Make your covenant with me, and behold, my hand shall be with you to bring over all Israel to you." NIV 2 Samuel 3:12 Then Abner sent messengers on his behalf to say to David, "Whose land is it? Make an agreement with me, and I will help you bring all Israel over to you." NLT 2 Samuel 3:12 Then Abner sent messengers to David, saying, "Doesn't the entire land belong to you? Make a solemn pact with me, and I will help turn over all of Israel to you." Whose: 2Sa 19:6 20:1-13 Make: Ps 62:9 Lu 16:5-8 my hand: 2Sa 3:21,27 5:1-3 19:14,41-43 20:1,2 1Ch 11:1-3 12:38-40 Mt 21:8-10 ABNER'S PROMISE TO DAVID Then Abner sent messengers to David in his place, saying, "Whose is the land? - NLT - "Doesn't the entire land belong to you?" This is rhetorical. Of course ultimately the land belonged to God, but Abner is insinuating David should rule over all Israel. It was originally deeded to Abram - Genesis 12:7 “And the Lord appeared to Abram and said, ‘To your descendants I will give this land.’ So he built an altar there to the Lord who had appeared to him.” Just as there is civil strife and disorder in the land of Israel today, they are still trying to answer the age-old question, “Whose land is it?” As the Arabs and Jews fight over this sacred tract that was deeded originally to Abram and his descendants. Utley on Whose is the land? - TEV "Who is going to rule this land" NJB, LXX —omits phrase— REB "Who is to control the land" The MT has "to whom the land?" This cryptic phrase is left out in both LXX and NJB. It seems to assert that Ish-bosheth is not the God-ordained leader. Make your covenant with me - Abner calls for a solemn, binding agreement with David. And behold, my hand shall be with you to bring all Israel over to you - Abner says he would help bring all of Israel under David's rule. Believer's Study Bible - Abner's anger with Ishbosheth was the occasion for the delivering of the entire kingdom to David. Political intrigue became a hazard for the king, as David demanded that Abner first of all deliver his promised wife Michal. Her presence would make his claim to the northern tribes more credible, since she was Saul's daughter. Verse 16 seems to reflect genuine affection on the part of Paltiel for Michal. Nevertheless, she was taken from him, and he was helpless in the matter. Make [a covenant], cut off, destroy) (03772) karath literally means to cut, to cut off or to sever an object from its source or cut into parts and implies a violent action. For example, Zipporah "cut off her son’s foreskin." (Ex 4:25) or the Jews "cut down a branch with a single cluster of grapes." (Nu 13:2-24, cf Dt 19:5, 20:19-20, Jdg 9:48-49, 1Sa 5:4, 17:51, 24:4-5,11, 31:9, 2Sa 10:4, 2Sa 20:22) In another literal use as punishment to Israel for breaking the Mosaic covenant (cf Dt 29:25, 31:16), God says He will "cut down (karath) your incense altars" (Lev 26:30, cf Jdg 6:25-26, cf 1Sa 28:9). A sacrificial animal was not to be offered if it was "cut" (karath) (Lev 22:24). Karath means "chewed" (cutting food with teeth) in Nu 11:33. Covenant (01285) berit/berith/beriyth means covenant, treaty, compact, agreement between two parties (first use in God's covenant with Noah - Ge 6:18, 9:9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17). As discussed more below beriyth describes a compact made by passing between pieces of flesh. Covenant is a solemn, binding arrangement between two parties and entails a variety of responsibilities, benefits and penalties depending on the specific covenant which is being studied. OT covenants were made between God and man (eg, God with Noah - Ge 6:18, with Abram - Ge 15:18) or between men (Abraham and Abimelech - Ge 21:27, Isaac and Abimelech - Ge 26:28, Jacob and Laban - Ge 31:44) (For summary of covenants see - Covenant in the Bible). Covenant can be summarized as follows (1) Between two parties (sometimes equal, other times superior to inferior) -- (a) nations -- (peace) treaty, alliance of friendship (b) individuals -- a pledge or agreement with mutual obligations to each other (c) monarch and subjects (2Sa 3:21, 5:3, 1Chr 11:3) -- a constitution (d) God and man -- Noahic, Abrahamic, Mosaic, Davidic, New Covenants. TWOT (online) adds that "Apart from blood ties the covenant was the way people of the ancient world formed wider relationships with each other The accounts of the relationship between David and Jonathan are the only unequivocal mention of a compact between two individuals in the Old Testament (1Sa 18:3; 20:8; 23:18). It is spoken of as “a covenant of the Lord” because the Lord witnessed the transaction and protected the legal order." 