Deuteronômio 9
Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
Deuteronômio 9
Utley - “nations greater and mightier than you” This is a repeated theme (see note at 1:28). The theological point (i.e., YHWH’s sovereign choice and His promise to the Patriarchs) is in 7:6–9. He is trustworthy and true. His character is magnified in Israel’s stubbornness and stiffneckedness (cf. vv. 6, 7, 13, 24, 27; 10:16; 31:27). (Deuteronomy 9 Commentary) John Walton - fortified cities - The fortification techniques developed in the Middle Bronze period included steep earthen slopes (some reaching fifty feet) at the foundation of the walls and a ditch around the outside dug to bedrock. These features would both hamper the approach of siege machines and prevent tunneling. The stone walls were twenty-five to thirty feet wide and perhaps thirty feet high. (IVPBBCOT) Today - Hebrew {hyyom,} "this day," frequently denotes, as here, At this time. Very soon. They had come, 38 years before this, nearly to the verge of the promised land, but were not permitted, because of their unbelief and rebellion, at that day or time, to enter; but this time they shall certainly pass over. This was spoken in the eleventh month of the fortieth year of their journeying; and it was on the first month of the following year they passed over: and during this interval Moses died. Possess (03423) yarash to take possession of, inherit, dispossess, to drive out. Yarash is an especially important word in contexts dealing with Israel's conquest of and possession of the land of Canaan. Yahweh first promised possession of the land in the context of the Abrahamic covenant (Ge 15:7-21+). Note also that "possessing" implies "dispossessing" another nation. In a legal sense, the right of possession passed from one generation to the next and so constituted "inheritance." Note that possession of the promised land and/or the "inheritance" was directly connected to Israel's trust relationship with the Lord, so that breaking trust, and thus breaking the covenantal relationship with Yahweh led to dispossession. But even in exile, Israelites awaited the day when they would repossess the land (Jer. 30:3+ - May 14, 1948 is when Israel was given statehood but this is not the final fulfillment - that awaits the Millennial Reign of their Messiah). Yarash is a key word in Deuteronomy - Deut. 1:8; Deut. 1:21; Deut. 1:39; Deut. 2:12; Deut. 2:21; Deut. 2:22; Deut. 2:24; Deut. 2:31; Deut. 3:12; Deut. 3:18; Deut. 3:20; Deut. 4:1; Deut. 4:5; Deut. 4:14; Deut. 4:22; Deut. 4:26; Deut. 4:38; Deut. 4:47; Deut. 5:31; Deut. 5:33; Deut. 6:1; Deut. 6:18; Deut. 7:1; Deut. 7:17; Deut. 8:1; Deut. 9:1; Deut. 9:3; Deut. 9:4; Deut. 9:5; Deut. 9:6; Deut. 9:23; Deut. 10:11; Deut. 11:8; Deut. 11:10; Deut. 11:11; Deut. 11:23; Deut. 11:29; Deut. 11:31; Deut. 12:1; Deut. 12:2; Deut. 12:29; Deut. 15:4; Deut. 16:20; Deut. 17:14; Deut. 18:12; Deut. 18:14; Deut. 19:1; Deut. 19:2; Deut. 19:14; Deut. 21:1; Deut. 23:20; Deut. 25:19; Deut. 26:1; Deut. 28:21; Deut. 28:42; Deut. 28:63; Deut. 30:5; Deut. 30:16; Deut. 30:18; Deut. 31:3; Deut. 31:13; Deut. 32:47; Deut. 33:23; Special Topic - The Name Israel - Bob Utley I. The Name’s meaning is uncertain (BDB 975). A. El Persisteth B. Let El Persist (JUSSIVE) C. El Perseveres D. Let El Contend E. El Strives F. He who strives with God (Ge. 32:28) II. Usages in the OT A. Jacob’s name (supplanter, heel grabber, BDB 784, cf. Gen. 25:26) is changed after wrestling with the spiritual personage at the river Jabbok (cf. Gen. 32:22–32; Exod. 32:13). Often the meanings of Hebrew names are sound plays, not etymologies (cf. 32:28). Israel becomes his name (e.g., Gen. 35:10; 32:13). B. It came to be used as a collective name for all of his twelve sons (e.g., Gen. 32:32; 49:16; Exod. 1:7; 4:22; 28:11; Deut. 3:18; 10:6). C. It came to designate the nation formed by the twelve tribes before the exodus (cf. Gen. 47:27; Exod. 4:22; 5:2) and after (cf. Deut. 1:1; 18:6; 33:10). D. After the united monarchy of Saul, David, and Solomon the tribes split under Rehoboam (cf. 1 Kings 12). 1. the distinction starts even before the official split (e.g., 2 Sam. 3:10; 5:5; 20:1; 24:9; 1 Kgs. 1:35; 4:20) 2. designates the northern tribes until the fall of Samaria to Assyria in 722 B.C. (cf. 2 Kings 17). E. Used of Judah in a few places (e.g., Isaiah 1; Micah 1:15–16). F. After the Assyrian and Babylonian exiles it became the collective name for all of Jacob’s descendants again (e.g., Isa. 17:7, 9; Jer. 2:4; 50:17, 19). G. Used of laity in contradistinction from priests (cf. 1 Chr. 9:2; Ezra 10:25; Neh. 11:3). Deuteronomy 9:1-6 How Deserving Are We? I remember the day our secondhand refrigerator finally broke down. As a young newlywed employed by a Christian ministry, I didn't have much money to spend on repairs. Not knowing where to turn for reliable