Deuteronômio 21

Deuteronômio 21

Moses on Mt Nebo (Deuteronomy 34:1+) Listen to Mt Nebo as you Ponder How Moses' May Have Felt Deuteronomy by Irving Jensen- used by permission Source: Ryrie Study Bible Deuteronomy Dt 1:1-4:43 Dt 4:44-26:19 Dt 27:1-34:12 Moses' First Discourse Moses' Second Discourse Moses' Third Discourse Historical Review Legal Exposition Prophetical Promises Looking Back 40 Years Looking Up What God Expected of Israel Looking Ahead What God Will Do for Israel Recapitulation of Wanderings Rehearsal of Israel's Law Ratification of Israel's Covenant Historical Appendices Remembrance of the past Commandments for the Present Dt 27:1-30:20 Blessing and Cursing Dt 31:1-34:12 Death of Moses Take Heed Don't forget Ten Commands Related Commands Two Choices Affecting the Future Moses' Parting Words Dt 1:1-4:43 Looking Back Dt 4:44-11:32 Exposition of Decalogue Dt 12:1-16:17 Ceremonial Laws Dt 16:18-20:20 Civil Laws Dt 21:1-26:19 Social Laws Dt 27:1-28:68 Ratification of Covenant Dt 29:1-30:20 Terms of Covenant Dt 31:1-34:12 Moses' Song, Blessing, Death Plains of Moab ca. 2 Months Moses: Author (Except Dt 34) Deuteronomy 21:1 "If a slain person is found lying in the open country in the land which the LORD your God gives you to possess, and it is not known who has struck him, Ps 5:6 9:12 Pr 28:17 Isa 26:21 Ac 28:4 Deuteronomy 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Outline Firstborn Inheritance Rights Dt 21:15-17 Miscellaneous Dt 21:22-22:12 Related Passage: Numbers 35:33-34+ ‘So you shall not pollute (see chaneph below) the land in which you are; for blood pollutes the land and no expiation (kapar) can be made for the land for the blood that is shed on it, except by the blood of him who shed it. 34 ‘You shall not defile the land in which you live, in the midst of which I dwell; for I the LORD am dwelling in the midst of the sons of Israel.’” UNSOLVED MURDER IN THE PROMISED LAND Coates - Moses expanded his exposition of the sixth commandment, “You shall not murder,” by covering a number of issues meant to maintain order. These verses discuss a specific case law regarding an unsolved murder. ESVSB - These laws are given to keep the Promised Land free from desecration. McIntosh - Although the victim of a crime may be unknown to the community, he is neither unknown nor forgotten before God. The community must declare its disapproval and its separation from such crimes. (Holman Old Testament Commentary) Here is the problem - Murder pollutes, desecrates or defiles YHWH’s land and must be dealt with in an appropriate manner. Recall from Dt 19:12-13 that if the avenger of blood kills the murderer of his relative, the "theological effect" is to purge the innocent blood from Israel and then it would go well with them. Therefore, if there is a murder which is not avenged as in the present case, some kind of cleansing was still necessary to purge (Heb - baar - burning used figuratively to describe the consuming of the polluting effect) the land lest it be defiled. If a slain person is found lying in the open country in the land which the LORD your God gives you to possess, and it is not known who has struck him - Presumably, death from natural causes had been ruled out and it was evident that the deceased had been murdered. There was no "CSI Israel" to solve the crime, but God desired the community to take responsibility because a murder had been committed in the land that God regarded as holy. Note how seriously the Lord takes bloodshed and violence (cf. Ge 4:10; 9:5, 6; Nu 35:33, 34). NET NOTE - tn Heb “slain [one].” The term חָלָל (khalal) suggests something other than a natural death (cf. Num 19:16; 23:24; Jer 51:52; Ezek 26:15; 30:24; 31:17–18). IVP Bible Background Commentary - . innocent blood procedures and concepts. See the comments on Numbers 19 dealing with the significance of the purification ritual and the use of the red heifer. These comments also deal with the importance of expiation for the shedding of “innocent blood.” In Hittite law if a body was found out in the open country, the person’s heir was entitled to some property from the town nearest the place where the body was found, up to three leagues’ distance. This legislation is more concerned with the rights of the heir than with the issue of innocent bloodshed. What is the problem? See the "Related Passage" above - Nu 35:33–34+ shows that even the blood of an unsolved, unavenged murder defiles and pollutes the land. Therefore, if there is a murder unavenged, some kind of cleansing is necessary, so the land will not be defiled. Polluted (02610) chaneph means to be defiled, to be profane, to pollute, to corrupt, to be godless. "This word most