2 Samuel 3:13 He said, "Good! I will make a covenant with you, but I demand one thing of you, namely, you shall not see my face unless you first bring Michal, Saul's daughter, when you come to see me." BGT 2 Samuel 3:13 καὶ εἶπεν Δαυιδ ἐγὼ καλῶς διαθήσομαι πρὸς σὲ διαθήκην πλὴν λόγον ἕνα ἐγὼ αἰτοῦμαι παρὰ σοῦ λέγων οὐκ ὄψει τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐὰν μὴ ἀγάγῃς τὴν Μελχολ θυγατέρα Σαουλ παραγινομένου σου ἰδεῖν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου LXE 2 Samuel 3:13 And David said, With a good will I will make with thee a covenant: only I demand one condition of thee, saying, Thou shalt not see my face, unless thou bring Melchol the daughter of Saul, when thou comest to see my face. KJV 2 Samuel 3:13 And he said, Well; I will make a league with thee: but one thing I require of thee, that is, Thou shalt not see my face, except thou first bring Michal Saul's daughter, when thou comest to see my face. NET 2 Samuel 3:13 So David said, "Good! I will make an agreement with you. I ask only one thing from you. You will not see my face unless you bring Saul's daughter Michal when you come to visit me." CSB 2 Samuel 3:13 David replied, "Good, I will make a covenant with you. However, there's one thing I require of you: Do not appear before me unless you bring Saul's daughter Michal here when you come to see me." ESV 2 Samuel 3:13 And he said, "Good; I will make a covenant with you. But one thing I require of you; that is, you shall not see my face unless you first bring Michal, Saul's daughter, when you come to see my face." NIV 2 Samuel 3:13 "Good," said David. "I will make an agreement with you. But I demand one thing of you: Do not come into my presence unless you bring Michal daughter of Saul when you come to see me." NLT 2 Samuel 3:13 "All right," David replied, "but I will not negotiate with you unless you bring back my wife Michal, Saul's daughter, when you come." shall: Ge 43:3 44:23,26 Michal: 2Sa 3:20-23 1Sa 18:20-28 19:11-17 1Ch 15:29 DAVID AGREES WITH ABNER BUT ADDS ONE REQUIREMENT He said, "Good! I will ("cut" - karath) a covenant (beriyth) with you, but I demand one thing of you, namely, you shall not see my face unless you first bring Michal, Saul's daughter, when you come to see me - David required Michal probably both out of affection for her, and to strengthen his claim to Saul's throne. David was publicly shamed by Saul when he gave his wife to another man (cf. 1Sa 25:44). Walton - Michal, the daughter of Saul, would have represented a certain amount of legitimization for David as he was attempting to lay hold of Saul’s kingdom. Ancient law (evidenced in Hammurabi, Eshnunna and the Middle Assyrian Laws) provides that a man who has been driven from his home by force may lay claim to his wife when he returns. He would retain this right even if she has remarried (often necessary for support) and had children. (see page 325 IVP Background Commentary-OT) Winter points out, “David was shamed by Sauls’ giving his wife Michal to another man. The prohibition of a man marrying a woman who had once before been married to him and latter given to another man does not prevail in this instance because the marriage was not terminated by mutual consent (Deut. 24:1-4). Saul had simply taken David’s wife and had given her to another man. The second man did not have any right to her, and she was still legitimately and rightfully David’s wife.” Vos points out, “Before David was willing to receive Abner in person to negotiate with him, he demanded the return of Saul’s daughter Michal who had been given to Paltiel. It may be argued that David’s love for her had prompted the request, but far more was at stake. On political ground, she was important to him: 1. To show that he harbored no ill will toward the fallen king. 2. To demonstrate that as son-in-law he was Saul’s legitimate successor. 