2 Crônicas 10
Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
2 Crônicas 10
Utley on scorpions - There has never been agreement among commentators about the meaning of "scorpions" (BDB 875). Jewish scholars suggest it is a whip that hurts worse than a normal whip, possibly like the whip of the later Romans with pieces of bone or metal tied to the end of the leather thongs. Should you rebel or become disaffected, my father's whip shall be a scorpion in my hand. His was chastisement, mine shall be punishment. Celsius and Hiller conjecture that {akrabbim} denotes a thorny kind of shrub, whose prickles are of a venomous nature, called by the Arabs scorpion thorns, from the exquisite pain which they inflict. But the Chaldee renders it {margenin,} and the Syriac {moragyai,} i.e., [maragnai,] scourges; and in the parallel place of Chronicles the Arabic has {saut,} a scourge. Isidore, and after him Calmet and others, assert that the scorpion was a sort of severe whip, the lashes of which were armed with knots or points that sunk into and tore the flesh. This is a common phenomenon today – what some call advice shopping. The idea is that you keep asking different people for advice until you find someone who will tell you what you want to hear. This is an unwise and ungodly way to get counsel. It is better to have a few trusted counselors you will listen to even when they tell you what you don’t want to hear. Russell Dilday - With a dozen rash words, Rehoboam, the bungling dictator, opened the door for four hundred years of strife, weakness, and, eventually, the destruction of the entire nation.” (See The Preacher's Commentary 1 and 2 Kings - Page 238) 2 Chronicles 10:12 So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam on the third day as the king had directed, saying, “Return to me on the third day.” Come: 2Ch 10:5 1Ki 12:12-15 Related Passages: 1 Kings 12:12+ Then Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam on the third day as the king had directed, saying, “Return to me on the third day.” So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam on the third day as the king had directed, saying, “Return to me on the third day.” At least he takes time to ponder the two divergent opinions regarding what he should do. 2 Chronicles 10:13 The king answered them harshly, and King Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the elders. answered: Ge 42:7,30 Ex 10:28 1Sa 25:10,11 1Ki 20:6-11 Pr 15:1 forsook: 2Ch 10:8 Pr 19:27 Related Passages: 1 Kings 12:13+ The king answered the people harshly, for he forsook the advice of the elders which they had given him, The king answered them harshly (qasheh; Lxx - skleros),, and King Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the elders - Two mistakes (1) harsh words and (2) forsaking older, wiser mens counsel. Have you ever done this? How did it work out for you? Harshly (hard, obstinate, stiff, stubborn) (07186) qasheh means hard, harsh, cruel, severe, strong, violent, fierce. This term's basic function is to describe something as hard. The root qāshî apparently arose from an agricultural milieu. It emphasizes, first, the subjective effect exerted by an overly heavy yoke, which is hard to bear, and secondarily, the rebellious resistance of oxen to the yoke. Thus we see hard labor (Ex 1:14, Ex 6:9, 1 Ki 12:4, 2 Chr 10:4, Isa 14:3), Joseph's hard words (Ge 42:7, 30), Nabal was harsh (1 Sa 25:3), Israel was often described as stubborn or obstinate (Ex 32:9, 33:3, 33:5, 34:9, Dt 9:6, 13, Dt 31:27, Jdg 2:19), obstinate (Is 48:4, Ezek 3:7), oppressed ("hard") in spirit (Hannah in 1 Sa 1:15), hard or difficult legal question (Ex. 18:26), severe battle (2 Sa 2:17), wind (Isa. 27:8), vision (Isa. 21:2); difficult times (Job 30:25), a relentless sword (Isa. 27:1) and fierce jealousy (Song 8:6). The Septuagint translates qasheh here in Exodus 6:9 and here in 1Ki 12:13 with skleros meaning literally hard, dry, rough; figuratively in the NT; (a) of words harsh, unpleasant, hard to take, intolerable QASHEH - 46V - Gen. 42:7; Gen. 42:30; Exod. 1:14; Exod. 6:9; Exod. 18:26; Exod. 32:9; Exod. 33:3; Exod. 33:5; Exod. 34:9; Deut. 9:6; Deut. 9:13; Deut. 26:6; Deut. 31:27; Jdg. 2:19; Jdg. 4:24; 1 Sam. 1:15; 1 Sam. 20:10; 1 Sam. 25:3; 2 Sam. 2:17; 2 Sam. 3:39; 1 Ki. 12:4; 1 Ki. 12:13; 1 Ki. 14:6; 2 Chr. 10:4; 2 Chr. 10:13; Job 30:25; Ps. 60:3; Cant. 8:6; Isa. 14:3; Isa. 19:4; Isa. 21:2; Isa. 27:1; Isa. 27:8; Isa. 48:4; Ezek. 2:4; Ezek. 3:7 Matthew Henry Notes: Verses: 2Ch 10:13-23 I. How Rehoboam was strengthened by the accession of the priests and Levites, and all the devout and pious Israelites, to him, even all that were true to their God and their religion. 