Marcos 16
Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
Marcos 16
Utley - SPECIAL TOPIC: THE WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED JESUS (Mark 16 Commentary) A. The first mention of the women followers of Jesus who helped Him and the Apostolic band is Luke 8:1–3. 1. Mary, who was called Magdalene (Luke 8:2) a. Matt. 27:56, 61; 28:1 b. Mark 15:40, 47; 16:1, 9 c. Luke 8:2; 24:10 d. John 19:25; 20:1, 11, 16, 18 2. Joanna, the wife of Chuza (Herod’s servant, Lk 8:3) is listed also in Luke 24:10 3. Susanna ( Lk 8:3) 4. “and many others who were contributing to their support out of their private means” ( Lk 8:3) B. A group of women are mentioned as being present at the crucifixion 1. Matthew’s list a. Mary Magdalene (Mt 27:56) b. Mary the mother of James and Josephus (Mt 27:56) c. the mother of the sons of Zebedee (Mt 27:56) 2. Mark’s list a. Mary Magdalene (Mk 15:40) b. Mary the mother of James the Less and Joses (Mk 15:40) c. Salome (Mk 15:40) 3. Luke says only, “the women who accompanied Him from Galilee” (Lk 23:49) 4. John’s list a. Mary, Jesus’ mother (Jn 19:25) b. His mother’s sister (Jn 19:25) c. Mary of Clopas [KJ Cleophas, this could mean wife of Clopas or daughter of Clopas] (Jn 19:25) d. Mary Magdalene (Jn 19:25) C. A group of women is mentioned observing the place of Jesus’ burial 1. Matthew’s list a. Mary Magdalene (Mt 27:61) b. the other Mary (Mt 27:61) 2. Mark’s list a. Mary Magdalene (Mk 15:47) b. Mary the mother of Joses (Mk 15:47) 3. Luke says only, “the women who had come with Him out of Galilee” (Lk 23:55) 4. John has no record of the women seeing the tomb D. A group of women came to the tomb early Sunday morning 1. Matthew’s list a. Mary Magdalene (28:1) b. the other Mary (28:1) 2. Mark’s list a. Mary Magdalene (Mk 16:1) b. Mary the mother of James (Mk 16:1) c. Salome (Mk 16:1) 3. Luke’s list a. “they came to the tomb” (Lk 24:1–5, 24) (1) Mary Magdalene (Lk 24:10) (2) Joanna (Lk 24:10) (3) Mary the mother of James (Lk 24:10) 4. John lists only Mary Magdalene (Jn 20:1, 11) E. The women are mentioned as being present in the upper room (Acts 1:14) 1. “the women” (Acts 1:14) 2. Mary the mother of Jesus (Acts 1:14) F. The exact relationship between the different women in these different lists is uncertain. Mary Magdalene obviously has a predominate role. A good article on “women” in Jesus’ life and ministry is found in Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels borrow), published by IVP, pp. 880–886. Bob Utley - SPECIAL TOPIC: BURIAL SPICES (Mark 16 Commentary) A. Myrrh, a fragrant gum from Arabian trees 1. This spice is mentioned twelve times in the OT, mostly in wisdom literature as a perfume 2. It was one of the gifts brought by the Magi to baby Jesus (cf. Matt. 2:11) 3. Its symbolism is striking a. used in “holy anointing oil” (Exod. 30:23–25) b. used as a gift for a king (Matt. 2:11) c. used to anoint Jesus at His burial (cf. John 19:39 and symbolically in John 11:2). This was according to Jewish customs described in the Talmud (i.e. Berakhoth 53a). B. Aloes, a fragrant type of wood 1. connected to fragrant perfume (cf. Num. 24:6; Ps. 45:8; Pro. 7:17; Song of Songs 4:14) 2. it was used, mixed with myrrh, by the Egyptians as part of the embalming process 3. Nicodemus brought a large amount of this to Jesus’ burial and anointed Him with it (cf. John 19:39). This was according to Jewish customs described in the Talmud (i.e. Betsah 6a). Walter Kaiser - Hard Sayings of the Bible - see page 472 - What Happened at the Resurrection? The story of the resurrection in John is quite exciting and seemingly straightforward. One woman shows up at the tomb, discovers it is open, informs the disciples, who investigate, and then meets first an angel and afterward Jesus. This straightforwardness is true enough so long as we look only at one Gospel. When we examine Matthew 28:1–8 or Mark 16:1–8 or Luke 24:1–10 we discover differing pictures. Can these pictures be put together? If they cannot, what does this mean for the truth of the accounts? In responding to this issue, it would be helpful to look at the events in the four accounts COMPARISON OF RESURRECTION IN THE FOUR GOSPEL ACCOUNTS EVENT When? Dawn Just after sunrise Very early in the morning While it was still dark Who comes first? Mary Magdalene and the other Mary Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and others Mary Magdalene What do they find? earthquake with angel who rolls back the stone stone rolled away stone rolled away stone removed from the entrance Whom do they see? angel sitting on the stone young man in white robe, sitting on the right two men in clothes that gleamed like lightning no one What do they do? ran to tell his disciples fled from the tomb, afraid to say anything told what had happened to