help, I called a friend in the electrical business. He assured me that he would handle the problem. Later that evening, I found a brand-new refrigerator in our kitchen. I asked myself, "What did I do to deserve such help?" It's easy to think we deserve the help that others graciously give us. When we're successful, we tend to assume that we deserve our possessions. Success goes to our head. It makes us proud and can even turn us away from God. In Deuteronomy 9, we read of God's reminder to Israel about the reason they would be successful. God wanted His people to remember that He was leading them into the land to fulfill His purpose and promises. They would succeed because of Him, not because of their own righteousness (Dt 9:4-5). He knew they would be tempted to become ungrateful after they were prospering in the Promised Land. Help me, O Lord, lest my heart become proud, For all of my talents by You are endowed; Nothing I have can I claim as my own— What mercy and grace in my life You have shown! —D. De Haan We don't need more to be thankful for,we just need to be more thankful. Deuteronomy 9:2 a people great and tall, the sons of the Anakim, whom you know and of whom you have heard it said,' Who can stand before the sons of Anak?' great: De 2:11,12,21 Who can stand: De 7:24 Ex 9:11 Job 11:10 Da 8:4 11:16 Na 1:6 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: Deuteronomy 2:11-12+ Like the Anakim, they are also regarded as Rephaim, but the Moabites call them Emim.12 The Horites formerly lived in Seir, but the sons of Esau dispossessed them and destroyed them from before them and settled in their place, just as Israel did to the land of their possession which the LORD gave to them. Deuteronomy 2:21-20+ It is also regarded as the land of the Rephaim, for Rephaim formerly lived in it, but the Ammonites call them Zamzummin, a people as great, numerous, and tall as the Anakim, but the LORD destroyed them before them. And they dispossessed them and settled in their place, Numbers 13:22; 28+ When they had gone up into the Negev, they came to Hebron where Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmai, the descendants of Anak were. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) 28 “Nevertheless, the people who live in the land are strong, and the cities are fortified and very large; and moreover, we saw the descendants of Anak there. a people great and tall, the sons of the Anakim (long-necked --tall-- men, early giant people), whom you know and of whom you have heard (shama) it said,' "Who can stand before the sons of Anak?" (this question may have been a proverb because of their fierce reputation) - This is the second time Moses has mentioned these "GIANT PEOPLES" and his point was that they were defeated by the Edomites and the Ammonites because Yahweh gave them the victory. In addition the second generation had experienced victory over the giant king Og of Bashan! The upshot is that "big people" will not be a "big problem" for a "big God" when the second generation enters the Promised Land. So the answer to the question Who can stand before the sons of Anak?' (aka they are no "pushovers!) is that God can stand against them and this same God was on Israel's side promising them the victory. In Dt 7:24+ Moses had promised Israel "no man will be able to stand before you until you have destroyed them." So again Moses is emphasizing that in light of the greatness of the enemy, Israel would not be able to stand before them relying on their own arm of flesh. The point is that from a purely military viewpoint Israel did not stand a chance against such a formidable foe! What Israel needed to do was "Turn their eyes on God." What Christians need to do when confronted by "giants" in their life (circumstances, people, etc) is make a "course correction" and realign their focus from the "giants" to God as Helen Lemmel wrote in her great hymn... Turn your eyes upon Jesus, Look full in His wonderful face; And the things of earth will grow strangely dim In the light of His glory and grace. QUESTION - Who were the Anakim / Anakites? ANSWER - The Anakim/Anakites were a formidable race of giant, warlike people (Deuteronomy 2:10, 21; 9:2) who occupied the lands of southern Israel near Hebron before the arrival of the Israelites (Joshua 15:13). The Anakim’s ancestry has been traced back to Anak, the son of Arba (Joshua 15:13; 21:11), who at that time was regarded as the “greatest man among the Anakim” (Joshua 14:15). The name “Anakim” most likely means “long-necked,” i.e., “tall.” The Hebrews thought them to be descendants of the Nephilim, a powerful race who dominated the pre-Flood world (Genesis 6:4; Numbers 13:33). When the twelve Israelite spies returned from exploring the Promised Land, they gave a frightening report of “people great and tall” whom they