1 Crônicas 20
David Guzik · Citado em PreceptAustin
1 Crônicas 20
Guzik - 2 Samuel 12:29 tells us, David gathered all the people together and went to Rabbah. This was the final phase of David’s restoration. He went back to doing what he should have done all along – leading Israel out to battle, instead of remaining in Jerusalem. This means that David was in victory once again. His sin did not condemn him to a life of failure and defeat. There was chastisement for David’s sin, but it did not mean that his life was ruined. David took the crown of their king from his head, and he found it to weigh a talent of gold, and there was a precious stone in it; and it was placed on David's head. And he brought out the spoil of the city, a very great amount. Heb “and its weight [was] a talent of gold.” The weight of this ornamental crown was approximately 75 lbs (34 kg). The writer of Chronicles adds that David "brought out the spoil of the city, a very great amount." This is the only record of a crown David took to himself.
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Guzik - David’s sin didn’t take away his crown. Had David refused the voice of Nathan the prophet it might have. Because David responded with confession and repentance, there was still a crown for David’s head. Rich Cathers: Approximately 75 pounds of gold. One heavy crown! August Konkel: The Hebrew (mlkm) should be read as the name of their god Milkom, rather than their king (cf. 1 Kings 11:5, 7, 33). As the crown of the deity, its weight is reasonable. A talent was about the weight that a man could carry, around seventy pounds. The crown was taken from the head of the idol, but the narrator relates it as if it were from the head of the god himself. The biblical writers delight in satire on the religions of idols. Omanson - "The weight of this crown lends support to the belief that it was not taken from the head of a human being who would have had difficulty bearing such a weight for any length of time, but removed from the head of an idol....While the Hebrew word for stone is singular, some versions take it as a collective noun, saying “precious stones” (NIV, NAB, NJPSV, SPCL, NVI) or “gems” (NLT; similarly NCV).....Scholars differ on whether the pronoun it refers to the crown or the jewel. For some versions this pronoun refers to the crown; for example, ICB renders this whole clause as “The crown was put on David’s head” (similarly NIV, NLT, NJPSV, SPCL, NVI). Logically, it seems difficult to imagine David wearing a 34 kilogram or 75 pound crown on his head for any length of time. If the reference is to the jewel, then the intended meaning is probably that David later or eventually had the jewel made a part of his crown. FRCL makes this clear by rendering this clause and the previous one as “and it contained a precious stone, which was placed on the royal crown of David” (similarly GNT, BRCL, Peregrino). GNT similarly says “In it there was a jewel, which David took and put in his own crown” (similarly CEV, BRCL). NJB seems to say that David wore just the jewel: “and in it was set a precious stone which went on David’s head instead” (similarly NAB, Maredsous, Osty)." (Omanson - A Handbook on 1-2 Chronicles) TSK Note - the weight: If this talent was only seven pounds, as Whiston says, David might have carried it on his head with little difficulty; but this weight, according to common computation, would amount to nearly 114 pounds! Some, therefore, think, that {mishkelah} should be taken for its value, not weight; which renders it perfectly plain, as the worth of the crown will be about 5,074#. 15s. 7d. sterling. The ancients mention several such large crowns, made more for sight than use. Atheneus describes a crown of gold that was 24 feet in circumference; and mentions others that were two, some four, and others five feet deep. Pliny takes notice of some that were no less than eight pounds weight. Besides the crown usually worn, it was customary for kings, in some nations, to have such large ones as described, either hung or supported over the throne, where they sat at their coronation or other solemn occasions. Thompson has an interesting comment on the passage in 1 Chronicles 20:3 writing "He took the crown from their king (or their god; see NIV text note) and took a great deal of booty. The god of the Ammonites is given as Milkom (“Molech,” NIV) in 1 Kgs 11:5; 2 Kgs 23:13, having the same consonants as the word malkam, here translated “their king.” The term malkam at times must be translated “their king” (Ps 149:2; Jer 30:9; Hos 3:5), but in other places it appears to be an alternative designation for the Ammonite god (Jer 49:1, 3; Zeph 