1. Jeroboam cast them off, that is, he set up such a way of worship as he knew they could not in conscience comply with, which obliged them to withdraw from his altar, and at the same time he would not allow them to go up to Jerusalem to worship at the altar there; so that he totally cast them off from executing the priest's office, 2Ch 10:14. And very willing he was that they should turn themselves out of their places, that room might be made for those mean and scandalous persons whom he ordained priests for the high places, 2Ch 10:15. Compare 1 Ki. 12:31. No marvel if he that cast off God cast off his ministers; they were not for his purpose, would not do whatever he might bid them do, would not serve his gods, nor worship the golden image which he had set up. 2. They thereupon left their suburbs and possessions, 2Ch 10:14. Out of the lot of each tribe the Levites had cities allowed them, where they were comfortable provided for and had opportunity of doing much good. But now they were driven out of all their cities except those in Judah and Benjamin. One would think their maintenance well settled, and yet they lost it. It was a comfort to them that the law so often reminded them that the Lord was their inheritance, and so they should find him when they were turned out of their house and possessions. But why did they leave their possessions? (1.) Because they saw they could do no good among their neighbours, in whom (now that Jeroboam set up his calves) the old proneness to idolatry revived. (2.) Because they themselves would be in continual temptation to some base compliances, and in danger of being drawn insensibly to that which was evil. If we pray, in sincerity, not to be led into temptation, we shall get and keep as far as we can out of the way of it. (3.) Because, if they retained their integrity, they had reason to expect persecution from Jeroboam and his sons. The priests they made for the devils would not let the Lord's priests be long among them. No secular advantages whatsoever should draw us thither, or detain us there, where we are in danger of making shipwreck of faith and a good conscience. 3. They came to Judah and Jerusalem (2Ch 10:14) and presented themselves to Rehoboam, 2Ch 10:13, margin. Where should God's priests and Levites be, but where his altar was? Thither they came because it was their business to attend at the times appointed. (1.) It was a mercy to them that they had a place of refuge to flee to, and that when Jeroboam cast them off there were those so near that would entertain them, and bid them welcome, and they were not forced into the lands of the heathen. (2.) It was an evidence that they loved their work better than their maintenance, in that they left their suburbs and possessions in the country (where they might have lived at ease upon their own), because they were restrained from serving God there, and cast themselves upon God's providence and the charity of their brethren in coming to a place where they might have the free enjoyment of God's ordinances, according to his institution. Poverty in the way of duty is to be chosen rather than plenty in the way of sin. Better live upon alms, or die in a prison, with a good conscience, than roll in wealth and pleasure with a prostituted one. (3.) It was the wisdom and praise of Rehoboam and his people that they bade them welcome, though they crowded themselves perhaps to make room for them. Conscientious refugees will bring a blessing along with them to the countries that entertain them, as they leave a curse behind them with those that expel them. Open the gates, that the righteous nation, which keepeth truth, may enter in; it will be good policy. See Isa. 26:1, 2. 