identified as the sons of Anak (Deuteronomy 9:2). The Israelites, seized with fear and believing themselves to be mere “grasshoppers . . . in their sight” (Numbers 13:33), rebelled against God (Deuteronomy 1:26-28) and refused to enter the land God had promised them. The Israelites were exhorted by Moses (Deuteronomy 1:19) not to fear the Anakim, but they refused to trust God’s promises (Deuteronomy 1:32-33). As a result, God became angry (Deuteronomy 1:34-39) and prohibited the “evil generation” from entering the Promised Land; Joshua and Caleb were the only exceptions (Deuteronomy 1:35-36). Because of their fear of the Anakim and their rebellion against God, the children of Israel were forced to wander for another 38 years in the wilderness. During the conquest of Canaan, Joshua expelled the Anakim from the hill country, and Caleb finally drove them out of Hebron completely. However, a small remnant found refuge in the cities of Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod (Joshua 11:22). Many Bible scholars speculate that the Anakim’s descendants were the Philistine giants David encountered (2 Samuel 21:15-22), including Goliath of Gath (1 Samuel 17:4-7). GotQuestions.org Deuteronomy 9:3 "Know therefore today that it is the LORD your God who is crossing over before you as a consuming fire. He will destroy them and He will subdue them before you, so that you may drive them out and destroy them quickly, just as the LORD has spoken to you. know: De 9:6 Mt 15:10 Mk 7:14 Eph 5:17 crossing over before you: De 1:30 20:4 31:3-6 Jos 3:11,14 Mic 2:13 Rev 19:11-16 a consuming fire: De 4:24 Isa 27:4 30:27,30,33 33:14 Na 1:5,6 2Th 1:8 Heb 12:29 he will: De 7:1,2,16,23,24 Ex 23:29-31 Isa 41:10-16 Ro 8:31 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Deuteronomy 4:24 “For the LORD your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God. FOLLOW THE LEADER Follow the leader was a game many of us played as children, but here the Leader is God and those who are to follow are not children but the Israeli men of war. Know therefore today - After emphasizing that Israel needed to know the greatness of their enemy, Moses now describes the greatness of Israel's God, for it would be in dependence on His arm that they would be enabled to attain victory. This phrase was used in Dt 4:39 with the added exhortation to take it to heart that Yahweh "is God in heaven above and on the earth below. There is no other." In Dt 7:9 Moses said "Know therefore that the LORD your God, He is God, the faithful God, who keeps His covenant and His lovingkindness to a thousandth generation with those who love Him and keep His commandments." Know is the Hebrew verb yada which is rendered in the Septuagint with the verb ginosko meaning to know by experience. That it is the LORD your God Who is crossing over before you as a consuming (devouring - akal) fire - God is compared to a consuming fire, which would destroy everything in its path, in this case indicating a vivid metaphor for the judgment of God on the wicked people in the promised land. As Yahweh had led the first generation safely through the wilderness with His Shekinah glory, He would now lead they successfully to victory as their consuming fire! Proverbs 21:31 says it well "The horse is prepared for the day of battle, But victory belongs to the LORD." Note in Dt 9:3-6 the repetition of the phrase the LORD your God - it is He Who crosses over (v3), it is He Who drives the enemy out (v4), again it is He Who drives them out (v5) and it is He Who is giving Israel the good land (v6). These truths would (should) serve to counter the tendency of flesh to say WE won the victory! Consuming fire - 8x in 8v - Ex 24:17; Dt. 4:24; Deut. 9:3; Isa. 29:6; Isa. 30:27; Isa. 30:30; Isa. 33:14; Heb. 12:29. Vocal song - All Consuming Fire He will destroy them and He will subdue them before you - While God would destroy and subdue, this does not signify Israel had nothing to do as indicated by the next clause. Destroy is clearly a key word in Deuteronomy 9 (Dt. 9:3; Dt. 9:8; Dt. 9:14; Dt. 9:19; Dt. 9:20; Dt. 9:25)
Deuteronômio 9
Utley - Israel is not being given the land Canaan because of her godliness, but because of the Canaanite’s ungodliness (cf. v. 4; Gen. 15:12–21; Lev. 18:24–28 (Deuteronomy 9 Commentary) TSK - On many occasions, it may be seen in the history of the world, that God punishes the wicked by the instrumentality of other men, who are as wicked as themselves. Not the Israelites' righteousness, but the wickedness of the inhabitants, and the promise of God to their fathers, was the cause of their obtaining Canaan. in order (purpose) to confirm the oath which the LORD swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob - Driving the enemy out was evidence that Yahweh was confirming the Abrahamic Covenant. Covenant is the basis for His actions, not Israel's intrinsic worthiness (because she had none). The promise of the land in the Abrahamic Covenant was a manifestation of God's grace (and faithfulness to His covenant promises). As Merrill says Israel's "qualification (Ed: for attaining victory in the land) lay in the elective grace of their God, who had called their patriarchal ancestors into covenant with himself and who had promised to them a seed and a land." (Cornerstone Biblical Commentary)
