2 Coríntios 5
Albert Barnes · Citado em PreceptAustin
2 Coríntios 5:17
Barnes explains new as referring to "all things in view of the mind. The purposes of life, the feelings of the heart, the principles of action, all become new. The understanding is consecrated to new objects, the body is employed in new service, the heart forms new attachments. Nothing can be more strikingly descriptive of the facts in conversion than this; nothing more entirely accords with the feelings of the new-born soul. All is new. There are new views of God and of Jesus Christ; new views of this world and of the world to come; new views of truth and of duty; and everything is seen in a new aspect and with new feelings. Nothing is more common in young converts than such feelings, and nothing is more common than for them to say that all things are new. The Bible seems to be a new book; and though they may have often read it before, yet there is a beauty about it which they never saw before, and which they wonder they have not before perceived. The whole face of nature seems to them to be changed, and they seem to be in a new world. The hills, and vales, and streams; the sun, the stars, the groves, the forests, seem to be new. A new beauty is spread over them all; and they now see them to be the work of God, and his glory is spread over them all, and they can now say--- "My Father made them all." The heavens and the earth are filled with new wonders, and all things seem now to speak forth the praise of God. Even the very countenances of friends seem to be new; and there are new feelings towards all men; a new kind of love to kindred and friends; a love before unfelt for enemies; and a new love for all man. (2 Corinthians 5) James Butler does delineate 3 new things that do occur to everyone who becomes a new creation in Christ… (1) The change in devotion. One's interests will greatly change. A saved person will have interests in spiritual things which an unsaved person will not. A saved person will have devotion for Christ which an unsaved person will not. (2) The change in deportment. There will be a change in the person's behavior when he is saved/reconciled to God. This change will especially be noted if the person was saved in his adult life. (3) The change in destiny. This is the greatest and most important change. The eternal destiny of the reconciled soul is heaven. The unreconciled soul is headed for eternity in hell. (Analytical Bible Expositor - 1 & 2 Corinthians) J C
2 Coríntios 5:20-21
Barnes writes...Our message is to be regarded as the message of God. It is God Who speaks. What we say to you is said in His name and on His authority, and should be received with the respect which is due to a message directly from God. The Gospel message is God speaking to men through the ministry, and entreating them to be reconciled. This invests the message which the ministers bear with infinite dignity and solemnity; and it makes it a fearful and awful thing to reject it. (Ed: And a fearful thing to alter it so that it is a message that is not the authentic Gospel, something that is becoming all too common in pulpits across America [cp Paul's strong warning - Gal 1:6, ,7 8] - e.g., witness the rejection of the teaching of the need for a sinner to repent, a teaching that flies in the face of the clear call of Jesus, for He Himself began His ministry saying "The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent [aorist imperative = not a suggestion but a command issued with a sense of urgency!] and believe [present imperative = command to keep believing - genuine believers will keep believing - this does not earn or merit their salvation but demonstrates that they are truly saved!] in the Gospel." Mark 1:15) (2 Corinthians 5:20 Commentary) Making an appeal (3870) (parakaleo from para = side of, alongside, beside + kaleo [ word study] = call) means literally to call one alongside, to call someone to oneself, to call for, to summon. Parakaleo can include the idea of giving help or aid but the primary sense in the NT is to urge someone to take some action, especially some ethical course of action. Sometimes the word means convey the idea of comfort, sometimes of exhortation but always at the root there is the idea of enabling a person to meet some difficult situation with confidence and with gallantry. See the following discussion for elaboration on the nuances of this great Greek verb. The present tense calls for continually making an appeal to those not yet reconciled and still at war with Almighty God and thus in desperate need of a "permanent truce" or "peace treaty" lest they pass on to the next world as God's enemies who will suffer eternal separation from him and torturous imprisonment as "war criminals"! One writer has said that Paul's use of parakaleo in verses like Eph 4:1, Ro 12:1, 1Th 4:1 is “one of the tenderest expressions in all the Bible.” We see Paul's description of the effect of God making an appeal through him (as His ambassador) in his epistle to the Thessalonians... And for this reason we also constantly thank God that when you received from us the word of God's message (cp the "word [message] of reconciliation" 2Co 5:19), you accepted it not as the word of men, but for what it really is, the word of