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Bob Utley · Citado em PreceptAustin
1 Crônicas 18
Utley on tribute - These references to the wealth of the nations being collected by David and used by Solomon for the temple is a recurrent theme (cf. 1 Chr. 22:5,14-15; Hag. 2:7-8; Zech. 2:9; 6:11,15). This reminds one of how Israel despoiled the Egyptians (cf. Exod. 3:22; 11:2; 12:35-36). And the LORD helped (yasha; Lxx = sozo) David wherever he went - It reflects the promise of 1 Chr. 17:10. 18:7,8,10,11 Notice the recurrent pattern in Scripture -- Man's responsibility (David fought) and God's sovereignty (LORD helped). (See the Paradoxical Principle of 100% Dependent and 100% Responsible) This is how believers are to wage war against our enemies, the world, the flesh and the devil. Helped (saved, delivered) (03467) yasha' or [v;y") (See also yeshua from which we get our word "Jesus") is an important Hebrew verb which means to help, to save, to deliver. The root in Arabic is "make wide" which underscores the main thought of yasha' as to bring to a place of safety or broad pasture in contrast to a narrow strait which symbolizes distress or danger. TWOT adds that the concept of "wide" "connotes freedom from distress and the ability to pursue one’s own objectives. To move from distress to safety requires deliverance. Generally the deliverance must come from somewhere outside the party oppressed. In the OT the kinds of distress, both national and individual, include enemies, natural catastrophies, such as plague or famine, and sickness. The one who brings deliverance is known as the “savior.” (Here is a link to the TWOT = Harris, R L, Archer, G L & Waltke, B K Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament) Thus yasha' connotes protection that produces freedom from a present danger (2Sa 22:3, Job 5:4), salvation or deliverance in a religious sense (Ps 51:12), a title of God (Savior - 2Sa 22:47; 1Chr 16:35; Ps 18:46; Ps 24:5; Ps 25:5; Ps 27:9; Ps 65:5; Ps 79:9; Ps 85:4; Isa 17:10; 62:11; Mic 7:7 Hab 3:18), victory as an act or a result of conquering (2Sa 22:36; Ps 18:35) It is notable that almost 20% of the uses of yasha' are found during the dark days of Judges (dominated by the heart attitude of Jdg 21:25), which surely speaks of the undeserved lovingkindness of God! 1 Chronicles 18:7 David took the shields of gold which were carried by the servants of Hadadezer and brought them to Jerusalem. shields: 1Ki 10:16,17 14:26-28 2Ch 9:15,16 12:9,10 David took the shields of gold which were carried by the servants of Hadadezer and brought them to Jerusalem Iain Duguid on 1Ch 18:7-11 -- Although still involving Hadadezer, focus shifts from the victory itself to the spoils and their use. Emphasis is on the temple, so reinforcing the Chronicler’s association of victories and temple building. Walton on shields of gold - gold “shields.” The Hebrew term here was long obscure but is now recognized as a technical term borrowed from Aramaic referring to a bow case. Ceremonial bow cases are pictured in later Persian reliefs. 8:8. Tebah and Berothai. Tubik (Page 334 IVP Background Commentary) Rich Cathers has an interesting note on shields of gold - It seems that gold shields seem to be a picture of God's blessing and protection. Here we see David capturing and taking gold shields. Later, Solomon would make 300 shields of gold, the pinnacle of the kingdom. II Chronicles 9:16 And three hundred shields [made he of] beaten gold: three hundred [shekels] of gold went to one shield. And the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon. Under Solomon's son Rehoboam, the nation began its decline, as pictured with the gold shields being taken away. II Chronicles 12:9 So Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, and took away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's house; he took all: he carried away also the shields of gold which Solomon had made. 1 Chronicles 18:8 Also from Tibhath and from Cun, cities of Hadadezer, David took a very large amount of bronze, with which Solomon made the bronze sea and the pillars and the bronze utensils. Tibhath: 2Sa 8:8, Betah, Berothai wherewith: 1Ch 22:14 1Ki 7:15-47 2Ch 4:2-6,12-18 Jer 52:17-23 Related Passage: 2 Samuel 8:8 - From Betah and from Berothai, cities of Hadadezer, King David took a very large amount of bronze DAVID PLUNDERS BRONZE Also from Tibhath and from Cun, cities of Hadadezer, David took a very large amount of bronze, with which Solomon made the bronze sea and the pillars and the bronze utensils The "Sea of cast bronze" (see SPECIAL TOPIC: LAVER) was located in the inner court area of the temple and was a huge laver for the priests' washing, about 15 feet across and about and 45 feet in circumference. It contained two thousand baths (a bath ~ 5.8 gal or 22 lit). The basin stood upon twelve oxen, three on every side (1Ki 7:25). This laver was for the priests as they ministered at the altar or went into the temple (2Ch 4:6). This "bronze sea" took the place of the laver at the tabernacle. NET Note on (1Ki 7:23) bronze sea - This large basin that was mounted on twelve bronze bulls and contained water for the priests to bathe themselves (2 Chr 4:6; cf. Ex 30:17–21). Andrew Hill: Among the spoils David takes from Hadadezer and the cities of Zobah are large quantities of bronze. The Chronicler adds the fact that the booty is later used by Solomon in casting the bronze vessels for the temple (18:7–8). This not only provides further detail as to what became of the plunder, but also it is another way in which the Chronicler connects David to the preparations made for building Yahweh’s temple.