often appears in association with the defilement of the land, suggesting a tainting not by active commission but by passive contact with those committing sin." (Baker) Chaneph denotes the pollution of the land through the shedding of blood (Nu. 35:33); through divorce (Jer. 3:1); and through breaking God's covenant (Isa. 24:5). The earth was "defiled" by the sins of Judah in the prophecy of Isaiah (Isa 24:5) and false prophets and priests were "profane" in Judah near the time of their exile to Babylon (Jer. 23:11). The land was considered "polluted" when adultery and wanton immorality were practiced. (Jer 3:1) The land "polluted" (Ps 106:38; Jer. 3:1, 9) as a result of sacrifice to idols and gross immorality. Baker adds that "Two notable exceptions to this linkage with the land further intensify the notion that the primary meaning is one of passive contamination. In Jeremiah, the Lord declared that the prophets and the priests were corrupted, seemingly by their association with the people's sin (Jer. 23:11)." (CWSD) Breaking of marriage vows to marry another precludes a return to the first mate; in the same way a favored people who drifted back and forth between devotion to idols and the Lord, pollutes the land (Jeremiah 3:1). The Hiphil stem describes the pollution of land. The murderer who had shed innocent blood was regarded as polluting the land (Numbers 35:33). Expiation (forgive, appease) (See "mercy seat") (03722) kapar means to make atonement, to make reconciliation (to reconcile), to purge, to make propitiation (to propitiate), to pacify, to cancel. There are two main ideas regarding the meaning of kapar - (1) Kapar means to cover over sin (2) A number of resources however favor the idea that kapar means to wipe away. Richards notes that "It is often said that the idea expressed (in kapar) is one found in a possibly related Arabic root that means “to cover or conceal.” Atonement would then denote a covering that conceals a person’s sin and makes it possible for him to approach God. Although this relationship is possible, the language link is not at all certain. What is certain is the role that atonement played in the religion of Israel—a role given to atonement by God to carry a vital message about our faith." Vine writes that "Most uses of kapar involve the theological meaning of “covering over,” often with the blood of a sacrifice, in order to atone for some sin. It is not clear whether this means that the “covering over” hides the sin from God’s sight or implies that the sin is wiped away in this process." Doug McIntosh - Granny Dumping - In all the wars in which Americans have participated, about 1.1 million of our citizens have been killed. Since the Roe v. Wade ruling in 1973, more than twenty-eight times that number have been exterminated through abortion. According to the Alan Guttmacher Institute (the research arm of Planned Parenthood), over 95 percent of the abortions in America take place for reasons of convenience—not because of incest, rape, or the threatened health of the mother. In recent years, a matching phenomenon for the end of life (albeit in smaller numbers) has appeared on the American scene. Harshly dubbed "Granny-dumping," it describes the practice of abandoning elderly people in places where they are most likely to receive the notice of community authorities. Often these elderly victims are left at the doors of hospitals or clinics by their relatives, who leave the hospital staff to extend care to the person left behind. The standard approach is to leave the victim with no identification so he cannot be traced to his kin and thus will become a ward of the state. Several years ago, an eighty-two-year-old man was left by his daughter at an Idaho racetrack. When his story made the newspapers, there was a brief outcry because of what was thought to be an unusual practice. However, one past president of the American College of Emergency Physicians estimates that about two hundred thousand elderly people are abandoned at hospitals annually. Americans are exhibiting an increasing disregard for life at its end as well as its beginning. (Holman Old Testament Commentary) Deuteronomy 21:2 then your elders and your judges shall go out and measure the distance to the cities which are around the slain one. De 16:18,19 Ro 13:3,4 Deuteronomy 21 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries DETERMINE WHO HAD JURISDICTION Then - Marks progression in the narrative. Your elders and your judges shall go out and measure the distance to the cities which are around the slain one - Not the cities of refuge, but the cities in general and specifically the ones that are near where the murdered body was found.