God, (How do we know it is the supernatural word of God and not merely the words of men) which also performs its work in you who believe. (1Th 2:13+) Comment: When Paul went to Thessalonica as God's ambassador, he gave them the message from God, not his message as a man. The impact of that message of reconciliation transformed many of the Thessalonians and resulted in the birth of a local body of believers (church) in that formerly pagan stronghold. Beloved, this should serve to remind all of us who handle the message of reconciliation to give it out faithfully and without adding or taking away from the message. When we do, we can be absolutely confident that God's promise through Isaiah still bears God glorifying fruit... For as the rain and the snow come down from heaven, And do not return there without watering the earth, And making it bear and sprout, And furnishing seed to the sower and bread to the eater so shall My word be which goes forth from My mouth; It shall not return to Me empty, Without accomplishing what I desire, And without succeeding in the matter for which I sent it. (Isaiah 55:10, 11) Through us - In using the pronoun "us", Paul is speaking of himself and presumably those who accompanied him (although some commentators consider this an epistolary plural = use of first person plural when in reality he is referring only to himself). However, there is no question that this passage is applicable to WE BEG YOU ON BEHALF OF CHRIST, BE RECONCILED TO GOD: deometha (1PPPI) huper Christou, katallagete (2PAPM) to theo: On behalf of: Job 33:6 Lk 10:16 1Co 4:4,5 1Th 4:8 be: Job 22:21 Pr 1:22-33 Isa 27:5 Jer 13:16,17 38:20 Lk 14:23 2 Corinthians 5 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries See also "shorter version" of commentary on 2 Corinthians 5:20 Making an appeal...we beg - Although the two verbs used in this entreaty are distinctive, their combined use undergirds the impassioned and urgent nature of Paul's entreaty. Don't put this off. Reconciliation is an offer to be received today, as long as it is still called today! Don't procrastinate or hesitate or wait (e.g., until you've "got your act together")! We beg (1189) (deomai from deo = to bind) means to ask for something with the sense of pleading, beseeching or begging. To request, to ask for with a sense of urgency and a presumed need. When used in the context of prayer deomai means to make petition, to plead, to ask in prayer, to implore (pray for earnestly) and emphasizes the existence of a need. Deomai is a strong way to ask for something - a leper imploring Jesus to heal him (Lk 5:12), a father's desperate plea to Jesus to cast a demon out of his son (Lk 9:38). To beg in English means to ask for earnestly, urgently or insistently. It implies more urgency than simply asking. The related word deesis, means prayer for a particular need (supplication). We beg pictures this as an urgent command calling for immediate response! Paul is begging unbelievers because they are but a single heart beat away from an eternal separation from God if they refuse God's gracious offer of reconciliation. Proseuchomai, to pray, is always used of requests addressed to God, whereas deomai, when used in the context of prayer, may be used of requests addressed to man as well. Proseuchomai carries with it a notion of worship which is not present in the word deomai. Deomai emphasizes the intensity of the request. Paul uses deomai to express the heart's desire of the saints at Corinth regarding financial giving, for they were begging us with much urging for the favor of participation in the support of the saints (2Corinthians 8:4) NIDNTT...In the NT deomai occurs only with the meaning to ask request, beseech, beg. 1. It is used in a general sense as a courtesy formula, without any particular object or object clause (cf. the English phrase “I beg you”), followed by direct speech (Acts 8:24; 21:39) or by an infinitive (Acts 26:3). 2. In some passages deomai is used in its full sense of making earnest entreaty, even imploring. There is a warmth, an attractiveness, a winsomeness about it, as in 2Co 5:20 (cf. Acts 2:40); 8:4; 10:2; Gal. 4:12. 3. In all other cases deomai has the religious sense of beseeching Jesus or God. The requests made are quite specific, arising out of real need and expecting definite help of an external or a spiritual nature. Help in a situation of external need is sought from Jesus in Lk 5:12; 9:38. (Brown, Colin, Editor. New International Dictionary of NT Theology. 