the Eleven and others ran to tell Peter and the disciple whom Jesus loved What happens next? Jesus met them -- Peter goes to the tomb to investigate Peter and the other disciple investigate What is the third scene? guards report to chief priests and are bribed -- story of two disciples on Emmaus road Mary sees two angels in white, seated where Jesus’ body had been When we examine these four accounts, we notice some similarities. First, all agree that the events happened around dawn, although they disagree about whether it was already light. Given that the events happened over a period of time, this difference is hardly significant. Second, all agree that Mary Magdalene was at least one of the ones discovering that the body had disappeared. The purposes of the individual narratives seems to determine how many other women are mentioned (with Luke, who has a special interest in women, noting the most women). Third, all agree that the women find an open, corpseless tomb. Matthew seems to imply that they also saw the opening of the tomb, although he may narrate the opening of the tomb as something that happened while the women were traveling and before they arrived at the tomb. None of the other Gospels mentions the guards, so how the tomb gets opened is less of a problem for them. Fourth, all agree that the women saw one or more angels (only Luke has two). However, the angel in John’s account appears to be functioning in a different narrative role than the ones in the other accounts. It is, perhaps, more accurate to say that John does not inform us if Mary saw anyone at the tomb before going to tell the disciples. What the angels say also differs, although in all cases the women are informed that Jesus is not there. In the various accounts they are told not to fear (and that they were afraid anyway), to report to the disciples and to meet Jesus in Galilee. Finally, all agree that the women left the tomb, and three of the four accounts note that they did inform the disciples. (Mark breaks off with verse 8, the longer ending probably not being part of the original text; it is debated whether an original ending of Mark has been lost or whether he intended to break off with the women in fear and the question of whether they would follow Jesus into Galilee hanging in the air.) Furthermore, two of the accounts agree that the woman or women met Jesus, that they tried to hold on to him, and that he sent them on their way. However, John appears to put this meeting after Peter and the beloved disciple investigate, and Matthew puts it before the women report to the disciples. What can we conclude from this data? First, it is possible to make this data into a coherent story. If we assume that the pre- or post-dawn timing depends on whether one gives the time of the women starting their trip or their arrival at the tomb, if we assume that the earthquake and angelic descent happened before the women arrived at the tomb, if we merge what the angels say into one account, if we assume that the angels moved around, and if we assume that Mary Magdalene remained behind at the tomb while the others went and reported (and thus had a separate meeting with Jesus), one can make a single coherent account out of the various stories. Obviously, if there were two angels, one writer could report only one. Not every writer has to report all of the details another mentions. In other words, these are different stories but not necessarily conflicting stories. All could be true at the same time. Second, while it is possible to make the data fit into a coherent story, we cannot be sure that we have the right coherent story. We have a jigsaw puzzle of information and cannot be sure that we have all of the pieces. Thus, since the Scripture has not given us a single unified story, we must be careful or else we will end up believing that our reconstruction is the truth. A reconstruction may be the truth or it may distort the truth. Perhaps if we had some other critical pieces of information we would make quite a different reconstruction. Third, these stories are exactly what one would expect to discover after a significant event like the resurrection. The chancellor of this author’s university died at the end of an address to the student body. Within an hour of the event a sociology professor had his thirty students each write down their own account of what had happened. Each was instructed to write as honest and detailed account as they could, given the limited time of the class period. When the accounts were later compared, there were numerous differences in detail, although all agreed that the chancellor had died at the end of his address. Presumably each Gospel writer had a series of stories about the resurrection to sort through. For example, we know that