1:5; and probably Amos 1:15). In this verse it could be either, but the weight of the crown would suggest that it refers to the god." (New American Commentary - 1,2 Chronicles) Selman has this note related to the crown mentioned here in 2 Samuel and in 1 Chronicles 20:2 - The crown (2Ch 20:2) belonged either to the Ammonite king (NIV), NRSV, RSV) or, with some of the VSS (LXX, Vulg.), to the chief Ammonite deity ‘Milcom’ (GNB, REB, NEB). Its chief features were (a) distinctive precious stone(s) and its weight (c. 30 kg). Hebrew syntax suggests that the crown rather than the jewel (against GNB, REB, NEB) was placed on David’s head, though its heaviness must have made any act of coronation quite brief! (Borrow 1 Chronicles : an introduction and commentary) NET NOTE - Part of the Greek tradition wrongly understands Hebrew מַלְכָּם (malkam, “their king”) as a proper name (“Milcom”). Some English versions follow the Greek here, rendering the phrase “the crown of Milcom” (so NRSV; cf. also NAB, CEV). TEV takes this as a reference not to the Ammonite king but to “the idol of the Ammonite god Molech.” 1 Chronicles 20:3 He brought out the people who were in it, and cut them with saws and with sharp instruments and with axes. And thus David did to all the cities of the sons of Ammon. Then David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. BGT 1 Chronicles 20:3 καὶ τὸν λαὸν τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ ἐξήγαγεν καὶ διέπρισεν πρίοσιν καὶ ἐν σκεπάρνοις σιδηροῖς καὶ οὕτως ἐποίησεν Δαυιδ τοῖς πᾶσιν υἱοῖς Αμμων καὶ ἀνέστρεψεν Δαυιδ καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς αὐτοῦ εἰς Ιερουσαλημ LXE 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he brought out the people that were in it, and sawed them asunder with saws, and cut them with iron axes, and with harrows: and thus David did to all the children of Ammon. And David and all his people returned to Jerusalem. KJV 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he brought out the people that were in it, and cut them with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes. Even so dealt David with all the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. NET 1 Chronicles 20:3 He removed the city's residents and made them do hard labor with saws, iron picks, and axes. This was his policy with all the Ammonite cities. Then David and all the army returned to Jerusalem. CSB 1 Chronicles 20:3 He brought out the people who were in it and put them to work with saws, iron picks, and axes. David did the same to all the Ammonite cities. Then he and all his troops returned to Jerusalem. ESV 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he brought out the people who were in it and set them to labor with saws and iron picks and axes. And thus David did to all the cities of the Ammonites. Then David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. NIV 1 Chronicles 20:3 and brought out the people who were there, consigning them to labor with saws and with iron picks and axes. David did this to all the Ammonite towns. Then David and his entire army returned to Jerusalem. NLT 1 Chronicles 20:3 He also made slaves of the people of Rabbah and forced them to labor with saws, iron picks, and iron axes. That is how David dealt with the people of all the Ammonite towns. Then David and all the army returned to Jerusalem. NRS 1 Chronicles 20:3 He brought out the people who were in it, and set them to work with saws and iron picks and axes. Thus David did to all the cities of the Ammonites. Then David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. NJB 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he expelled its inhabitants, setting them to work with saws, iron picks and axes. David treated all the Ammonite towns in the same way. David and all the people then returned to Jerusalem. NAB 1 Chronicles 20:3 He deported the people of the city and set them to work with saws, iron picks, and axes. Thus David dealt with all the cities of the Ammonites. Then he and his whole army returned to Jerusalem. YLT 1 Chronicles 20:3 and the people who are in it he hath brought out, and setteth to the saw, and to cutting instruments of iron, and to axes; and thus doth David to all cities of the sons of Ammon, and David turneth back, and all the people, to Jerusalem. GWN 1 Chronicles 20:3 He brought out the troops who were there and put them to work with saws, hoes, and axes. He did the same to all the Ammonite cities. Then David and all the troops returned to Jerusalem. BBE 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he took the people out of the town and put them to work with wood-cutting instruments, and iron