1986. Zondervan) TDNT...The original meaning of déomai is “to lack,” “to need,” and of déēsis, “lack.” But there are few traces of this in the LXX and none in the NT. Richards....This verb (deomai) and its cognate noun, deesis, emphasize the existence of a need. The individual speaking is deeply aware of a personal need, and out of the need comes a cry for specific help. The cry for help may be addressed to Jesus or to the Father and is often uttered in intercession for others Deomai - 22x in 22v - Matt 9:38; Luke 5:12; 8:28, 38; 9:38, 40; 10:2; 21:36; 22:32; Acts 4:31; 8:22, 24, 34; 10:2; 21:39; 26:3; Ro 1:10; 2 Cor 5:20; 8:4; 10:2; Gal 4:12; 1Th 3:10 NAS = ask(1), beg(6), begged(1), begging(2), beseech(2), implored(1), making request(1), please(1), pray(2), prayed(3), praying(2). Matthew 9:38 "Therefore beseech the Lord of the harvest to send out workers into His harvest." Luke 5:12 While He was in one of the cities, behold, there was a man covered with leprosy; and when he saw Jesus, he fell on his face and implored Him, saying, "Lord, if You are willing, You can make me clean." Luke 8:28 Seeing Jesus, he cried out and fell before Him, and said in a loud voice, "What business do we have with each other, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I beg You, do not torment me." Luke 8:38 But the man from whom the demons had gone out was begging Him that he might accompany Him; but He sent him away, saying, Luke 9:38 And a man from the crowd shouted, saying, "Teacher, I beg You to look at my son, for he is my only boy...40 "I begged Your disciples to cast it out, and they could not." Luke 10:2 And He was saying to them, "The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few; therefore beseech the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into His harvest. Luke 21:36 "But keep on the alert at all times, praying that you may have strength to escape all these things that are about to take place, and to stand before the Son of Man." Luke 22:32 but I have prayed for you, that your faith may not fail; and you, when once you have turned again, strengthen your brothers." Acts 4:31 And when they had prayed, the place where they had gathered together was shaken, and they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak the word of God with boldness. Acts 8:22 "Therefore repent of this wickedness of yours, and pray the Lord that, if possible, the intention of your heart may be forgiven you. Acts 8:24 But Simon answered and said, "Pray to the Lord for me yourselves, so that nothing of what you have said may come upon me." Acts 8:34 The eunuch answered Philip and said, "Please tell me, of whom does the prophet say this? Of himself or of someone else?" Acts 10:2 a devout man and one who feared God with all his household, and gave many alms to the Jewish people and prayed to God continually. Acts 21:39 But Paul said, "I am a Jew of Tarsus in Cilicia, a citizen of no insignificant city; and I beg you, allow me to speak to the people." Acts 26:3 especially because you are an expert in all customs and questions among the Jews; therefore I beg you to listen to me patiently. Romans 1:10-+ always in my prayers making request, if perhaps now at last by the will of God I may succeed in coming to you. 2 Corinthians 5:20 Therefore, we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God were making an appeal through us; we beg you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God. 2 Corinthians 8:4 begging us with much urging for the favor of participation in the support of the saints, 2 Corinthians 10:2 I ask that when I am present I need not be bold with the confidence with which I propose to be courageous against some, who regard us as if we walked according to the flesh. Galatians 4:12 I beg of you, brethren, become as I am, for I also have become as you are. You have done me no wrong; 1 Thessalonians 3:10-+ as we night and day keep praying most earnestly that we may see your face, and may complete what is lacking in your faith? Deomai - 55x in the non-apocryphal Septuagint - Ge 19:18; 25:21; 43:20; 44:18; Ex 4:10, 13; 32:11, 31; Num 12:11, 13; Dt 3:23; 9:18, 25; Josh 7:7; 1 Sam 13:12; 1Kgs 8:33, 47, 59; 9:3; 13:6; 2Kgs 1:13; 13:4; 2Chr 6:24, 37; Esther 4:17; Job 5:8; 8:5; 9:15; 11:19; 17:1; 19:16; 30:24; 34:20; Ps 28:2; 30:8; 64:1; 119:58; 142:1; Pr 26:25; Isa 37:4; Jer 26:19; Da 4:27, 33f; 6:5, 8, 10f, 13; 9:13, 18, 20; Hos 12:4; Zech 8:21; Mal 1:9; Yes, he (Jacob) wrestled with the angel and prevailed (Ge 32:28 - Angel = Angel of the LORD); He wept and sought (Lxx = deomai) His favor. He found Him at Bethel And there He spoke with us (Ho 12:4). Psalm 30:8 To You, O LORD, I called, And to the Lord I made supplication (Lxx = deomai) Psalm 119:58 I sought (Lxx = deomai) Your favor with all my heart. Be gracious to me according to Your word. Psalm 142:1 Maskil of David, when he was in the cave. A Prayer. I cry aloud with my voice to the LORD; I make supplication (Lxx = deomai) with my voice to the LORD. Da 6:11 Then these men came by agreement and found Daniel making petition and supplication (Lxx = deomai) before his God. In all uses of the verb of reconciliation in 2 Corinthians 5 (2Cor 5:18, 19, 20) the object or goal of the action is God. As Furnish states reconciliation is not ["only"] of God but from and to God. On behalf of - The preposition huper means in behalf of or for the sake of. The idea is that an ambassador works both “on behalf of Christ” and “in the place of Christ.” For His sake. In His stead. In the place of Christ. Acting on Christ’s behalf and in His place. In essence we are now to be doing what Christ did when He was on earth. Murray Harris adds that... Not only in the words he spoke but also in his whole life Paul was acting in Christ’s name and place. His status was not dependent on the Corinthians to whom he had been sent but on Christ who had sent him (cf. 2Co 1:1). This intimate link between agent and principal is encapsulated in the aphorism of Rabbinic Judaism, “the one who is sent is as the one who sent him,” “a