Deuteronômio 9
Utley - SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT PROMISES TO THE PATRIARCHS This initial promise of a special covenant relationship was made to: 1. Abraham, Gen. 12:1–3 a. land, Gen. 12:7; 13:4–15; 15:18–21 b. people, Gen. 13:16; 15:4–5; 17:2–6; 22:18 c. blessing to the world, Gen. 18:18; 22:18 2. Isaac, Gen. 26:2–4 a. land b. people c. blessing to the world 3. Jacob, Gen. 28:2–4, 13; 35:9–12; 48:3–4 a. land b. people 4. the nation of Israel (a land), Exod. 3:8, 17; 6:8; 13:5; 33:1–3; Deut. 1:7–8, 35; 4:31; 9:3; 11:25; 31:7; Josh. 1:6 F B
Deuteronômio 9
Utley- “the LORD had spoken with you at the mountain from the midst of the fire” This is a recurrent theme (cf. Dt 4:12, 15, 33, 36; 5:5, 22, 24, 26; 9:10; 10:4). The phrase emphasizes God’s acts and the content of personal covenant revelation at Mt. Horeb/Sinai. (Deuteronomy 9 Commentary) QUESTION - What is the finger of God? ANSWER - The phrase the finger of God is found four times in the Bible, three times in the Old Testament and once in the New. It is synonymous with the supernatural power of God as it directly impacts events in this world. The first reference to the finger of God is found in Exodus. Moses had just unleashed the third plague on Egypt in an effort to force Pharaoh to free the Israelites who had been held captive for four hundred years. The Lord instructed Moses to tell Aaron to stretch out his staff and “strike the dust of the earth, so that it may become gnats in all the land of Egypt” (Exodus 8:16). After Pharaoh’s magicians tried and failed to replicate the miracle, they said to Pharaoh, “This is the finger of God” (Exodus 8:19). The second reference to the finger of God also occurs in Exodus, where the phrase is used about the tablets of stone given to Moses. These tablets contained the covenant law, “inscribed by the finger of God” (Exodus 31:18). Moses relates an account of the same incident in Deuteronomy 9:10. It is not to be supposed that God literally touched the tablets, since God is spirit and has no “fingers”; rather, the phrase the finger of God is an anthropomorphism indicating that God directly caused the commandments to be engraved upon the stone. The 1956 movie The Ten Commandments depicts the writing as coming from a finger of fire, which is probably as good a rendering of the actual act as any. However God accomplished it, the letters were devised and formed by Him, the writing was His, and the engraving on the stones was done by His own power. The New Testament reference to the finger of God is from Jesus Himself. After freeing a blind and mute man from a demon, Jesus said to His critics, “If I drive out demons by the finger of God, then the kingdom of God has come upon you” (Luke 11:20). In a parallel passage, the phrase is the Spirit of God rather than the finger of God (Matthew 12:28). In both accounts, the meaning is that Jesus performed miracles by the overt power of God, the same power that caused the gnats to swarm and the writing to appear on the tablets of stone. The finger of God is a reference to God’s unlimited power as He intervenes directly in the affairs of men. The working of the finger of God is unmistakable. No device of man can compete with that power, as even the heathen magicians came to recognize in Moses’ day. GotQuestions.org Deuteronomy 9:11 "It came about at the end of forty days and nights that the LORD gave me the two tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant. the tables of the covenant: De 9:9 Nu 10:33 Heb 8:6-10 9:4 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Exodus 24:18+ Moses entered the midst of the cloud as he went up to the mountain; and Moses was on the mountain forty days and forty nights. Exodus 31:18+ (Fulfillment of the promise of Ex 24:12+ When He had finished speaking with him upon Mount Sinai, He gave Moses the two tablets of the testimony, tablets of stone, written by the finger of God. It came about at the end of forty days and nights that the LORD gave me the two tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant - Repeats Dt 9:10. The fact that God's commandments were written in stone suggest that they were to be passed down from generation to generation so that the words of His covenant might be treasured and obeyed by the subsequent generations. Deuteronomy 9:12 "Then the LORD said to me, 'Arise, go