grain-crushers, and axes. And this he did to all the towns of the children of Ammon. Then David and all the people went back to Jerusalem. RSV 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he brought forth the people who were in it, and set them to labor with saws and iron picks and axes; and thus David did to all the cities of the Ammonites. Then David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. NKJ 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he brought out the people who were in it, and put them to work with saws, with iron picks, and with axes. So David did to all the cities of the people of Ammon. Then David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. ASV 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he brought forth the people that were therein, and cut them with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes. And thus did David unto all the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. DBY 1 Chronicles 20:3 And he brought out the people that were in it, and cut them with the saw, and with harrows of iron, and with saws. And so David did to all the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. He: 1Ch 19:2-5 Ps 21:8,9 with saws: Ex 1:14 Jos 9:23 Jdg 8:6,7,16,17 1Ki 9:21 Related Passage: 2 Samuel 12:31+ He also brought out the people who were in it, and set them under saws, sharp iron instruments, and iron axes, and made them pass through the brickkiln. And thus he did to all the cities of the sons of Ammon. Then David and all the people returned to Jerusalem. He brought out the people who were in it, and cut them with saws and with sharp instruments and with axes - The Septuagint says "sawed them asunder with saws, and cut them with iron axes." NET has "made them do hard labor with saws, iron picks, and axes." Most of the translations follow the pattern of the NET Bible which emphasizes that instead of killing them, he put them to work. This verse literally says “and he sawed [them] with the saw and with the iron picks and with the saws.” While some interpret this as David's killing them, most commentaries and translations interpret this as David making them his laborers. Thus the ESV says "he brought out the people who were in it and set them to labor with saws." See Omanson's lengthy note below. Charles Ryrie - set them under saws. Lit., put them to the saw. There are two views as to the meaning of this verse: (1) David imposed hard labor on the captives. However, this requires a change from "pass through" (KJV and NASB) to "toil at" (NIV, "work at"). (2) David had them killed in accordance with cruel Ammonite ways (cf. 1Sa 11:2; Amos 1:13). (Borrow Ryrie Study Bible)
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Guzik: This description of victory over Philistine giants shows that Israel could slay giants without David. Sibbechai.… Elhanan.… Jonathan: These men accomplished heroic deeds when David was finished fighting giants. God will continue to raise up leaders when the leaders of the previous generation pass from the scene. David’s legacy lay not only in what he accomplished but in what he left behind – a people prepared for victory. David’s triumphs were meaningful not only for himself but for others who learned victory through his teaching and example. . . The defeat of these four giants is rightly credited to the hand of David and the hand of his servants. David had a role in this through his example, guidance, and influence. Iain Duguid agrees with Guzik - The concluding “They fell by the hand of David and by the hand of his servants” serves well as a summary not only of 1Ch 20:4–8 but of the overview of victories in 1Ch 18:1–20:3. It is a reminder of the interplay between leaders and people. David has not been named in 1Ch 20:4–7, but the three heroes were “servants,” acting as representatives on behalf of their king and his army for the good of the whole; previously Joab led when David was absent (1Ch 20:1). David as king may provide strategic leadership, but he is powerless without his men, and as king his rule is for the sake of “all his people” (1Ch 18:14). Each of the battles recounted in 1Ch 18–20 illustrates in varying ways the dynamic relationship between king, key individuals, and the people as a whole—there is mutual dependency. Further, the victories result from God’s keeping his word that “I will subdue all your enemies” (1Ch 17:10; cf. 1Ch 18:1; 20:4). David’s willing submission as the Lord’s “servant” (1Ch 17:17–27 [10x]) has resulted not only in individual Israelites as “his servants” (19:2; 20:8) but also in other peoples’ changing from threatening enemies to his “servants” (1Ch 18:2, 6, 13; 19:19). . .