4. When the priests and Levites came to Jerusalem all the devout pious Israelites of every tribe followed them. Such as set their hearts to seek the Lord God of Israel, that made conscience of their duty to God and were sincere and resolute in it, left the inheritance of their fathers and went and took houses in Jerusalem, that they might have free access to the altar of God and be out of the temptation to worship the calves, 2Ch 10:16. Note, (1.) That is best for us which is best for our souls; and, in all our choices, advantages for religion must take place of all outward conveniences. (2.) Where God's faithful priests are his faithful people should be. If Jeroboam cast off God's ministers, every true-born Israelite will think himself obliged to own them and stand by them. Forsake not the Levite, the out-cast Levite, as long as thou livest. When the ark removes do you remove and go after it, Jos. 3:3. 5. They strengthened the kingdom of Judah (2Ch 10:17), not only by the addition of so many persons to it, who, it is likely, brought what they could of their effects with them, but by their piety and their prayers they procured a blessing upon the kingdom which was a sanctuary to them. See Zec. 12:5. It is the interest of a nation to protect and encourage religion and religious people, and adds more than any thing to its strength. They made him and his people strong three years; for so long they walked in the way of David and Solomon, their good way. But when they forsook that, and so threw themselves out of God's favour and protection, the best friends they had could no longer help to strengthen them. We retain our strength while we cleave to God and our duty, and no longer. II. How Rehoboam was weakened by indulging himself in his pleasures. He desired many wives, as his father did (2Ch 10:23), yet, 1. In this he was more wise than his father, that he does not appear to have married strange wives. The wives mentioned here were not only daughters of Israel, but of the family of David; one was a descendant from Eliab, David's brother (2Ch 10:18), another from Absalom, probably that Absalom who was David's son (2Ch 10:20), another from Jerimoth, David's son. 2. In this he was more happy than his father, that he had many sons and daughters; whereas we read not of more than one son that his father had. One can scarcely imagine that he had no more; but, if he had, they were not worth mentioning; whereas several of Rehoboam's sons are here named (2Ch 10:19, 20) as men of note, and such active men that he thought it his wisdom to disperse them throughout the countries of Judah and Benjamin (2Ch 10:23), either, (1.) That they might not be rivals with his son Abijah, whom he designed for his successor, or rather, (2.) Because he could repose a confidence in them for the preserving of the public peace and safety, could trust them with fenced cities, which he took care to have well victualled, that they might stand him in stead in case of an invasion. After-wisdom is better than none at all; nay, they say, "Wit is never good till it is bought;'' though he was dearly bought with the loss of a kingdom. 2 Chronicles 10:14 He spoke to them according to the advice of the young men, saying, “My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add to it; my father disciplined you with whips, but I will discipline you with scorpions.” the advice: 2Ch 22:4,5 Pr 12:5 Da 6:7 My father: 2Ch 10:10,11 Pr 17:14 Ec 2:19 7:8 10:16 Jas 3:14-18 4:1,2 Related Passages: 1 Kings 12:14+ and he spoke to them according to the advice of the young men, saying, “My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add to your yoke; my father disciplined you with whips, but I will discipline you with scorpions.” RHEBOHAM'S FOOLISH RESPONSE He spoke to them according to the advice of the young men, saying, “My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add to it; my father disciplined you with whips, but I will discipline you with scorpions - Oh, how we need to watch our words, for these harsh words cause a rift that would last for the next 400 years and eventually led to destruction of the entire nation. I don't know if this psalm was written but it is one Rheoboam would have been advised to pray and practice Ps 141:3-4 Set a guard, O LORD, over my mouth; Keep watch over the door of my lips. 4 Do not incline my heart to any evil thing, To practice deeds of wickedness With men who do iniquity; And do not let me eat of their delicacies. THOUGHT - This is a great passage