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Utley - Notice that the items of bronze taken by David in the defeat of the people groups to the north of Israel were melted and became part of Solomon's temple - the bronze sea, cf. 1 Kgs. 7:23-26; 2 Chr. 3:2-6; the two pillars at the front of the temple, cf. 1 Kgs. 7:15-22,41-42; 2 Chr. 3:15-17; they were called "Jachin" and "Boaz," cf. 1 Kgs. 7:21; the many bronze utensils, cf. 1 Kgs. 7:24-47 1 Chronicles 18:9 Now when Tou king of Hamath heard that David had defeated all the army of Hadadezer king of Zobah, Tou: 2Sa 8:9, Toi KING OF HAMATH HEARS NEWS OF HADADEZER'S DEFEAT Now when Tou (Toi in 2Sa 8:10) king of Hamath heard that David had defeated all the army of Hadadezer king of Zobah (2Sa 8:9) NET Note - The name is spelled “Toi” in the parallel text in 2 Sam 8:9-10 1 Chronicles 18:10 he sent Hadoram his son to King David to greet him and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadadezer and had defeated him; for Hadadezer had been at war with Tou. And Hadoram brought all kinds of articles of gold and silver and bronze. Hadoram: or Joram, 2Sa 8:10 = Joram, in the parallel text, seems a mistake for Hadoram, or Idoram; for the LXX. have there [Leddouram.] NET Note - The name is spelled “Joram” in the parallel text in 2 Sam 8:10. all kinds: 2Ch 9:1,23,24 Isa 39:1 KING OF HAMATH BRINGS TRIBUTE TO DAVID he sent Hadoram his son to King David to greet him and to bless (barak; Lxx = eulogeo) him, because he had fought against Hadadezer and had defeated him; for Hadadezer had been at war with Tou. - This is like the saying the enemy of my enemy is my friend! Tou of Hamath controlled the region north of Zobah and was apparently pleased to see the influence of the kingdom of Zobah checked by the Israelites NET Note - Heb “and to bless him because he fought with Hadadezer and defeated him, for Hadadezer was a man of battles with Tou.” And Hadoram brought all kinds of articles of gold and silver and bronze.- He brought a "tribute" to David. Note that Hadoram in the parallel text in 2Sa 8:10 is designated Joram.
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Utley summarizes 1Ch 18:15-17 These verses name David's leaders and administrators. Joab, the overbearing captain of the army, mentioned often in 2 Samuel 2; 3; 10:11,14: 18:20,24, was David's nephew. Jehoshaphat was a royal scribe; 2 Sam. 8:16; 20:24; 1 Kgs. 4:3; 1 Chr. 18:15. Zadok and Abiathar were joint High Priests, cf. 2 Sam. 8:17; 1 Chr. 15:11. The problem comes with the spelling of Abiathar's father. Abimelech ‒ MT of 1 Chr. 18:16 (UBS Text Project gives this form an "A" rating) Ahimelech ‒ 1 Sam. 20:20 Also, the name "Ahituh" is given as Zadok's father, but in 1 Sam. 20:20 as Ahimelech's father's father. This passage in 1 Chronicles 18 follows 2 Samuel 8 closely up to this point. 2 Samuel 8:17 has "Ahimelech," as does 1 Sam. 20:20. The REB has "Zadok and Abiathar, sons of Ahimelech, son of Ahituh," leaving Zadok's father unnamed. However, Zadok's father, Ahituh is mentioned in 2 Sam. 8:17; 1 Chr. 6:8,53; Ezra 7:2! The NIDOTTE, vol. 4, p. 348, suggests the names Ahimelech and Abiathar have been interchanged. The name of the secretary also changes. Seraiah ‒ 2 Sam. 8:17 Shavsha ‒ 1 Chr. 18:16 The Pehsitta has #1 in 1 Chr. 18:17. Shavsha was secretary over the Cherethites the Pelethites These were special foreign mercenaries or body guards, cf. 2 Sam. 8:18; 15:18; 20:2,23; 1 Kgs. 1:38,44; 1 Chr. 18:17. 1 Chronicles 18:16 and Zadok the son of Ahitub and Abimelech the son of Abiathar were priests, and Shavsha was secretary; Abimelech: 2Sa 8:17, Ahimelech Abiathar: 2Sa 20:25 1Ki 2:35 Shavsha: 2Sa 8:17, Seraiah, 2Sa 20:25, Sheva, 1Ki 4:3, Shisha Related Passage: 1 Chronicles 24:6 Shemaiah, the son of Nethanel the scribe, from the Levites, recorded them in the presence of the king, the princes, Zadok the priest, Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, and the heads of the fathers’ households of the priests and of the Levites; one father’s household taken for Eleazar and one taken for Ithamar. From Eugene Merrill - BKC DAVID'S TWO PRIESTS AND SECRETARY and Zadok the son of Ahitub and Abimelech the son of Abiathar were priests, and Shavsha (Seraiah in 2Sa 8:17) was secretary - Note the diagram above is somewhat confusing, for here the writer has the name Abimelech (Ahimelech in the parallel passage in 2Sa 8:17) and calls Abiathar his father. 1Sa 22:20+ after the massacre of the priests at Nob says "one son of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped and fled after David."