3. To win to himself by this means whatever lingering affection there was for Saul 4. To enlist the support of the Benjamites. (Borrow 1, 2 Samuel : Bible study commentary) TSK Note - As Michal was not divorced, but violently separated from David, he had a legal right to demand her, and was justified in receiving her again. It is probable, also, that her marriage with Phaltiel was a force upon her inclinations; and whatever affections he might have for her, it was highly criminal for him to take another man's wife. 2 Samuel 3:14 So David sent messengers to Ish-bosheth, Saul's son, saying, "Give me my wife Michal, to whom I was betrothed for a hundred foreskins of the Philistines." BGT 2 Samuel 3:14 καὶ ἐξαπέστειλεν Δαυιδ πρὸς Μεμφιβοσθε υἱὸν Σαουλ ἀγγέλους λέγων ἀπόδος μοι τὴν γυναῖκά μου τὴν Μελχολ ἣν ἔλαβον ἐν ἑκατὸν ἀκροβυστίαις ἀλλοφύλων LXE 2 Samuel 3:14 And David sent messengers to Jebosthe the son of Saul, saying, Restore me my wife Melchol, whom I took for a hundred foreskins of the Philistines. KJV 2 Samuel 3:14 And David sent messengers to Ishbosheth Saul's son, saying, Deliver me my wife Michal, which I espoused to me for an hundred foreskins of the Philistines. NET 2 Samuel 3:14 David sent messengers to Ish-bosheth son of Saul with this demand: "Give me my wife Michal whom I acquired for a hundred Philistine foreskins." CSB 2 Samuel 3:14 Then David sent messengers to say to Ish-bosheth son of Saul, "Give me back my wife, Michal. I was engaged to her for the price of 100 Philistine foreskins." ESV 2 Samuel 3:14 Then David sent messengers to Ish-bosheth, Saul's son, saying, "Give me my wife Michal, for whom I paid the bridal price of a hundred foreskins of the Philistines." NIV 2 Samuel 3:14 Then David sent messengers to Ish-Bosheth son of Saul, demanding, "Give me my wife Michal, whom I betrothed to myself for the price of a hundred Philistine foreskins." NLT 2 Samuel 3:14 David then sent this message to Ishbosheth, Saul's son: "Give me back my wife Michal, for I bought her with the lives of 100 Philistines." Ishbosheth: 2Sa 2:10 hundred: 1Sa 18:25-27 Related Passages: 1 Samuel 18:25-27+ Saul then said, “Thus you shall say to David, ‘The king does not desire any dowry except a hundred foreskins of the Philistines, to take vengeance on the king’s enemies.’” Now Saul planned to make David fall by the hand of the Philistines. 26 When his servants told David these words, it pleased David to become the king’s son-in-law. Before the days had expired 27 David rose up and went, he and his men, and struck down two hundred men among the Philistines. Then David brought their foreskins, and they gave them in full number to the king, that he might become the king’s son-in-law. So Saul gave him Michal his daughter for a wife. DAVID DEMANDS HIS WIFE MICHAL So David sent messengers to Ish-bosheth, Saul's son, saying, "Give me my wife Michal, to whom I was betrothed for a hundred foreskins of the Philistines - Clearly David still sees Michal as his wife as he had never divorced her even though her father Saul had given her to another man (1Sa 25:44), . David had exceeded Saul's conditions showing himself to be a significant military ally and worthy to receive Michal as his wife but now he wanted her back. 2 Samuel 3:15 Ish-bosheth sent and took her from her husband, from Paltiel the son of Laish. Paltiel: 1Sa 25:44, Palti ISH-BOSHETH AGREES TO RETURN MICHAL Ish-bosheth sent and took her from her husband, from Paltiel (Palti in 1Sa 24:44) the son of Laish - It is somewhat surprising that Ish-bosheth conceded to David's request, but it would be a nice "olive branch" to extend to David without costing him anything. 2 Samuel 3:16 But her husband went with her, weeping as he went, and followed her as far as Bahurim. Then Abner said to him, "Go, return." So he returned. weeping: , Pr 9:17,18 Bahurim: 2Sa 16:5 17:18 19:16 1Ki 2:8 MICHAL'S HUSBAND FOLLOWS BUT IS TOLD TO CEASE AND DESIST! But her husband went with her, weeping as he went, and followed her as far as Bahurim. Then Abner said to him, "Go, return." So he returned - Michal's husband does not hesitate to obey Abner's commands.