Matthew knows and values Mark’s account, but in the resurrection story he obviously has some independent information as well. The Evangelists selected and combined data to get the accounts that they give us. But even the beloved disciple in John is not an eyewitness of most of the events, so we are not surprised to find a lot of differences in their reporting what happened. Finally, when we try to put the stories together, we miss the point of the authors. The church accepted into its canon four separate Gospels, viewing each as inspired by God. It did not put into the canon a harmony of these Gospels (although such existed). The fact is that each writer is trying to bring out his unique perspective and theological insights by the details he includes or leaves out (although, unless Matthew and Luke are differing from Mark, which we know that they knew, we often cannot be sure that the author actually knows a detail and so purposely leaves it out). Matthew wants to underline the miraculous and also explain a rumor that the body of Jesus was stolen. Luke stresses the fulfillment of the words of Jesus and yet the disbelief of the apostles. John, by focusing on a single character and her intimate discussion with Jesus, points out that in the resurrection and ascension of Jesus the promises of John 13–16 are fulfilled. Jesus cannot be held, for it is better for him to go to the one who is not only his Father but is now also our Father. It is when we look at the resurrection through such eyes, informed by the perspective of each Gospel writer, that we see not simply a miracle, nor even the fact of the resurrection, but the message the church has believed that God wanted to communicate in and through the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Mark 16:2 Very early on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen. Mt 28:1 Lu 24:1 Joh 20:1 Related Passages: Matthew 28:1 Now after the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to look at the grave. Luke 24:1 But on the first day of the week, at early dawn, they came to the tomb bringing the spices which they had prepared. John 20:1 Now on the first day of the week Mary Magdalene came early to the tomb, while it was still dark, and saw the stone already taken away from the tomb. THE SUN HAD RISEN THE SON HAD RISEN! HALLELUJAH! Very early - Early is probably before 6 AM (see note below) and is another indicator of their eagerness to show their devotion to their Lord. How much before sunrise (6 AM)? We cannot know exactly but John says Mary Magdalene preceded the others and "came early to the tomb, while it was still dark." (Jn 20:1) It is notable that the Jews did give most of the days of the weeks names as we do, but instead numbered them and giving the seventh day the name Sabbath. Early (4404)(proi from pro = before) is an adverb of time closely paralleling our English word early or the phrase in the morning. Proi means early, in the (early) morning; in Jewish time reckoning, the last watch of the night. Mark used the term proi to refer to the fourth watch of the night, the hours from 3 to 6 a.m. Uses in Mark - Mk. 1:35; Mk. 11:20; Mk. 13:35; Mk. 15:1; Mk. 16:2; Mk. 16:9 James Edwards - The apocryphal Gospel of Peter 50–54 (What are the apocryphal gospels?) attributes the women’s visit in the early morning darkness to fear, lest they be seen by the Jews. Mark makes no mention of fear of the Jews but notes the sunrise perhaps to insure that the women had not mistaken the tomb in the darkness. (Pillar NTC-Mark) (See The Gospel according to Mark) On the first day of the week - On the Jewish Calendar this day would be the Feast of First Fruits (Zola Levitt) (or here), the day we commonly refer to as Resurrection Sunday or Easter. In Jewish terms this is the day after their seventh day, the Sabbath (Sunset Fri to Sunset Saturday), and is the day we refer to as Sunday. Christians sometimes refer to Sunday as the "Sabbath" but that is not accurate from a Jewish perspective. "All four Gospels state that the resurrection took place on Sunday." (ESV Study Bible) John
Marcos 16