down from here quickly, for your people whom you brought out of Egypt have acted corruptly. They have quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them; they have made a molten image for themselves.' Arise: Ex 32:7-8 have acted corruptly: De 4:16 Dt 31:29 32:5 Ge 6:11,12 Jude 1:10 have quickly turned aside De 9:16 Jud 2:17 Ps 78:57 Ho 6:4 Ga 1:6 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: Exodus 32:7-8+ Then the LORD spoke to Moses, “Go down at once, for your people, whom you brought up from the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves. 8 “They have quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them. They have made for themselves a molten calf, and have worshiped it and have sacrificed to it and said, ‘This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!’” Ex 20:3+ “You shall have no other gods before Me. Ex 20:4+ “You shall not make for yourself an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the water under the earth. FAIR WEATHER WORSHIPERS! Then the LORD said to me, 'Arise, go down from here quickly, for your people whom you brought out of Egypt have acted corruptly - Apparently 40 days is abruptly brought to a halt. As the NLT says "Quick! Go down the mountain!" It is as if God is saying "These are your people, not My people!" Throughout all the whole series of events connected with the exodus God had referred to them as ‘My people’. Yahweh is repeated stated as the one Who brought them out of Egypt, but here is the sole mention that it was Moses who brought them out. John
Deuteronômio 9
Utley comments that Israel "wanted a god they could see and touch like the peoples of Egypt and Canaan had." (Deuteronomy 9 Commentary) Fast Freeze Go down quickly from here, for your people whom you brought out of Egypt have . . . quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them. —Deuteronomy 9:12 Today's Scripture:Deuteronomy 9:9-16 Thanks to Internet technology, I can watch ice building up on Lake Michigan from my warm office 30 miles away. The changing angle of the sun’s rays in winter chills the earth. Frigid temperatures turn surging water into rock-hard ice in a surprisingly short time. Witnessing this rapid transition reminds me of how quickly our hearts can turn cool toward God. That happened to the ancient Israelites. After God miraculously rescued them from slavery, they became impatient when Moses climbed Mt. Sinai to meet God and didn’t return according to their timetable. So they got together and created their own god (Exodus 32:1). The Lord told Moses to hurry back down the mountain because the people had so quickly turned away (Deuteronomy 9:12). When situations don’t unfold according to our timetable, we might assume that God has lost interest in us. When we no longer feel close to Him, our hearts may grow cold. But God is always with us. As the psalmist wrote, “Where can I go from Your Spirit? Or where can I flee from Your presence?” (Psalm 139:7). Come, Holy Spirit, heavenly Dove, With all Thy quickening powers; Kindle a flame of sacred love In these cold hearts of ours. —Watts The question is not where is God, but where isn't He? Deuteronomy 9:13 "The LORD spoke further to me, saying, 'I have seen this people, and indeed, it is a stubborn people. I have: Ge 11:5 18:21 Ex 32:9,10 Ps 50:7 Jer 7:11 13:27 Ho 6:10 Mal 3:5 stubborn : De 9:6 10:16 31:27 2Ki 17:14 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passage: Exodus 32:9+ The LORD said to Moses, “I have seen this people, and behold, they are an obstinate people. GOD SEES ALL The LORD spoke further to me, saying, 'I have seen this people - This is an anthropomorphism, because the omniscient God sees everything all the time. Notice the phrase is not "My people," but "this people!" ESV Note adds "This people is almost a contemptuous description of Israel, continuing God’s disassociation from Israel (ED: IN V12 HE HAD SAID "YOUR PEOPLE" TO MOSES). NET Note on I have seen this people - This is a bold anthropomorphism; it is as if God has now had a chance to get to know these people and has discovered how rebellious they are. The point of the figure is that there has been discernible evidence of their nature. And indeed, it is a stubborn (stiff-necked - qasheh) people - And indeed is better translated "Behold" (Dt 9:13KJV) the Hebrew interjection hinneh which serves to call one to pay special attention to what follows. Stubborn is two words in Hebrew, stiff and neck, and is an idiom derived from cattle used as draft animals whose power was concentrated in their neck (Hos 4:16, Jer 5:5) so in the figurative sense whoever resists the yoke is "hard-necked." Hebrew anthropology often portrays the inner will in terms of the heart, neck, and face. They were like a stubborn horse that refuses to respond to the rider's tug on the reins!