man’s agent is as the man himself.” (International Greek Testament) Be reconciled (2644)(katallasso from katá = an intensifier + allásso = to change or exchange) means to exchange one thing for another and was used for example to describe the exchange of coins for others of equal value. The Greeks spoke of people in opposition to each other being “reconciled” or being made friends again. When people change from being at enmity with each other to being at peace, they are said to be reconciled. Katallasso meant to legally reconcile two disputing parties in court and in the New Testament describes the believer's reconciliation with God through Jesus Christ. Mounce on katallasso - In classical Gk., katallassō usually meant the coming together of two persons after a time of hostility; it was rarely used in a religious sense. This probably derives from the fact that in pagan religions, the human/divine relationship lacked personal involvement and instead required placating the gods. (Mounce's Complete Expository Dictionary) Theologically reconciliation refers to the change of relationship between God and man. We are all born children of Adam (1Co 15:22, Ro 5:12-+) and as such are naturally children of wrath (Ep 2:3-+) and at enmity with God (Ep 2:11, 12-+, Ep 2:13, 14-+, Ep 2:15-+). Sinners who believe the Gospel are “reconciled to God through the death of His Son" (Ro 5:10-+). The implication of this command be reconciled is that while God has provided the way for reconciliation and is thus the Reconciler, this reconciliation cannot take place apart from a sinner laying hold of God's great "life preserver" (message of reconciliation) by grace through faith. In other words reconciliation is available for all (some would argue this point) but is effectual only for those who receive it by faith. Henry Alford writes that in giving the command to be reconciled he is saying that "God was the Reconciler—let this reconciliation have effect on you—enter into it by faith". (2 Corinthians 5 Commentary) Barnes adds "that man has something to do in this work. He is to be reconciled to God. He is to give up his opposition. He is to submit to the terms of mercy. All the change in the case is to be in him, for God cannot change. God has removed all the obstacles to reconciliation which existed on his part. He has done all that he will do, all that needed to be done, in order to render reconciliation easy as possible. And now it remains that man should lay aside his hostility, abandon his sins, embrace the terms of mercy, and become in fact reconciled to God. (Ed: Don't misunderstand, yes sinners must believe but ultimately salvation is God's master plan, not ours. In contemplating these "deep truths" I am always drawn back to Paul's great doxology concluding with "For from Him and through Him and to Him are all things. To Him be the glory forever. Amen." Ro 11:36-+ Amazing provision. Amazing grace indeed!) (2 Corinthians 5:20 Commentary) Guzik agrees writing "This makes it clear that the work of reconciliation mentioned previously in the chapter does not work apart from our will and our choice. Who are the ones reconciled to God? Those who have responded to Jesus’ plea, made through His ambassadors, be reconciled to God....We (speaking of unsaved sinners) are not commanded to do the work of reconciliation between us and God. He has done the work; it is merely ours to embrace and receive. (2 Corinthians 5) (Bolding added) Tony Evan's -One of the things I love in pastoral ministry is to see married couples who are estranged become reconciled and reconnected. There’s nothing more satisfying than seeing hostility turn into harmony, and turmoil turn into peace. What a great message we have for sinners. God wants to restore fellowship with them! (Totally Saved) (Bolding added) Spurgeon -It is not so much reconcile yourselves as ‘be reconciled.’ Yield yourselves to him who round you now the bands of a man would cast, drawing you with cords of love because he was given for you...Submit yourselves. Yield to the grasp of those hands which were nailed to the cross for you. Gaebelein -This is the great message of the true minister, and all believers can be true ministers and proclaim the message in Christ’s stead and point sinners to the cross, where He who knew no sin was made sin for us, where redemption full and free is offered to all. Matthew Henry -It is the great end and design of the Gospel, that word of reconciliation, to prevail upon sinners to lay aside their enmity against God. Faithful ministers are Christ's ambassadors, sent to treat with sinners on peace and reconciliation: they come in God's name, with his entreaties, and act in Christ's stead, doing the very thing he did when he was upon this earth, and what he wills to be done now that he is in heaven. Wonderful condescension! Though God can be no loser by the quarrel, nor gainer by the peace, yet by his ministers he beseeches sinners to lay aside their enmity, and accept of the terms he offers, that they would be reconciled to him, to all his attributes, to all his laws, and to all his providences, to believe in the Mediator, to accept the atonement, and comply with his gospel, in all the parts of it and in the whole design of it. AN URGENT MESSAGE! G Campbell