to memorize and then to practice! Andrew Hill: Nothing in chapter 10 suggests that he is especially malicious or cruel— only foolish. Whether out of fear that he may appear weak or for the sake of pragmatism, given the need to keep the machinery of the bureaucracy humming, he rejects the good advice of the elders and follows the bad advice (10:14). Thus, he answers his northern kinsmen harshly (10:13). The yoke, a symbol of servitude, will be made heavier (10:14a); the scourge or whip, a goad for lazy animals and a symbol of punishment for stubbornness and rebellion, will inflict even greater pain (10:14b). The representatives of the northern tribes need to hear no more. (See NIVAC) David Guzik Rehoboam was a fool. Ironically, his father Solomon worried about losing all he worked for under a foolish successor: Then I hated all my labor in which I had toiled under the sun, because I must leave it to the man who will come after me. And who knows whether he will be wise or a fool? Yet he will rule over all my labor in which I toiled and in which I have shown myself wise under the sun. This also is vanity (Ecclesiastes 2:18-19). 2 Chronicles 10:15 So the king did not listen to the people, for it was a turn of events from God that the LORD might establish His word, which He spoke through Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat. the king: Isa 30:12,13 the cause: 2Ch 25:16-20 De 2:30 Jdg 14:4 1Sa 2:25 1Ki 12:15,24 22:20 Isa 19:14 Ac 2:23 4:28 that the Lord: 1Ki 11:29-39 Joh 12:37-39 19:24,32-36 Ahijah: 2Ch 9:29 1Ki 11:31 Related Passages: 1 Kings 12:15+ So the king did not listen to the people; for it was a turn of events from the LORD, that He might establish His word, which the LORD spoke through Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat. GOD'S SOVEREIGNTY OVER PROPHETIC DISCIPLINE So the king did not listen to the people, for it was a turn of events from God Just as God had said, the ten nations in the north had been torn from the descendant of David. Only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin were left to Rehoboam. Davis asks "Are Rehoboam and his favorites arrogant, cocky, and stupid? Probably!"
2 Crônicas 10
Utley points out that "Judah, at this period, was made up of several tribes - Judah, Simeon, Benjamin, Levi. (ADDENDUM - Judah, Benjamin and Levi are definitely part of the Southern Kingdom. It is less clear whether Simeon was also part of the kingdom. See the map above which shows that in the original land grants in Joshua's day, the tribe of Simeon was completely surrounded by Judah. Since Simeon was surrounded by Judah, it does seem likely that Simeon became part of the Southern Kingdom by default.) Jewish Study Bible on the sons of Israel - Benjaminite clans living within view of Jerusalem may have cast their lot with Judah (v. 21); those farther north may have joined the northern confederation. Judali, here, refers not to the tribe but to the kingdom, dominated by the tribe, that also included Simeon, to the south of Judah. 2 Chronicles 10:18 Then King Rehoboam sent Hadoram, who was over the forced labor, and the sons of Israel stoned him to death. And King Rehoboam made haste to mount his chariot to flee to Jerusalem. Hadoram: 1Ki 4:6 5:14, Adoniram, 2Ch 10:18, Adoram stoned him: 2Ch 24:21 Ac 7:57,58 Related Passages: 1 Kings 12:18+ Then King Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the forced labor, and all Israel stoned him to death. And King Rehoboam made haste to mount his chariot to flee to Jerusalem. 1 Kings 4:6+ and Ahishar was over the household; and Adoniram the son of Abda was over the men subject to forced labor. 1 Kings 5:14+ He sent them to Lebanon, 10,000 a month in relays; they were in Lebanon a month and two months at home. And Adoniram was over the forced laborers. 2 Samuel 20:24 (DURING DAVID'S REIGN) Adoram was over the forced labor, and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was the recorder; REHOBOAM'S REPRESENTATIVE IS STONED Then King Rehoboam sent Hadoram (see note & table), who was over the forced labor, and the sons of Israel stoned him to death - Apparently the names Hadoram = Adoram = Adoniram. Rehoboam's first inclination was to ignore the rebellion. Pretending like it hadn't happened, he sent Hadoram in to do his job of supervising the forced labor. This was quite a mistake. In a crystal clear message of rejection, they stoned Hadoram to death. Martin Selman: Rehoboam makes one pathetic effort to restore unity, perfectly illustrating the poverty of his policy. Knowing that the people’s tolerance had been exhausted by their experience of the forced labor system, it seems inconceivable that the sending of “Hadoram” (also known as Adoram,. 