Utley - This stone was round and shaped to fit into a sloping groove dug just in front of the rock vault’s opening. It was relatively easy to roll into the trench, but very difficult to remove. (Mark 16 Commentary) Paul Apple applies v3-4 - (Mk 16::3) Problem: How Can We Gain Access to Jesus? (Mk 16:4) Solution: God Must Make a Way (Mark Commentary - 556 pages) Mark 16:3 - The Prevenient Angel - "Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre?" (Mark 16:3). Jesus had said He would rise on the third day, but here heartbroken women had come seeking the living among the dead. Like thousands of His disciples to this day they crossed the bridge before they reached it. They did not count on divine intervention and expected no angels. The grave had been secured by stone, seal, and soldiers. A heavenly visitor who not only rolled the stone away but sat on it in heavenly triumph may have seemed possible in their remotest thinking but not probable. How often in my pitiful doubts and fears have I met the inevitable in my nervous dread and never counted on the prevenient angel. Then when I reached the spot I had dreaded I was shamed again at the pitiful failure of my faith and could hear Jesus' "O ye of little faith, how long will it be ere ye believe me?" As a boy I used to look at the familiar picture of the guardian angel standing with a little child at the edge of a cliff. Theoretically and theologically I believed in heavenly helpers who minister to the heirs of salvation, but when a crisis arose my hopes of their intervention were slim. But now with the long look back over eight decades I know that I was often attended by prevenient angels though I knew them not. They arrived at my place of danger before I did. Stones and seals and soldiers mean nothing when a mighty angel comes down to roll the stone away. (Vance Havner) The Stone Which Blocked the Way - Ian Paisley "Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre?" Mark 16:3 Christ was dead. Yes, really and truly dead. He was also buried. Really and truly buried. The Stone Set Note, the stone was set there by man to block the entrance. As long as it stood there the door way was blocked. There was no way out of the sepulchre. That stone is a type of our sin. Sin blocks the way out of the sepulchre of spiritual death for us all. The Stone Sealed The priests were anxious to destroy even the memory of Jesus. His words had stung their memories. A Christless religion allied to a Christless state joined in sealing the stone. That sealed stone speaks of our sin, sealed with Christless Christianity and Godless State-Authority endeavouring to stop the rising again of the Son of God. The Stone Seat "And, behold, there was a great earthquake, for the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon it." Matthew 28:2 The angel made the stone his seat and declared from there the resurrection message, "Christ is not here, He is risen!" So, from the ruin of our once prized fortress of sin, the Gospel goes forth offering full pardon to all who will come and see the place where the Lord lay. Remember, the stone was removed, not to let Christ out, but rather to let you in to see that He was already gone. (See Romans 10:9.) Mark 16:3-4 - Angels Ahead And they said among themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulchre? And when they looked, they saw that the stone was rolled away: for it was very great. Mark 16:3, 4. Others, like Dr. Jowett, have caught the precious lesson of these verses. How often have we set out expecting trouble and dreading the difficulty ahead, to find upon arrival that God had "rolled away the stone"! Like the lepers in Samaria's gate, we venture forward, to find that God has scattered the enemy. What "stone" lies ahead of you? You are wondering how you will get it rolled away, you lie awake all night making plans to remove tomorrow's obstacle. And how often have you reached the place appointed, to find that God had anticipated your dilemma. Some stones we can roll away. "Take ye away the stone," commanded Jesus at Lazarus' grave. Some hindrances we can remove, and we must if the miracle is to follow. But the stone that is too big for us God's angel can handle. Some saints in weakened condition wonder how it will be when they come to death. Fear not. The grave could not hold Jesus nor will it hold you. For Him the stone which enemies thought they had made sure would hold Him in the grave was turned into a throne of triumph with an angel sitting on it. Do not walk in dread. God's angel will arrive at the dilemma first. Are you looking for stones ahead or angels ahead? (Vance Havner) Mark 16:3 GOD WILL MOVE THE STONE Who shall roll away the stone? Mark 16:3 The women who sought to anoint the dead body of Jesus are to be commended for their tender love and regard for the Savior. Yet as they came near the place of burial, the practical difficulty of moving the heavy stone which sealed His tomb brought them unnecessary anxiety of spirit. Actually it had already been moved, and so their fears were groundless. So, too, we are often needlessly concerned over prospective difficulties which He graciously removes or helps us overcome when we have to meet them. Let us therefore be encouraged to exercise greater faith in facing possible obstructions on the pathway of duty. We may be sure of the Lord's providential assistance in such matters when we advance in His name and for His glory! An anonymous author has given additional