Deuteronômio 9
Utley - Burning fire or bright light was a symbol of God’s presence (cf. Dt 1:32–33; Isa. 66:15) (Deuteronomy 9 Commentary) See Utley's Special Topic Fire. Deuteronomy 9:16 "And I saw that you had indeed sinned against the LORD your God. You had made for yourselves a molten calf; you had turned aside quickly from the way which the LORD had commanded you. I saw that you had indeed sinned against the LORD your God: Ex 32:19 Ac 7:40-41 Deuteronomy 9 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Related Passages: Exodus 32:4+ He took this from their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool and made it into a molten calf; and they said, “This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt.” Exodus 32:8+ “They have quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them. They have made for themselves a molten calf, and have worshiped it and have sacrificed to it and said, ‘This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!’” Exodus 32:19+ It came about, as soon as Moses came near the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing; and Moses’ anger burned, and he threw the tablets from his hands and shattered them at the foot of the mountain. MOSES SEE THEIR SINFUL MOTEN CALF And I saw that you had indeed sinned against the LORD your God - Indeed is better translated "Behold" (Dt 9:16KJV "And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God") the Hebrew interjection hinneh which serves to call one to pay special attention to what follows. All sin is ultimately against the LORD. Recall that Israel had agreed to obey in Exodus 24 and now they had directly disobeyed... "Then Moses came and recounted to the people all the words of the LORD and all the ordinances; and all the people answered with one voice and said, “All the words which the LORD has spoken we will do!....Then he took the book of the covenant and read it in the hearing of the people; and they said, “All that the LORD has spoken we will do, and we will be obedient!” (Exodus 24:3, 7+) You had made for yourselves a molten calf - Called a "molten image" in Dt 9:12 and simply "the calf" in Dt 9:21. Kalland adds that this "was probably made in the likeness of a contemporary bull-calf idol of the Goshen area of Egypt or of Canaanite Baal worship or a blending of the two fertility cults." (Ibid) You had turned aside quickly from the way which the LORD had commanded you - Quickly was about 40 days after they had heard a command from the LORD (on a smoking mountain!) not to do this. This is bold-faced, presumptuous sin by Aaron and the people of Israel J
Deuteronômio 9
Utley - “with a mighty hand” This phrase and “outstretched arm” of v. 29 have both been found in Egyptian texts referring to the Egyptian king. Moses chose phrases that Israel had heard before in relationship to Pharaoh. YHWH was their true king! (Deuteronomy 9 Commentary) NET Note - Heb “Lord LORD” (אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה, ’adonay yéhvih). The phrase is customarily rendered by Jewish tradition as “Lord GOD” (אֲדֹנָי אֱלֹהִים, ’adonay ’elohim). See also the note on the phrase “Lord GOD” in Deut 3:24. Heb “Lord LORD.” The phrase אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה (’adonay yéhvih) is customarily rendered by Jewish tradition as “Lord GOD.” Cf. NIV, TEV, NLT “Sovereign Lord.” NET Note - “your inheritance”; NLT “your special (very own NRSV) possession.” Israel is compared to landed property that one would inherit from his ancestors and pass on to his descendants. Kline - Difficulty has been found in the fact that the content of Moses' prayer, Dt 9:26-29, corresponds to that recorded in Ex 32:11-13, for it has been assumed that the latter refers to Moses' first forty days before God. Actually, Ex 32:11-14 is an introductory summation of the following account, which embraces the second period of forty days. The immediate chronological sequence is from Ex 32:10 to Ex 32:15, as is reflected in Deut 9:14, 15. The Exodus narrative from Ex 32:30-34:29 possibly all refers to the second forty days and their sequel, not to preceding events; the arrangement, as often in Hebrew narrative (cf. Deut 9 itself), subordinates strict chronological sequence to topical interests. (Wycliffe Bible Commentary on Deuteronomy)