1 Ki. 12:18; cf. JB; Adoniram, 1 Ki. 4:6; 5:14; cf. NIV, GNB) one of Jeroboam successors, could end in anything but disaster. In the end, Rehoboam himself only just managed to escape, in ironic contrast to Jeroboam’s flight from Solomon (2Ch 10:2). (See 2 Chronicles: An Introduction and Commentary - Page 382) And King Rehoboam made haste to mount his chariot to flee to Jerusalem - As we might say today he saw the handwriting on the wall. He had acted foolishly but was not a complete fool when it came to self-preservation! ADONIRAM - ad-o-ni'-ram ('adhoniram, "my lord is exalted"): An official of Solomon (1 Ki 4:6; 5:14). Near the close of the reign of David, and at the opening of the reign of Rehoboam, the same office was held by Adoram (2 Sam 20:24; 1 Ki 12:18). The name Adoram seems to be a contraction of Adoniram, and doubtless the same person held the office in all the three reigns. The name also appears as Hadoram (2 Ch 10:18). In the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American) the office is variantly described as "over the tribute," which is misleading, and "over the levy," which is correct, though obscure. In the American Standard Revised Version it is uniformly "over the men subject to taskwork." Adoniram was at the head of the department of forced labor for the government. The record is to the effect that peoples conquered by Israel, except the Canaanites, were to be spared, subject to the obligation to forced labor on the public works (Dt 20:11); that this law was actually extended to the Canaanites (Josh 16:10; 17:13; Jdg 1:28 ff); that David, in his preparations for the temple, organized and handed over to Solomon a service of forced labor (1 Ch 22:2,15, etc.); that under Solomon this service was elaborately maintained (1Ki 5:13ff; 9:15ff; 2 Ch 8:7ff). It was not for the temple only, but for all Solomon's numerous building enterprises. In theory men of Israelite blood were free from this burden, but practically they found it a burden and a grievance. At the accession of Rehoboam they protested against it (1Ki 12; 2Ch 10). Nothing in the account is more indicative of Rehoboam's utter lack of good judgment than his sending his veteran superintendent of the forced labor department to confer with the people. The murder of Adoniram, and the ignominious flight of Rehoboam, were natural consequences. -- Willis J. Beecher NAME VERSE KING SERVED ROLE Adoniram 1Ki 4:6 Solomon Over forced labor Adoniram 2Sa 20:24 David Over forced labor Adoram (Hadoram) 1Ki 12:18 (2Ch 10:18) Rehoboam Over forced labor Given the similarities in name, position, and timeframe suggest these are the same person, with slight variations in spelling. 2 Chronicles 10:19 So Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day. Israel: 2Ch 10:16 13:5-7 1Ki 12:19,20 2Ki 17:21-23 Ps 89:30 unto this day: 2Ch 5:9 Jos 4:9 Ezr 9:7 Related Passages: 1 Kings 12:19+ So Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day. THE DIVISION OF ISRAEL ENDURES TO THIS DAY So - Term of conclusion. Based on the description of the stoning of Adoram and the fleeing of Rehoboam described above. Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day In other words the split was irreconcilable. However it will not be permanent (to this day refers to the writer's day) for in the return of the King of Israel, the two nations will once again be unified under His rule. To this day in 1 Kings 12 (and throughout the Old Testament) means that the situation being described continued up until the time the book was written. It is a way of emphasizing that the effects of an event had a long-lasting impact. Utley adds ""to this day" This is a literary marker of a later editor. Since the northern ten tribes lost their freedom and national identity by the Assyrians in 722 b.c., the document must have been written between 922 b.c. (tribes split) and 722 b.c." David