practical admonitions concerning this text in Mark's gospel in the following poetic words: What poor weeping ones were saying nineteen hundred years ago, we, the same weak faith betraying, say in our sad hours of woe; looking at some trouble lying in the dark and dread unknown, we, too, often ask with sighing, "Who shall roll away the stone?" Many a storm-cloud hov'ring o'er us never pours on us its rain; many a grief we see before us never comes to cause us pain. Ofttimes, on the dread tomorrow sunshine comes, the cloud has flown! Why then ask in foolish sorrow, "Who shall roll away the stone?" Burden not thy soul with sadness, make a wiser, better choice; drink the wine of life with gladness, God doth bid thee, saint, rejoice! In today's bright sunlight basking, leave tomorrow's cares alone; spoil not present joys by asking: "Who shall roll away the stone?" Oft, before we've faced the trial, We have come with joy to own Angels have from Heav'n descended, And have rolled away "the stone"! —Anon. Take courage: if God doesn't choose to remove an obstacle, He will help you plow around it! Mark 16:4 Looking up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away, although it was extremely large. they saw: Mt 28:2-4 Lu 24:2 Joh 20:1 Related Passages: Matthew 28:2-4 (MATTHEW ALONE EXPLAINS HOW THE STONE WAS ROLLED AWAY) And behold, a severe earthquake had occurred, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it. 3 And his appearance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. 4 The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. Luke 24:2 And they found the stone rolled away from the tomb, John 20:1 Now on the first day of the week Mary Magdalene *came early to the tomb, while it *was still dark, and *saw the stone already taken away from the tomb. THE STONE WAS ROLLED AWAY As noted above Mary Magdalene arrived before the other women and "saw the stone already taken away from the tomb." As the other women arrived they of course noticed the same thing. Looking up (anablepo) implies they had been walking alone with downcast eyes as would be expected of women grieving the loss of their Lord. As they approached the tomb their eyes rose up and beheld a strange site to them. Bruce adds "With downcast eyes and heavy hearts (Bruce) they had been walking up the hill." They saw that the stone had been rolled away, although it was extremely large - The earthquake when the angel rolled away the stone (Matt. 28:2) may have affected only the area around the tomb, since the women apparently did not feel it. The stone was rolled away not to let Jesus out, but to let the witnesses in! Utley on extremely large - Grave robbing was a common occurrence because of the value of the spices and other burial objects. The location and type of the vault as well as the size of the stone would show it was a rich man’s tomb (cf. Isa. 53:9+). (Mark 16 Commentary) How was the stone rolled away? Mt 28:2 says "an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it." Why was there need for an earthquake? This would frighten away the Jewish soldiers who had been sent to seal and guard the tomb so that no one stole Jesus' body (Matt. 27:62–66). They saw (beheld, observed) (2334)(theoreo from theaomai = to look at closely or attentively or contemplatively - even with a sense of wonder; cp theoros = a spectator) refers to physical sight but can also means to gaze, to look with interest and purpose, beholding intensely or attentively.
Marcos 16
Utley notes that " John 20:11 has Mary outside the tomb looking in, but Luke 24:3 confirms that, at least at some point, the women went in." (Mark 16 Commentary) They saw a young man sitting at the right, wearing a white robe - Luke 24:4 describes two angels noting that "two men suddenly stood near them in dazzling clothing." Mark does not explicitly identify the young man as an angel but Matthew 28:2 does writing "an angel of the Lord descended from heaven." While Luke describes two angels, Mark and Matthew describe one angel, Matthew adding "his appearance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow" (Mt 24:3)
Marcos 16
Utley - The resurrection is the central pillar of the Christian faith (cf. 1 Cor. 15). This shows God’s approval of Jesus’ life and sacrifice. This is a recurrent theme of Peter (cf. Acts 2:24–28, 32, 3:15, 26; 4:10; 5:30; 10:40; 1 Pet. 1:13, 3:18, 21, and Paul, Acts 13:30, 33, 34, 37; 17:31; Rom. 4:24, 8:11; 10:9; 2 Cor. 4:14). This is confirmation of the Father’s acceptance of the Son’s substitutionary death (cf. 1 Cor. 15). Theologically all three persons of the Trinity were active in Christ’s resurrection: the Father (Acts 2:24; 3:15; 4:10; 5:30; 10:40; 13:30, 33, 34; 17:31); the Spirit (Rom. 8:11); and the Son (John 2:19–22; 10:17–18). (Mark 16 Commentary)